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authorTimothy Pearson <kb9vqf@pearsoncomputing.net>2011-12-03 11:05:10 -0600
committerTimothy Pearson <kb9vqf@pearsoncomputing.net>2011-12-03 11:05:10 -0600
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-<sect1 id="ai-geocoords">
-<sect1info>
-<author
-><firstname
->Jason</firstname
-> <surname
->Harris</surname
-> </author>
-</sect1info>
-<title
->Geographic Coordinates</title>
-<indexterm
-><primary
->Geographic Coordinate System</primary
-></indexterm>
-<indexterm
-><primary
->Longitude</primary
-><see
->Geographic Coordinate System</see
-></indexterm>
-<indexterm
-><primary
->Latitude</primary
-><see
->Geographic Coordinate System</see
-></indexterm>
-<para
->Locations on Earth can be specified using a spherical coordinate system. The geographic (<quote
->earth-mapping</quote
->) coordinate system is aligned with the spin axis of the Earth. It defines two angles measured from the centre of the Earth. One angle, called the <firstterm
->Latitude</firstterm
->, measures the angle between any point and the Equator. The other angle, called the <firstterm
->Longitude</firstterm
->, measures the angle <emphasis
->along</emphasis
-> the Equator from an arbitrary point on the Earth (Greenwich, England is the accepted zero-longitude point in most modern societies). </para
-><para
->By combining these two angles, any location on Earth can be specified. For example, Baltimore, Maryland (USA) has a latitude of 39.3 degrees North, and a longitude of 76.6 degrees West. So, a vector drawn from the centre of the Earth to a point 39.3 degrees above the Equator and 76.6 degrees west of Greenwich, England will pass through Baltimore. </para
-><para
->The Equator is obviously an important part of this coordinate system; it represents the <emphasis
->zeropoint</emphasis
-> of the latitude angle, and the halfway point between the poles. The Equator is the <firstterm
->Fundamental Plane</firstterm
-> of the geographic coordinate system. <link linkend="ai-skycoords"
->All Spherical Coordinate Systems</link
-> define such a Fundamental Plane. </para
-><para
->Lines of constant Latitude are called <firstterm
->Parallels</firstterm
->. They trace circles on the surface of the Earth, but the only parallel that is a <link linkend="ai-greatcircle"
->Great Circle</link
-> is the Equator (Latitude=0 degrees). Lines of constant Longitude are called <firstterm
->Meridians</firstterm
->. The Meridian passing through Greenwich is the <firstterm
->Prime Meridian</firstterm
-> (longitude=0 degrees). Unlike Parallels, all Meridians are great circles, and Meridians are not parallel: they intersect at the north and south poles. </para>
-<tip>
-<para
->Exercise:</para>
-<para
->What is the longitude of the North Pole? Its latitude is 90 degrees North. </para>
-<para
->This is a trick question. The Longitude is meaningless at the north pole (and the south pole too). It has all longitudes at the same time. </para>
-</tip>
-</sect1>