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diff --git a/tde-i18n-nl/docs/kdebase/kate/highlighting.docbook b/tde-i18n-nl/docs/kdebase/kate/highlighting.docbook new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d664f040e1b --- /dev/null +++ b/tde-i18n-nl/docs/kdebase/kate/highlighting.docbook @@ -0,0 +1,479 @@ +<appendix id="highlight"> +<title>Working with Syntax Higlighting</title> + +<sect1 id="highlight-overview"> + +<title>Overview</title> + +<para>Syntax Highlighting is what makes the editor automatically +display text in different styles/colors, depending on the function of +the string in relation to the purpose of the file. In program source +code for example, control statements may be rendered bold, while data +types and comments get different colors from the rest of the +text. This greatly enhances the readability of the text, and thus +helps the author to be more efficient and productive.</para> + +<mediaobject> +<imageobject><imagedata format="PNG" fileref="highlighted.png"/></imageobject> +<textobject><phrase>A perl function, rendered with syntax +highlighting.</phrase></textobject> +<caption><para>A perl function, rendered with syntax highlighting.</para> +</caption> +</mediaobject> + +<mediaobject> +<imageobject><imagedata format="PNG" fileref="unhighlighted.png"/></imageobject> +<textobject><phrase>The same perl function, without +highlighting.</phrase></textobject> +<caption><para>The same perl function, without highlighting.</para></caption> +</mediaobject> + +<para>Of the two examples, which is easiest to read?</para> + +<para>&kate; comes with a flexible, configurable and capable system +for doing syntax highlighting, and the standard distribution provides +definitions for a wide range of programming languages, markup and +scripting languages and other text file formats. In addition you can +provide your own definitions in simple &XML; files.</para> + +<para>&kate; will automatically detect the right syntax rules when you +open a file, based on the &MIME; Type of the file, determined by its +extension, or, if it has none, the contents. Should you experience a +bad choice, you can manually set the syntax to use from the +<menuchoice><guimenu>Documents</guimenu><guisubmenu>Highlight +Mode</guisubmenu></menuchoice> menu.</para> + +<para>The styles and colors used by each syntax highlight definition, +as well as which &MIME;types it should be used for, can be configured +using the <link linkend="config-dialog-editor-hl"> Highlight</link> +page of the <link linkend="config-dialog">Config Dialog</link>.</para> + +<note> +<para>Syntax highlighting is there to enhance the readability of +correct text, but you cannot trust it to validate your text. Marking +text for syntax is difficult depending on the format you are using, +and in some cases the authors of the syntax rules will be proud if 98% +of text gets correctly rendered, though most often you need a rare +style to see the incorrect 2%.</para> +</note> + +<tip> +<para>You can download updated or additional syntax highlight +definitions from the &kate; website by clicking the +<guibutton>Download</guibutton> button in the <link +linkend="config-dialog-editor-hl">Highlight Page</link> of the <link +linkend="config-dialog">Config Dialog</link>.</para> +</tip> + +</sect1> + +<sect1 id="katehighlight-system"> + +<title>The &kate; Syntax Highlight System</title> + +<para>This section will discuss the &kate; syntax highlighting +mechanism in more detail. It is for you if you want to know know about +it, or if you want to change or create syntax definitions.</para> + +<sect2 id="katehighlight-howitworks"> + +<title>How it Works</title> + +<para>Whenever you open a file, one of the first things the &kate; +editor does is detect which syntax definition to use for the +file. While reading the text of the file, and while you type away in +it, the syntax highlighting system will analyze the text using the +rules defined by the syntax definition and mark in it where different +contexts and styles begin and end.</para> + +<para>When you type in the document, the new text is analyzed and marked on the +fly, so that if you delete a character that is marked as the beginning or end +of a context, the style of surrounding text changes accordingly.</para> + +<para>The syntax definitions used by the &kate; syntax highlighting system are +&XML; files, containing +<itemizedlist> +<listitem><para>Rules for detecting the role of text, organized into context blocks</para></listitem> +<listitem><para>Keyword lists</para></listitem> +<listitem><para>Style Item definitions</para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> +</para> + +<para>When analyzing the text, the detection rules are evaluated in +the order in which they are defined, and if the beginning of the +current string matches a rule, the related context is used. The start +point in the text is moved to the final point at which that rule +matched and a new loop of the rules begins, starting in the context +set by the matched rule.</para> + +</sect2> + +<sect2 id="highlight-system-rules"> +<title>Rules</title> + +<para>The detection rules are the heart of the highlighting detection +system. A rule is a string, character or <link +linkend="regular-expressions">regular expression</link> against which +to match the text being analyzed. It contains information about which +style to use for the matching part of the text. It may switch the +working context of the system either to an explicitly mentioned +context or to the previous context used by the text.</para> + +<para>Rules are organized in context groups. A context group is used +for main text concepts within the format, for example quoted text +strings or comment blocks in program source code. This ensures that +the highlighting system does not need to loop through all rules when +it is not necessary, and that some character sequences in the text can +be treated differently depending on the current context. +</para> + +</sect2> + +<sect2 id="highlight-context-styles-keywords"> +<title>Context Styles and Keywords</title> + +<para>In some programming languages, integer numbers are treated +differently than floating point ones by the compiler (the program that +converts the source code to a binary executable), and there may be +characters having a special meaning within a quoted string. In such +cases, it makes sense to render them differently from the surroundings +so that they are easy to identify while reading the text. So even if +they do not represent special contexts, they may be seen as such by +the syntax highlighting system, so that they can be marked for +different rendering.</para> + +<para>A syntax definition may contain as many styles as required to +cover the concepts of the format it is used for.</para> + +<para>In many formats, there are lists of words that represent a +specific concept. For example in programming languages, the control +statements is one concept, data type names another, and built in +functions of the language a third. The &kate; Syntax Highlighting +System can use such lists to detect and mark words in the text to +emphasize concepts of the text formats.</para> + +</sect2> + +<sect2 id="kate-highlight-system-default-styles"> +<title>Default Styles</title> + +<para>If you open a C++ source file, a &Java; source file and an +<acronym>HTML</acronym> document in &kate;, you will see that even +though the formats are different, and thus different words are chosen +for special treatment, the colors used are the same. This is because +&kate; has a predefined list of Default Styles, that are employed by +the individual syntax definitions.</para> + +<para>This makes it easy to recognize similar concepts in different +text formats. For example comments are present in almost any +programming, scripting or markup language, and when they are rendered +using the same style in all languages, you do not have to stop and +think to identify them within the text.</para> + +<tip> +<para>All styles in a syntax definition use one of the default +styles. A few syntax definitions use more styles that there are +defaults, so if you use a format often, it may be worth launching the +configuration dialog to see if some concepts are using the same +style. For example there is only one default style for strings, but as +the perl programming language operates with two types of strings, you +can enhance the highlighting by configuring those to be slightly +different.</para> +</tip> + +</sect2> + +</sect1> + +<sect1 id="katehighlight-xml-format"> +<title>The Highlight Definition &XML; Format</title> + +<sect2> +<title>Overview</title> + +<para>This section is an overview of the Highlight Definition &XML; +format. It will describe the main components and their meaning and +usage, and go into detail with the detection rules.</para> + +<para>The formal definition, aka the <acronym>DTD</acronym> is stored +in the file <filename>language.dtd</filename> which should be +installed on your system in the directory +<filename>$<envar>KDEDIR</envar>/share/apps/kate/syntax</filename>.</para> + +<variablelist> +<title>Main components of &kate; Highlight Definitions</title> + +<varlistentry> +<term>The General Section</term> +<listitem> +<para>The General Section contains information on the comment format +of the described language, and defines whether keywords are case +sensitive.</para> +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +<varlistentry> +<term>Highlighting</term> +<listitem> +<para>The Highlighting section contains all data required to analyze +and render the text. This includes:</para> + +<variablelist> +<varlistentry> +<term>ItemDatas</term> +<listitem><para>Contains ItemData elements, each defining a +style.</para></listitem> +</varlistentry> + +<varlistentry> +<term>Keyword lists</term> +<listitem> +<para>Each list has a name, and may contain any number of items.</para> +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +<varlistentry> +<term>Contexts</term> +<listitem> +<para>Contains contexts, which again contain the syntax detection rules.</para> +</listitem> +</varlistentry> +</variablelist> + +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +</variablelist> + +</sect2> + +</sect1> + +<sect1 id="kate-highlight-rules-detailled"> +<title>Highlight Detection Rules</title> + +<para>This section describes the syntax detection rules.</para> + +<para>Each rule can match zero or more characters at the beginning of +the string they are asked to test. If the rule matches, the matching +characters are assigned the style or <emphasis>attribute</emphasis> +defined by the rule, and a rule may ask that the current context is +switched.</para> + +<para>The <emphasis>attribute</emphasis> and +<emphasis>context</emphasis> attributes are common to all +rules.</para> + +<para>A rule looks like this:</para> + +<programlisting><RuleName attribute="(identifier)" context="(identifier|order)" [rule specific attributes] /></programlisting> + +<para>The <emphasis>attribute</emphasis> identifies the style to use +for matched characters by name or index, and the +<emphasis>context</emphasis> identifies the context to use from +here.</para> + +<para>The <emphasis>attribute</emphasis> can be identified either by +name, or by its zero-based index in the ItemDatas group.</para> + +<para>The <emphasis>context</emphasis> can be identified by:</para> + +<itemizedlist> +<listitem> +<para>An <emphasis>identifier</emphasis>, currently only its zero-based +index in the contexts group.</para> +</listitem> +<listitem> +<para>An <emphasis>order</emphasis> telling the engine to stay in the +current context (<userinput>#stay</userinput>), or to pop back to a +previous context used in the string +(<userinput>#pop</userinput>).</para> +<para>To go back more steps, the #pop keyword can be repeated: +<userinput>#pop#pop#pop</userinput></para> +</listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para>Some rules can have <emphasis>child rules</emphasis> which are +then evaluated if and only if the parent rule matched. The entire +matched string will be given the attribute defined by the parent +rule. A rule with child rules looks like this:</para> + +<programlisting> +<RuleName (attributes)> + <ChildRuleName (attributes) /> + ... +</RuleName> +</programlisting> + + +<para>Rule specific attributes varies and are described in the +following list.</para> + +<variablelist> +<title>The Rules in Detail</title> + +<varlistentry> +<term>DetectChar</term> +<listitem> +<para>Detect a single specific character. Commonly used for example to +find the ends of quoted strings.</para> +<programlisting><DetectChar char="(character)" (common attributes) /></programlisting> +<para>The <userinput>char</userinput> attribute defines the character +to match.</para> +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +<varlistentry> +<term>Detect2Chars</term> +<listitem> +<para>Detect two specific characters in a defined order.</para> +<programlisting><Detect2Chars char="(character)" char1="(character)" (common attributes) /></programlisting> +<para>The <userinput>char</userinput> attribute defines the first character to match, +<userinput>char1</userinput> the second.</para> +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +<varlistentry> +<term>AnyChar</term> +<listitem> +<para>Detect one character of a set of specified characters.</para> +<programlisting><AnyChar String="(string)" (common attributes) /></programlisting> +<para>The <userinput>String</userinput> attribute defines the set of +characters.</para> +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +<varlistentry> +<term>StringDetect</term> +<listitem> +<para>Detect an exact string.</para> +<programlisting><StringDetect String="(string)" [insensitive="TRUE|FALSE;"] (common attributes) /></programlisting> +<para>The <userinput>String</userinput> attribute defines the string +to match. The <userinput>insensitive</userinput> attribute defaults to +<userinput>FALSE</userinput> and is fed to the string comparison +function. If the value is <userinput>TRUE</userinput> insensitive +comparing is used.</para> +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +<varlistentry> +<term>RegExpr</term> +<listitem> +<para>Matches against a regular expression.</para> +<programlisting><RegExpr String="(string)" [insensitive="TRUE|FALSE;"] [minimal="TRUE|FALSE"] (common attributes) /></programlisting> +<para>The <userinput>String</userinput> attribute defines the regular +expression.</para> +<para><userinput>insensitive</userinput> defaults to +<userinput>FALSE</userinput> and is fed to the regular expression +engine.</para> +<para><userinput>minimal</userinput> defaults to +<userinput>FALSE</userinput> and is fed to the regular expression +engine.</para> +<para>Because the rules are always matched against the beginning of +the current string, a regular expression starting with a caret +(<literal>^</literal>) indicates that the rule should only be +matched against the start of a line.</para> +<para>See <link linkend="regular-expressions">Regular +Expressions</link> for more information on those.</para> +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +<varlistentry> +<term>Keyword</term> +<listitem> +<para>Detect a keyword from a specified list.</para> +<programlisting><keyword String="(list name)" (common attributes) /></programlisting> +<para>The <userinput>String</userinput> attribute identifies the +keyword list by name. A list with that name must exist.</para> +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +<varlistentry> +<term>Int</term> +<listitem> +<para>Detect an integer number.</para> +<para><programlisting><Int (common attributes) /></programlisting></para> +<para>This rule has no specific attributes. Child rules are typically +used to detect combinations of <userinput>L</userinput> and +<userinput>U</userinput> after the number, indicating the integer type +in program code.</para> +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +<varlistentry> +<term>Float</term> +<listitem> +<para>Detect a floating point number.</para> +<para><programlisting><Float (common attributes) +/></programlisting></para> +<para>This rule has no specific attributes.</para> +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +<varlistentry> +<term>HlCOct</term> +<listitem> +<para>Detect an octal point number representation.</para> +<para><programlisting><HlCOct (common attributes) /></programlisting></para> +<para>This rule has no specific attributes.</para> +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +<varlistentry> +<term>HlCHex</term> +<listitem> +<para>Detect a hexadecimal number representation.</para> +<para><programlisting><Int (common attributes) /></programlisting></para> +<para>This rule has no specific attributes.</para> +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +<varlistentry> +<term>HlCStringChar</term> +<listitem> +<para>Detect an escaped character.</para> +<para><programlisting><HlCStringChar (common attributes) +/></programlisting></para> +<para>This rule has no specific attributes.</para> + +<para>It matches letteral representations of invisible characters +commonly used in program code, for example <userinput>\n</userinput> +(newline) or <userinput>\t</userinput> (TAB).</para> + +<para>The following characters will match if they follow a backslash +(<literal>\</literal>): +<userinput>abefnrtv"'?</userinput>. Additionally, escaped +hexadecimal numbers like for example <userinput>\xff</userinput> and +escaped octal numbers, for example <userinput>\033</userinput> will +match.</para> + +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +<varlistentry> +<term>RangeDetect</term> +<listitem> +<para>Detect a string with defined start and end characters.</para> +<programlisting><RangeDetect char="(character)" char1="(character)" (common attributes) /></programlisting> +<para><userinput>char</userinput> defines the character starting the range, +<userinput>char2</userinput> the character ending the range.</para> +<para>Usefull to detect for example small quoted strings and the like, but note that +since the hl engine works on one line at a time, this will not find strings spanning over a line break.</para> +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +<varlistentry> +<term>LineContinue</term> +<listitem> +<para>Matches at end of line.</para> +<programlisting><LineContinue (common attributes) /></programlisting> +<para>This rule has no specific attributes.</para> +<para>This rule is usefull for switching context at end of line.</para> +</listitem> +</varlistentry> + +</variablelist> + +</sect1> + +</appendix> |