diff options
| author | toma <toma@283d02a7-25f6-0310-bc7c-ecb5cbfe19da> | 2009-11-25 17:56:58 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | toma <toma@283d02a7-25f6-0310-bc7c-ecb5cbfe19da> | 2009-11-25 17:56:58 +0000 |
| commit | ce599e4f9f94b4eb00c1b5edb85bce5431ab3df2 (patch) | |
| tree | d3bb9f5d25a2dc09ca81adecf39621d871534297 /kalzium/src/data | |
| download | tdeedu-ce599e4f9f94b4eb00c1b5edb85bce5431ab3df2.tar.gz tdeedu-ce599e4f9f94b4eb00c1b5edb85bce5431ab3df2.zip | |
Copy the KDE 3.5 branch to branches/trinity for new KDE 3.5 features.
BUG:215923
git-svn-id: svn://anonsvn.kde.org/home/kde/branches/trinity/kdeedu@1054174 283d02a7-25f6-0310-bc7c-ecb5cbfe19da
Diffstat (limited to 'kalzium/src/data')
49 files changed, 6792 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/kalzium/src/data/Makefile.am b/kalzium/src/data/Makefile.am new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4377f0ac --- /dev/null +++ b/kalzium/src/data/Makefile.am @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +SUBDIRS = $(AUTODIRS) + +xml_DATA = bg.jpg data.xml knowledge.xml tools.xml + +xmldir = $(kde_datadir)/kalzium/data + diff --git a/kalzium/src/data/bg.jpg b/kalzium/src/data/bg.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..0729fe39 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalzium/src/data/bg.jpg diff --git a/kalzium/src/data/data.dtd b/kalzium/src/data/data.dtd new file mode 100644 index 00000000..93a7878b --- /dev/null +++ b/kalzium/src/data/data.dtd @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +<!ELEMENT kalzium (element+)> +<!ELEMENT element (number, name, period, symbol, spectra?, mass, acidicbehaviour, block, date, biologicalmeaning?, group, electronaffinity?, electronegativity?, meltingpoint?, boilingpoint?, isotopes?, density?, ionisationenergy?, radius?, orbits?, oxydation?, family?, abundance?, crystalstructure?)> +<!ELEMENT radius (covalent?, atomic?, vdw?, bondxx?, ionic?)> +<!ELEMENT ionisationenergy (energy+)> +<!ELEMENT isotopes (isotope+)> +<!ELEMENT spectra (spectrum+)> +<!ELEMENT name ANY> +<!ATTLIST name + origin CDATA #IMPLIED> +<!ELEMENT spectrum ANY> +<!ATTLIST spectrum + intensity CDATA #IMPLIED + wavelength CDATA #IMPLIED + aki CDATA #IMPLIED + energy1 CDATA #IMPLIED + energy2 CDATA #IMPLIED + electronegativity1 CDATA #IMPLIED + electronegativity2 CDATA #IMPLIED + term1 CDATA #IMPLIED + term2 CDATA #IMPLIED + J1 CDATA #IMPLIED + J2 CDATA #IMPLIED> +<!ENTITY deg "°"> diff --git a/kalzium/src/data/data.xml b/kalzium/src/data/data.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000..47053fa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalzium/src/data/data.xml @@ -0,0 +1,4879 @@ +<?xml version="1.0"?> +<!-- +The data for the isotopes is taken from: +Lexikon der Physik, 2000 Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag GmbH +D. Mende und G. Simon, Physik - Gleichungen und Tabellen, 13. Auflage, 2001 Fachbuchverlag Leipzig +--> +<!DOCTYPE kalzium SYSTEM "data.dtd"> +<kalzium> + <element> + <number>1</number> + <name origin="Greek 'hydro' and 'gennao' for 'forms water'">Hydrogen</name> + <symbol>H</symbol> + <period>1</period> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="50" wavelength="949.7430" aki="0.34375" energy1="0.0000" energy2="105291.6443" electronconfig1="1s" electronconfig2="5p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2.3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="972.5367" aki="0.6819" energy1="0.0000" energy2="102823.8791" electronconfig1="1s" electronconfig2="4p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2.3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="1025.7222" aki="1.6725" energy1="0.0000" energy2="97492.2835" electronconfig1="1s" electronconfig2="3p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2.3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="1215.66824" aki="6.2648" energy1="0.0000" energy2="82259.2850" electronconfig1="1s" electronconfig2="2p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="1215.67364" aki="6.2649" energy1="0.0000" energy2="82258.9191" electronconfig1="1s" electronconfig2="2p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="30" wavelength="4861.2786" aki="0.1719" energy1="82258.9191" energy2="102823.8942" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="4d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="10" wavelength="4861.2870" aki="0.0967" energy1="82258.9544" energy2="102823.8943" electronconfig1="2s" electronconfig2="4p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="60" wavelength="4861.3615" aki="0.2063" energy1="82259.2850" energy2="102823.9095" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="4d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="90" wavelength="6562.7110" aki="0.5388" energy1="82258.9191" energy2="97492.3195" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="3d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="30" wavelength="6562.7248" aki="0.2245" energy1="82258.9544" energy2="97492.3196" electronconfig1="2s" electronconfig2="3p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + </spectra> + <mass>1.00794</mass> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>1</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="C. Cavendish">1766</date> + <biologicalmeaning></biologicalmeaning> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity>-73</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.1</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>13.81</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>20.28</boilingpoint> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="+2.792846" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="1.007825" neutron="0" percentage="99.985" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1+" magmoment="+0.857438" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="2.0141" neutron="1" percentage="0.015" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.01861" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="+2.978960" halflife="12.3" halflifeformat="years" weight="3.016049" neutron="2" pecentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <density>0.084</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>13.598</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>37.3</covalent> + <atomic>25</atomic> + <vdw>120</vdw> + <bondxx>74.130</bondxx> + <ionic charge="-1">208</ionic> + </radius> + <orbits>1s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+1.(-1)</oxydation> + <family>Non-Metal</family> + <abundance>1520</abundance> + </element> + <element> + <number>2</number> + <name origin="The Greek word for the sun was 'helios'">Helium</name> + <symbol>He</symbol> + <period>1</period> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="522.21309" aki="2.4356" energy1="0.000" energy2="191492.7120" electronconfig1="1s2" electronconfig2="1s4p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="537.02992" aki="5.6634" energy1="0.000" energy2="186209.3651" electronconfig1="1s2" electronconfig2="1s3p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="584.33436" aki="17.989" energy1="0.000" energy2="171134.8970" electronconfig1="1s2" electronconfig2="1s2p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="60" wavelength="3888.6046" aki="0.0947" energy1="159855.9745" energy2="185564.8547" electronconfig1="1s2s" electronconfig2="1s3p" term1="3S" term2="3P°" J1="1" J2="0" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="3888.6456" aki="0.0947" energy1="159855.9745" energy2="185564.5840" electronconfig1="1s2s" electronconfig2="1s3p" term1="3S" term2="3P°" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3888.6489" aki="0.0947" energy1="159855.9745" energy2="185564.5620" electronconfig1="1s2s" electronconfig2="1s3p" term1="3S" term2="3P°" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="5875.6148" aki="0.7070" energy1="169086.7666" energy2="186101.5463" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="5875.6404" aki="0.5303" energy1="169086.8430" energy2="186101.5488" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="120" wavelength="5875.9663" aki="0.3927" energy1="169087.8309" energy2="186101.5930" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="6678.1517" aki="0.6369" energy1="171134.8970" energy2="186104.9668" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3d" term1="1P°" term2="1D" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="7065.1771" aki="0.1547" energy1="169086.7666" energy2="183236.7918" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3s" term1="3P°" term2="3S" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="60" wavelength="7065.2153" aki="0.0928" energy1="169086.8430" energy2="183236.7918" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3s" term1="3P°" term2="3S" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="20" wavelength="7065.7086" aki="0.0309" energy1="169087.8309" energy2="183236.7918" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3s" term1="3P°" term2="3S" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="50" wavelength="7281.3507" aki="0.1830" energy1="171134.8970" energy2="184864.8294" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3s" term1="1P°" term2="1S" J1="1" J2="0" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="10829.0911" aki="0.1022" energy1="159855.9745" energy2="169087.8309" electronconfig1="1s2s" electronconfig2="1s2p" term1="3S" term2="3P°" J1="1" J2="0" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="10830.2501" aki="0.1021" energy1="159855.9745" energy2="169086.8430" electronconfig1="1s2s" electronconfig2="1s2p" term1="3S" term2="3P°" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="10830.3398" aki="0.1021" energy1="159855.9745" energy2="169086.7666" electronconfig1="1s2s" electronconfig2="1s2p" term1="3S" term2="3P°" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="20581.287" aki="0.0197" energy1="166277.4403" energy2="171134.8970" electronconfig1="1s2s" electronconfig2="1s2p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + </spectra> + <mass>4.002602</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>1</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="P. J. Janssen. J. N. Lockyer">1895</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>21</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity></electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>0.95</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4.216</boilingpoint> + <density>0.1785</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>24.587 </energy> + <energy>54.417</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>32</covalent> + <atomic>31</atomic> + <vdw>140</vdw> + <bondxx>300</bondxx> + </radius> + <orbits>1s2</orbits> + <oxydation>0</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" halflife="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="-2.127624" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="3.01603" neutron="1" percentage="0.000138" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="4.0026" neutron="2" percentage="99.999862" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Noblegas</family> + <crystalstructure>hcp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>3</number> + <name origin="Greek 'lithos' means 'stone'">Lithium</name> + <symbol>Li</symbol> + <period>2</period> + <mass>6.941</mass> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="15" wavelength="4602.831" aki="0.223" energy1="14903.622" energy2="36623.297" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="4d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="30" wavelength="4602.898" aki="0.223" energy1="14903.957" energy2="36623.312" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="4d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="6103.542" aki="0.686" energy1="14903.622" energy2="31283.018" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="3d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="6103.654" aki="0.686" energy1="14903.957" energy2="31283.053" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="3d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="6707.775" aki="0.369" energy1="0.000" energy2="14903.957" electronconfig1="2s" electronconfig2="2p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="6707.926" aki="0.369" energy1="0.000" energy2="14903.622" electronconfig1="2s" electronconfig2="2p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="8126.232" aki="0.349" energy1="14903.622" energy2="27206.066" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="3s" term1="2P°" term2="2S" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="8126.453" aki="0.349" energy1="14903.957" energy2="27206.066" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="3s" term1="2P°" term2="2S" J1="3/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="10" wavelength="26877.67" aki="0.038" energy1="27206.066" energy2="30925.613" electronconfig1="3s" electronconfig2="3p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="5" wavelength="26878.36" aki="0.038" energy1="27206.066" energy2="30925.517" electronconfig1="3s" electronconfig2="3p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + </spectra> + <date scientist="A. Arfvedson">1817</date> + <biologicalmeaning>5</biologicalmeaning> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity>-60</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>0.98</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>453.7</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1615</boilingpoint> + <density>0.53</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.392 </energy> + <energy>75.980</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>134</covalent> + <atomic>145</atomic> + <vdw>182</vdw> + <bondxx>303.9</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+1">74</ionic> + </radius> + <orbits>1s2 2s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+1</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1+" magmoment="+0.822056" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="6.015121" neutron="3" percentage="7.5" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="+3.25644" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="7.016003" neutron="4" percentage="92.5" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Alkali_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + <abundance>18</abundance> + </element> + <element> + <number>4</number> + <name origin="Greek 'beryllos' for 'light-green stone'">Beryllium</name> + <symbol>Be</symbol> + <period>2</period> + <mass>9.012182</mass> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <aggregation>0 </aggregation> + <date scientist="">1798</date> + <biologicalmeaning>3</biologicalmeaning> + <group>2</group> + <electronaffinity>19</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.57</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1560</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3243</boilingpoint> + <density>1.85</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>9.322 </energy> + <energy>18.211</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>90</covalent> + <atomic>105</atomic> + <bondxx>222.6</bondxx> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+2">35</ionic> + </radius> + <orbits>1s2 2s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.862" spin="3/2-" magmoment="" halflife="4611168" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="7.0169" neutron="3" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="-1.1776" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="9.012182" neutron="5" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.555" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="1600000" halflifeformat="years" weight="10.01354" neutron="6" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Alkaline_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + <abundance>2</abundance> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="1661.478" aki="0.0726" energy1="0.000" energy2="60187.34" electronconfig1="2s2" electronconfig2="2s3p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="2348.610" aki="5.53" energy1="0.000" energy2="42565.35" electronconfig1="2s2" electronconfig2="2s2p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="2494.728" aki="1.6" energy1="21981.27" energy2="62053.72" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2s3d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="2" J2="1.2.3" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="2650.454" aki="4.24*" energy1="21978.925" energy2="59697.08" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2p2" term1="3P°" term2="3P" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="60" wavelength="2650.550" aki="4.24*" energy1="21978.28" energy2="59695.07" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2p2" term1="3P°" term2="3P" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="200*" wavelength="2650.613" aki="4.24*" energy1="21978.925" energy2="59695.07" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2p2" term1="3P°" term2="3P" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="200*" wavelength="2650.619" aki="4.24*" energy1="21981.27" energy2="59697.08" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2p2" term1="3P°" term2="3P" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="60" wavelength="2650.694" aki="4.24*" energy1="21978.925" energy2="59693.65" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2p2" term1="3P°" term2="3P" J1="1" J2="0" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="2650.760" aki="4.24*" energy1="21981.27" energy2="59695.07" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2p2" term1="3P°" term2="3P" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="12" wavelength="4572.664" aki="0.79" energy1="42565.35" energy2="64428.31" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2s3d" term1="1P°" term2="1D" J1="1" J2="2" /> + </spectra> + </element> + <element> + <number>5</number> + <name origin="Boron means 'Bor(ax) + (carb)on'. It is found in borax and behaves a lot like carbon">Boron</name> + <symbol>B</symbol> + <period>2</period> + <mass>10.811</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>3</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac. Louis Jacques Thenard">1808 </date> + <biologicalmeaning>3</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <electronaffinity>-27</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.04</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2365</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4275</boilingpoint> + <density>2.46</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>8.298 </energy> + <energy>25.154</energy> + <energy>37.9</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="1825.894" aki="1.70" energy1="0.000" energy2="54767.698" electronconfig1="2s22p" electronconfig2="2s23d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="1826.400" aki="2.04" energy1="15.287" energy2="54767.844" electronconfig1="2s22p" electronconfig2="2s23d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="2088.889" aki="0.361" energy1="0.000" energy2="47857.127" electronconfig1="2s22p" electronconfig2="2s2p2" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum 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J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="8335.15" aki="0.351" energy1="61981.82" energy2="73975.91" electronconfig1="2s22p(2P°)3s" electronconfig2="2s22p(2P°)3p" term1="1P°" term2="1S" J1="1" J2="0" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="9405.73" aki="0.291" energy1="61981.82" energy2="72610.73" electronconfig1="2s22p(2P°)3s" electronconfig2="2s22p(2P°)3p" term1="1P°" term2="1D" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="140" wavelength="11753.32" aki="0.263" energy1="69744.03" energy2="78249.93" electronconfig1="2s22p(2P°)3p" electronconfig2="2s22p(2P°)3d" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="101" wavelength="11754.76" aki="0.240" energy1="69710.67" energy2="78215.50" electronconfig1="2s22p(2P°)3p" electronconfig2="2s22p(2P°)3d" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + </spectra> + <date scientist="">0</date> + <biologicalmeaning>1</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity>-122</electronaffinity> + 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percentage="98.89" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" halflife="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.702411" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="13.003355" neutron="7" percentage="1.11" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.15648" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="5730" halflifeformat="years" weight="14.00324" neutron="8" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Non-Metal</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>7</number> + <name origin="Latin 'nitrogenium' ('forms saltpeter')">Nitrogen</name> + <symbol>N</symbol> + <period>2</period> + <mass>14.0067</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>3</acidicbehaviour> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="1199.550" aki="4.07" energy1="0.000" energy2="83364.620" electronconfig1="2s22p3" electronconfig2="2s22p2(3P)3s" term1="4S°" term2="4P" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="1200.223" aki="4.02" energy1="0.000" energy2="83317.830" electronconfig1="2s22p3" electronconfig2="2s22p2(3P)3s" term1="4S°" term2="4P" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="1200.710" aki="4.00" energy1="0.000" energy2="83284.070" electronconfig1="2s22p3" electronconfig2="2s22p2(3P)3s" term1="4S°" term2="4P" J1="3/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="1243.179" aki="3.21" energy1="19224.464" energy2="99663.427" electronconfig1="2s22p3" electronconfig2="2s22p2(1D)3s" term1="2D°" term2="2D" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="1492.625" aki="3.13" energy1="19224.464" energy2="86220.510" electronconfig1="2s22p3" electronconfig2="2s22p2(3P)3s" term1="2D°" term2="2P" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="1742.729" aki="1.16" energy1="28839.306" energy2="86220.510" electronconfig1="2s22p3" electronconfig2="2s22p2(3P)3s" term1="2P°" term2="2P" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="7442.29" aki="0.124" energy1="83317.830" energy2="96750.840" electronconfig1="2s22p2(3P)3s" electronconfig2="2s22p2(3P)3p" term1="4P" term2="4S°" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="7468.31" aki="0.193" energy1="83364.620" energy2="96750.840" electronconfig1="2s22p2(3P)3s" electronconfig2="2s22p2(3P)3p" term1="4P" term2="4S°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="8680.28" aki="0.246" energy1="83364.620" energy2="94881.820" electronconfig1="2s22p2(3P)3s" electronconfig2="2s22p2(3P)3p" term1="4P" term2="4D°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="8683.40" aki="0.180" energy1="83317.830" energy2="94830.890" electronconfig1="2s22p2(3P)3s" electronconfig2="2s22p2(3P)3p" term1="4P" term2="4D°" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="12469.62" aki="0.228" energy1="96864.050" 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electronconfig1="3s23p4" electronconfig2="3s23p3(2D°)3d" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="1807.311" aki="3.08" energy1="0.000" energy2="55330.811" electronconfig1="3s23p4" electronconfig2="3s23p3(4S°)4s" term1="3P" term2="3S°" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="900" wavelength="1820.343" aki="1.70" energy1="396.055" energy2="55330.811" electronconfig1="3s23p4" electronconfig2="3s23p3(4S°)4s" term1="3P" term2="3S°" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="1826.245" aki="0.549" energy1="573.640" energy2="55330.811" electronconfig1="3s23p4" electronconfig2="3s23p3(4S°)4s" term1="3P" term2="3S°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="9212.865" aki="0.30" energy1="52623.640" energy2="63475.051" electronconfig1="3s23p3(4S°)4s" electronconfig2="3s23p3(4S°)4p" term1="5S°" term2="5P" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="9228.092" aki="0.28" energy1="52623.640" energy2="63457.142" electronconfig1="3s23p3(4S°)4s" electronconfig2="3s23p3(4S°)4p" term1="5S°" term2="5P" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="80" wavelength="9237.538" aki="0.28" energy1="52623.640" energy2="63446.065" electronconfig1="3s23p3(4S°)4s" electronconfig2="3s23p3(4S°)4p" term1="5S°" term2="5P" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="10455.451" aki="0.22" energy1="55330.811" energy2="64892.582" electronconfig1="3s23p3(4S°)4s" electronconfig2="3s23p3(4S°)4p" term1="3S°" term2="3P" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="30" wavelength="10456.757" aki="0.22" energy1="55330.811" energy2="64891.386" electronconfig1="3s23p3(4S°)4s" electronconfig2="3s23p3(4S°)4p" term1="3S°" term2="3P" J1="1" J2="0" /> + <spectrum intensity="130" wavelength="10459.406" aki="0.22" energy1="55330.811" energy2="64888.964" electronconfig1="3s23p3(4S°)4s" electronconfig2="3s23p3(4S°)4p" term1="3S°" term2="3P" J1="1" J2="1" /> + </spectra> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity>-200</electronaffinity> 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halflifeformat="seconds" weight="32.971:" neutron="17" percentage="0.74" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="33.968" neutron="18" percentage="4.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.1674" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+1" halflife="7525440" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="34.96903" neutron="19" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="35.967" neutron="20" percentage="0.016" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Non-Metal</family> + <crystalstructure>or</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>17</number> + <name origin="Greek 'chloros' for 'yellow-green'">Chlorine</name> + <symbol>Cl</symbol> + <period>3</period> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="1335.726" aki="2.24" energy1="0.00" energy2="74865.667" electronconfig1="3s23p5" electronconfig2="3s23p4(3P)4s" term1="2P°" term2="2P" J1="3/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="1347.240" aki="5.62" energy1="0.00" energy2="74225.846" electronconfig1="3s23p5" electronconfig2="3s23p4(3P)4s" term1="2P°" term2="2P" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="1351.657" aki="4.24" energy1="882.35" energy2="74865.667" electronconfig1="3s23p5" electronconfig2="3s23p4(3P)4s" term1="2P°" term2="2P" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="1363.447" aki="0.99" energy1="882.35" energy2="74225.846" electronconfig1="3s23p5" electronconfig2="3s23p4(3P)4s" term1="2P°" term2="2P" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="1379.528" aki="0.096" 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energy1="72827.038" energy2="1/2" electronconfig1="3s23p4(3P)4s" electronconfig2="" term1="4P" term2="85735.091" J1="" J2="" /> + </spectra> + <mass>35.453</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>3</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="C. W. Scheele">1774</date> + <biologicalmeaning>2</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity>-349</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>3.16</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>172.17</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>239.18</boilingpoint> + <density>2.95</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>12.967</energy> + <energy>23.8</energy> + <energy>39.6</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>99.4</covalent> + <atomic>100</atomic> + <vdw>175</vdw> + <bondxx>189.1</bondxx> + <ionic charge="-1">181</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>126</abundance> + <orbits>1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5</orbits> + <oxydation>-1.(+1.+3.+5.+7)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.82187" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="34.968853" neutron="18" percentage="75.77" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.68412" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="36.966" neutron="20" percentage="24.23" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Halogene</family> + <crystalstructure>tet</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>18</number> + <name origin="Greek 'aergon' for 'inactive'">Argon</name> + <symbol>Ar</symbol> + <period>3</period> + <mass>39.948</mass> + <block>p</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="180" wavelength="866.79997" aki="3.14" energy1="0.000" energy2="115366.871" electronconfig1="3p6" electronconfig2="3p5(2P°1/2)3d" term1="1S" term2="2[3/2]°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="869.75411" aki="0.35" energy1="0.000" energy2="114975.024" electronconfig1="3p6" electronconfig2="3p5(2P°1/2)5s" term1="1S" term2="2[1/2]°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="180" wavelength="876.05767" aki="2.69" energy1="0.000" 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Ramsay. J. Rayleigh">1894</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>29</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity></electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>83.95</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>87.45</boilingpoint> + <density>1.66</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>15.759</energy> + <energy>27.6</energy> + <energy>40.7</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>97</covalent> + <atomic>71</atomic> + <vdw>188</vdw> + <bondxx>372</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6</orbits> + <oxydation>0</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="35.968" neutron="18" percentage="0.337" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="37.963" neutron="20" percentage="0.063" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="39.962" neutron="22" percentage="99.600" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Noblegas</family> + <crystalstructure>tet</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>19</number> + <name origin="Arabic 'al qaliy' for potash">Potassium</name> + <symbol>K</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="4044.14" aki="0.0116" energy1="0.000" energy2="24720.139" electronconfig1="4s" electronconfig2="5p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="4047.21" aki="0.0107" energy1="0.000" energy2="24701.382" electronconfig1="4s" electronconfig2="5p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="7664.8991" aki="0.379" energy1="0.000" energy2="13042.876" electronconfig1="4s" electronconfig2="4p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="7698.9645" aki="0.374" energy1="0.000" energy2="12985.170" electronconfig1="4s" electronconfig2="4p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="11690.21" aki="0.220" energy1="12985.170" energy2="21536.988" electronconfig1="4p" electronconfig2="3d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="11769.62" aki="0.0434" energy1="13042.876" energy2="21536.988" electronconfig1="4p" electronconfig2="3d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="11772.83" aki="0.259" energy1="13042.876" energy2="21534.680" electronconfig1="4p" electronconfig2="3d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + </spectra> + <mass>39.0983</mass> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="H. 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Davy">1808</date> + <biologicalmeaning>1</biologicalmeaning> + <group>2</group> + <electronaffinity>10</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.00</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1112</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1757</boilingpoint> + <density>1.54</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.113</energy> + <energy>11.9</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>174</covalent> + <atomic>180</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 4s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="39.963" neutron="20" percentage="96.92" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="41.959" neutron="22" percentage="0.64" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="+1.31725" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="42.959" neutron="23" percentage="0.13" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="43.955" neutron="24" percentage="2.13" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.257" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="" halflife="14152320" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="44.956185" neutron="26" percentage="0.003" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="47.952" neutron="28" percentage="0.18" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Alkaline_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>21</number> + <name origin="Named because it was found in Scandinavia">Scandium</name> + <symbol>Sc</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>44.955910</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="3269.897" aki="3.13" energy1="0.00" energy2="30573.17" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2P°" J1="3/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="3273.628" aki="2.81" energy1="168.34" energy2="30706.66" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="900" wavelength="3907.484" aki="1.66" energy1="0.00" energy2="25584.64" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2F°" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3911.812" aki="1.79" energy1="168.34" energy2="25724.68" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2F°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="3933.375" aki="0.162" energy1="168.34" energy2="25584.64" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2F°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="3996.601" aki="0.165" energy1="0.00" energy2="25014.21" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2D°" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="900" wavelength="4020.387" aki="1.63" energy1="0.00" energy2="24866.17" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2D°" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="900" wavelength="4023.678" aki="1.65" energy1="168.34" energy2="25014.21" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2D°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="4054.544" aki="0.441" energy1="0.00" energy2="24656.72" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(1D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2P°" J1="3/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="4082.387" aki="0.410" energy1="168.34" energy2="24656.88" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(1D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + </spectra> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="L. Nilson">1879</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <electronaffinity>-18</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.36</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1814</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3109</boilingpoint> + <density>2.99</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.54 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>144</covalent> + <atomic>160.6</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d1 4s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="+4.756483" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="44.95591" neutron="24" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="2.367" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="4+" magmoment="" halflife="7241184" halflifeformat="seconds" 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Gregor">1791</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity>-8</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.54</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1935</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3560</boilingpoint> + <density>4.51</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.82 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>144.8</covalent> + <atomic>140</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d2 4s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+4.+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="45.953" neutron="24" percentage="7.95" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="-0.78848" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="46.952" 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name for the Nordic goddess Freyja">Vanadium</name> + <symbol>V</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>50.9415</mass> + <block>d</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="3183.412" aki="2.4" energy1="137.382" energy2="31541.147" electronconfig1="3d34s2" electronconfig2="3d3(4F)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a4F" term2="x" J1="5/2" J2="4G°" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="3183.992" aki="2.5" energy1="323.457" energy2="31721.708" electronconfig1="3d34s2" electronconfig2="3d3(4F)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a4F" term2="x" J1="7/2" J2="4G°" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3185.385" aki="2.8" energy1="552.961" energy2="31937.266" electronconfig1="3d34s2" electronconfig2="3d3(4F)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a4F" term2="x" J1="9/2" J2="4G°" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3703.574" aki="0.92" energy1="2424.783" energy2="29418.073" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d3(4P)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="9/2" J2="6P°" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="3855.845" aki="0.578" energy1="552.961" energy2="26480.291" electronconfig1="3d34s2" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a4F" term2="y" J1="9/2" J2="4D°" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="3902.256" aki="0.268" energy1="552.961" energy2="26171.916" electronconfig1="3d34s2" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a4F" term2="y" J1="9/2" J2="4F°" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="4111.780" aki="1.01" energy1="2424.783" energy2="26738.318" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="9/2" J2="6D°" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="4115.180" aki="0.58" energy1="2311.355" energy2="26604.796" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="7/2" J2="6D°" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="4128.064" aki="0.77" energy1="2220.106" energy2="26437.640" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="5/2" J2="6D°" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="4131.989" aki="0.55" energy1="2311.355" energy2="26505.932" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="7/2" J2="6D°" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="4379.230" aki="1.1" energy1="2424.783" energy2="25253.432" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="9/2" J2="6F°" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="4384.710" aki="1.1" energy1="2311.355" energy2="25111.467" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="7/2" J2="6F°" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="4389.980" aki="0.69" energy1="2220.106" energy2="24992.884" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="5/2" J2="6F°" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="4395.223" aki="0.55" energy1="2153.207" energy2="24898.771" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="3/2" J2="6F°" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="4408.195" aki="0.60" energy1="2220.106" energy2="24898.771" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="5/2" J2="6F°" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="4408.501" aki="2153.207" energy1="3d4(5D)4s" energy2="3d4(5D)4p" electronconfig1="a6D" electronconfig2="y" term1="3/2" term2="6F°" J1="24830.228" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="110" wavelength="6090.208" aki="0.26" energy1="8715.761" energy2="25131.005" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a4D" term2="z" J1="7/2" J2="4P°" /> + </spectra> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="N. Sefström">1830</date> + <biologicalmeaning>4</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity>-51</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.63</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2163</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3650</boilingpoint> + <density>6.09</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.74 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>125</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d3 4s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+5.(+2.+3.+4)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="17.0" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="83" ecdecay="" spin="6+" magmoment="+3.34745" halflife="140000000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="49.93643" neutron="27" percentage="0.25" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="+5.1574" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="50.94396" neutron="28" percentage="99.750" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>24</number> + <name origin="Greek 'chroma' means 'color'">Chromium</name> + <symbol>Cr</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>51.9961</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3578.682" aki="1.48" energy1="0.00" energy2="27935.26" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a7S" term2="y7P°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="3593.481" aki="1.50" energy1="0.00" energy2="27820.23" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a7S" term2="y7P°" J1="3" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3605.320" aki="1.62" energy1="0.00" energy2="27728.87" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a7S" term2="y7P°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="4254.331" aki="0.315" energy1="0.00" energy2="23498.84" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4p" term1="a7S" term2="z7P°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="4274.806" aki="0.307" energy1="0.00" energy2="23386.35" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4p" term1="a7S" term2="z7P°" J1="3" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="4289.733" aki="0.316" energy1="0.00" energy2="23305.01" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4p" term1="a7S" term2="z7P°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="5204.505" aki="0.509" energy1="7593.16" energy2="26801.93" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4p" term1="a5S" term2="z5P°" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="5206.021" aki="0.514" energy1="7593.16" energy2="26796.28" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4p" term1="a5S" term2="z5P°" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="5208.415" aki="0.506" energy1="7593.16" energy2="26787.50" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4p" term1="a5S" term2="z5P°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + </spectra> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="L. N. Vauquelin">1797</date> + <biologicalmeaning>4</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity>-64</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.66</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2130</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2945</boilingpoint> + <density>7.14</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.766</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>124.9</covalent> + <atomic>140</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d5 4s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.+3.(+1.+4.+5).+6</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="49.946" neutron="26" percentage="4.35" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="51.94" neutron="28" percentage="83.79" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="-0.47454" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="52.941" neutron="29" percentage="9.50" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="53.939" neutron="30" percentage="2.36" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>25</number> + <name origin="It was discovered near a town named Magnesia in a black earth. Thus. it was named 'magnesia nigra'. short: Manganese">Manganese</name> + <symbol>Mn</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>54.938049</mass> + <block>d</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="1996.056" aki="0.77" energy1="0.00" energy2="50099.03" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(4P)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a6S" term2="v6P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="1999.511" aki="0.76" energy1="0.00" energy2="50012.50" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(4P)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a6S" term2="v6P°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="2003.849" aki="0.76" energy1="0.00" energy2="49888.01" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(4P)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a6S" term2="v6P°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="2794.817" aki="3.7" energy1="0.00" energy2="35769.97" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a6S" term2="y6P°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="2798.270" aki="3.6" energy1="0.00" energy2="35725.85" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a6S" term2="y6P°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="140" wavelength="2801.084" aki="3.7" energy1="0.00" energy2="35689.98" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a6S" term2="y6P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="120" wavelength="3806.715" aki="0.59" energy1="17052.29" energy2="43314.23" electronconfig1="3d6(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="z6F°" J1="9/2" J2="11/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="4030.755" aki="0.17" energy1="0.00" energy2="24802.25" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a6S" term2="z6P°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="4033.068" aki="0.165" energy1="0.00" energy2="24788.05" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a6S" term2="z6P°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="4034.485" aki="0.158" energy1="0.00" energy2="24779.32" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a6S" term2="z6P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="4041.357" aki="0.787" energy1="17052.29" energy2="41789.48" electronconfig1="3d6(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="z6D°" J1="9/2" J2="9/2" /> + </spectra> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="C. W. Scheele">1774</date> + <biologicalmeaning>1</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.55</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1518</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2235</boilingpoint> + <density>7.44</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.435</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>139</covalent> + <atomic>140</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d5 4s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.+4.(+5).+6.+7</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="1.377" spin="3+" magmoment="+3.2818" halflife="26967168" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="53.94036" neutron="29" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="+3.4687" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="54.93805" neutron="30" percentage="100" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>own</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>26</number> + <name origin="Latin 'ferrum'">Iron</name> + <symbol>Fe</symbol> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="2483.2708" aki="4.81" energy1="0.000" energy2="40257.311" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(1P)" term1="a5D" term2="x5F°" J1="4" J2="5" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="2488.1426" aki="4.20" energy1="415.933" energy2="40594.429" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(1P)" term1="a5D" term2="x5F°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="2490.6443" aki="3.45" energy1="704.007" energy2="40842.151" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(1P)" term1="a5D" term2="x5F°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="2522.8494" aki="2.13" energy1="0.000" energy2="39625.801" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(1P)" term1="a5D" term2="x5D°" J1="4" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="2719.0273" aki="1.42" energy1="0.000" energy2="36766.964" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(1P)" term1="a5D" term2="y5P°" J1="4" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="2788.1047" aki="0.59" energy1="6928.268" energy2="42784.349" electronconfig1="3d7(4F)4s" electronconfig2="3d6(3H)4s4p(3P)" term1="a5F" term2="y5G°" J1="5" J2="6" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="3440.6060" aki="0.171" energy1="0.000" energy2="29056.322" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(3P)" term1="a5D" term2="z5P°" J1="4" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3581.1931" aki="1.02" energy1="6928.268" energy2="34843.955" electronconfig1="3d7(4F)4s" electronconfig2="3d7(4F)4p" term1="a5F" term2="z5G°" J1="5" J2="6" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3719.9348" aki="0.162" energy1="0.000" energy2="26874.548" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(3P)" term1="a5D" term2="z5F°" J1="4" J2="5" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="3734.8638" aki="0.902" energy1="6928.268" energy2="33695.395" electronconfig1="3d7(4F)4s" electronconfig2="3d7(4F)4p" term1="a5F" term2="y5F°" J1="5" J2="5" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3737.1316" aki="0.141" energy1="415.933" energy2="27166.818" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(3P)" term1="a5D" term2="z5F°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3745.5613" aki="0.115" energy1="704.007" energy2="27394.689" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(3P)" term1="a5D" term2="z5F°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3748.2622" aki="0.0914" energy1="888.132" energy2="27559.581" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(3P)" term1="a5D" term2="z5F°" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="3749.4854" aki="0.764" 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weight="57.933" neutron="32" percentage="0.34" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>27</number> + <name origin="Named after the German word 'Kobold' for 'goblin'">Cobalt</name> + <symbol>Co</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>58.933200</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="2407.256" aki="3.6" energy1="0.000" energy2="41528.455" electronconfig1="3d74s2" electronconfig2="3d7(4F)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a4F" term2="x" J1="9/2" J2="4G°" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="2411.624" aki="3.5" energy1="816.000" energy2="42269.229" electronconfig1="3d74s2" electronconfig2="3d7(4F)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a4F" term2="x" J1="7/2" J2="4G°" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="2424.935" aki="3.2" energy1="0.000" energy2="41225.710" electronconfig1="3d74s2" electronconfig2="3d7(4F)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a4F" term2="x4F°" J1="9/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="2521.365" 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<block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="G. Brandt">1737</date> + <biologicalmeaning>2</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>-64</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.88</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1768</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3143</boilingpoint> + <density>8.89</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.86 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>125.3</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d7 4s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.+3.(+4)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="100.0" betaplusdecay="4.566" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="" spin="4+" magmoment="" halflife="6663168" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="55.93984" neutron="29" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.836" spin="7/2-" magmoment="" halflife="23483520" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="56.93629" neutron="30" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="100.0" betaplusdecay="2.3" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="" spin="2+" magmoment="" halflife="6118848" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="57.93576" neutron="31" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="+4.627" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="58.93320" neutron="32" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="2.824" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5+" magmoment="+3.799" halflife="5.2714" halflifeformat="years" weight="59.93382" neutron="33" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>28</number> + <name origin="'Nickel' was the name of a mountain goblin">Nickel</name> + <symbol>Ni</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>58.6934</mass> + <block>d</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="2320.034" aki="6.94" energy1="0.000" energy2="43089.578" electronconfig1="3d8(3F)4s2" electronconfig2="3d8(3F)4s4p(1P°)" term1="3F" term2="3G°" J1="4" J2="5" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="2345.543" aki="2.23" energy1="0.000" energy2="42620.994" electronconfig1="3d8(3F)4s2" electronconfig2="3d8(1D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="3F" term2="3D°" J1="4" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="3002.485" aki="0.903" energy1="204.787" energy2="33500.822" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d8(3F)4s4p(3P°)" term1="3D" term2="3D°" J1="3" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="3012.001" aki="1.3" energy1="3409.937" energy2="36600.791" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d8(3F)4s4p(3P°)" term1="1D" term2="1D°" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="3050.816" aki="0.604" energy1="204.787" energy2="32973.376" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d8(3F)4s4p(3P°)" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3101.557" aki="0.699" energy1="879.816" energy2="33112.334" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d8(3F)4s4p(3P°)" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="3134.104" aki="0.749" energy1="1713.087" energy2="33610.890" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d8(3F)4s4p(3P°)" term1="3D" term2="3D°" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3414.764" aki="0.615" energy1="204.787" energy2="29480.989" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3446.259" aki="0.455" energy1="879.816" energy2="29888.477" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="3D" term2="3D°" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3458.460" aki="0.667" energy1="1713.087" energy2="30619.414" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3461.652" aki="0.278" energy1="204.787" energy2="29084.456" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d8(3F)4s4p(3P°)" term1="3D" term2="5F°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="3492.956" aki="1.02" energy1="879.816" energy2="29500.674" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="3D" term2="3P°" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="3515.052" aki="0.474" energy1="879.816" energy2="29320.762" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3524.536" aki="1.09" energy1="204.787" energy2="28569.203" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="3D" term2="3P°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3566.372" aki="0.56" energy1="3409.937" energy2="31441.635" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="1D" term2="1D°" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="3619.391" aki="0.66" energy1="3409.937" energy2="31031.020" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="1D" term2="1F°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + </spectra> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="A. F. Cronstedt">1751</date> + <biologicalmeaning>4</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>-112</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.91</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1726</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3005</boilingpoint> + <density>8.91</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.635 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>124.6</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw>163</vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d8 4s2</orbits> + <oxydation>0.(+2).+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="57.935" neutron="30" percentage="67.8" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="1.072" spin="3/2-" magmoment="" halflife="75000" halflifeformat="years" weight="58.93435" neutron="31" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="59.931" neutron="32" percentage="26.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="-0.75002" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="60.931" neutron="33" percentage="1.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="61.928" neutron="34" percentage="3.7" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.065" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="" halflife="100.1" halflifeformat="years" weight="62.92967" neutron="35" percentage="1.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="63.928" neutron="36" percentage="1.1" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>29</number> + <name origin="Greek 'cuprum' for Cypres">Copper</name> + <symbol>Cu</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>63.546</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="130" wavelength="2165.09" aki="0.547" energy1="0.000" energy2="46172.842" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="2178.94" aki="0.913" energy1="0.000" energy2="45879.311" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="2181.72" aki="0.994" energy1="0.000" energy2="45821.00" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="2225.70" aki="0.444" energy1="0.000" energy2="44915.61" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="4D°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="2230.08" aki="11202.565" energy1="3d94s2" energy2="3d9(2D)4s4p(1P°)" electronconfig1="2D" electronconfig2="2F°" term1="5/2" term2="" J1="56029.95" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="2244.26" aki="0.0185" energy1="0.000" energy2="44544.153" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="4D°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="2441.64" aki="0.0201" energy1="0.000" energy2="40943.73" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="4P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="2492.15" aki="0.0279" energy1="0.000" energy2="40113.99" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="4P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3247.54" aki="1.37" energy1="0.000" energy2="30783.686" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d10(1S)4p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3273.96" aki="1.36" energy1="0.000" energy2="30535.302" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d10(1S)4p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="5105.54" aki="0.020" energy1="11202.565" energy2="30783.686" electronconfig1="3d94s2" electronconfig2="3d10(1S)4p" term1="2D" term2="2P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="5153.24" aki="0.60" energy1="30535.302" 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ore is very rough">Zinc</name> + <symbol>Zn</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>65.39</mass> + <block>d</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="130" wavelength="2165.09" aki="0.547" energy1="0.000" energy2="46172.842" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="2178.94" aki="0.913" energy1="0.000" energy2="45879.311" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="2181.72" aki="0.994" energy1="0.000" energy2="45821.00" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="2225.70" aki="0.444" energy1="0.000" energy2="44915.61" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="4D°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="2230.08" 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electronconfig2="4s25s" term1="2P°" term2="2S" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="4172.042" aki="0.945" energy1="826.19" energy2="24788.530" electronconfig1="4s24p" electronconfig2="4s25s" term1="2P°" term2="2S" J1="3/2" J2="1/2" /> + </spectra> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="P. 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Winkler">1886</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity>-116</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.01</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1211.5</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3107</boilingpoint> + <density>5.32</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.899 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>122.5</covalent> + <atomic>125</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d10 4s2 4p2</orbits> + <oxydation>+4.(+2)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="69.924" neutron="38" percentage="20.6" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" 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'arsenikos' for 'male' or 'bold'">Arsenic</name> + <symbol>As</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>74.92160</mass> + <block>p</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="1890.43" aki="2.7" energy1="0.000" energy2="52898.056" electronconfig1="4p3" electronconfig2="4p2(3P)5s" term1="4S°" term2="4P" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="1937.59" aki="2.2" energy1="0.000" energy2="51610.393" electronconfig1="4p3" electronconfig2="4p2(3P)5s" term1="4S°" term2="4P" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="1972.62" aki="2.0" energy1="0.000" energy2="50693.897" electronconfig1="4p3" electronconfig2="4p2(3P)5s" term1="4S°" term2="4P" J1="3/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="50" wavelength="2288.12" aki="2.8" energy1="10914.866" energy2="54605.491" electronconfig1="4p3" electronconfig2="4p2(3P)5s" term1="2D°" term2="2P" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="2349.84" aki="3.1" energy1="10592.666" 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halflifeformat="seconds" weight="75.92239" neutron="43" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Metalloids</family> + <crystalstructure>rh</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>34</number> + <name origin="Greek 'selena' for 'moon'">Selenium</name> + <symbol>Se</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>78.96</mass> + <block>p</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="1960.894" aki="2.13" energy1="0.00" energy2="50997.161" electronconfig1="4p4" electronconfig2="4p3(4S°)5s" term1="3P" term2="3S°" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="1995.111" aki="0.0" energy1="22446.202" energy2="72568.72" electronconfig1="4p4" electronconfig2="4p3(2P°)5s" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="2039.842" aki="0.98" energy1="1989.497" energy2="50997.161" electronconfig1="4p4" electronconfig2="4p3(4S°)5s" term1="3P" term2="3S°" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="2062.779" aki="0.33" 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J. Berzelius">1817</date> + <biologicalmeaning>2</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity>-195</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.55</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>494</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>958</boilingpoint> + <density>4.82</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>9.752 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>116</covalent> + <atomic>115</atomic> + <vdw>190</vdw> + <ionic charge="-2">202</ionic> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d10 4s2 4p4</orbits> + <oxydation>(-2).+4.(+6)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="73.922" neutron="40" percentage="0.9" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="75.919" neutron="42" percentage="9.5" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.535506" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="76.92" neutron="43" percentage="8.3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="77.917" neutron="44" percentage="24" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="79.917" neutron="46" percentage="48" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="81.917" neutron="48" percentage="9.3" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Non-Metal</family> + <crystalstructure>hcp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>35</number> + <name origin="Greek 'bromos' for 'smells badly'">Bromine</name> + <symbol>Br</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>79.904</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="1488.45" aki="2.0" energy1="0.00" energy2="67183.58" electronconfig1="4p5" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5s" term1="2P°" term2="2P" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="1540.65" aki="2.2" energy1="0.00" energy2="64907.19" electronconfig1="4p5" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5s" term1="2P°" term2="4P" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="1574.84" aki="0.20" energy1="3685.24" energy2="67183.58" electronconfig1="4p5" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5s" term1="2P°" term2="2P" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="1633.40" aki="0.23" energy1="3685.24" energy2="64907.19" electronconfig1="4p5" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5s" term1="2P°" term2="4P" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="130" wavelength="7348.51" aki="0.12" energy1="64907.19" energy2="78511.60" electronconfig1="4p4(3P)5s" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5p" term1="4P" term2="2D°" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="7512.96" aki="0.12" energy1="63436.45" energy2="76743.08" electronconfig1="4p4(3P)5s" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5p" term1="4P" term2="4D°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="7803.02" aki="0.053" energy1="66883.87" energy2="79695.89" electronconfig1="4p4(3P)5s" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5p" term1="4P" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="7938.68" aki="0.19" energy1="75890.33" energy2="88483.42" electronconfig1="4p4(1D)5s" electronconfig2="4p4(1D)5p" term1="2D°" term2="2D°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="8272.44" aki="0.0" energy1="63436.45" energy2="75521.50" electronconfig1="4p4(3P)5s" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5p" term1="4P" term2="4D°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="130" wavelength="8343.70" aki="0.22" energy1="66883.87" energy2="78865.72" electronconfig1="4p4(3P)5s" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5p" term1="4P" term2="4D°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="8446.55" aki="0.12" energy1="64907.19" energy2="76743.08" electronconfig1="4p4(3P)5s" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5p" term1="4P" term2="4D°" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + </spectra> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>3</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="A. J. Balard">1826</date> + <biologicalmeaning>5</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity>-325</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.96</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>265.95</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>331.85</boilingpoint> + <density>3.14</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>11.814 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>114.5</covalent> + <atomic>115</atomic> + <vdw>185</vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d10 4s2 4p5</orbits> + <oxydation>-1.(+1.+5.+7)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="+2.1064" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="78.918" neutron="44" percentage="50.69" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="+2.2706" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="80.916" neutron="46" percentage="49.31" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Halogene</family> + <crystalstructure>or</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>36</number> + <name origin="Greek 'kryptos' for 'hidden'">Krypton</name> + <symbol>Kr</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>83.80</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="1164.8671" aki="3.16" energy1="0.000" energy2="85846.7051" electronconfig1="4p6" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°1/2)5s" term1="1S" term2="2[1/2]°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="1235.8378" aki="3.12" energy1="0.000" energy2="80916.7685" electronconfig1="4p6" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" term1="1S" term2="2[3/2]°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="5570.2894" aki="0.021" energy1="79971.7422" energy2="97919.1473" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°1/2)5p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[1/2]" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="5870.9160" aki="0.018" energy1="80916.7685" energy2="97945.1669" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°1/2)5p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[3/2]" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="8104.3655" aki="0.13" energy1="79971.7422" energy2="92307.3791" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[5/2]" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="8112.9012" aki="0.36" energy1="79971.7422" energy2="92294.4017" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[5/2]" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="8190.0566" aki="0.11" energy1="80916.7685" energy2="93123.3414" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[3/2]" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="8263.2426" aki="0.35" energy1="85846.7051" energy2="97945.1669" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°1/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°1/2)5p" term1="2[1/2]°" term2="2[3/2]" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="8298.1099" aki="0.32" energy1="80916.7685" energy2="92964.3948" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[3/2]" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="8508.8728" aki="0.24" energy1="85846.7051" energy2="97595.9158" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°1/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°1/2)5p" term1="2[1/2]°" term2="2[3/2]" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="8776.7505" aki="0.27" energy1="80916.7685" energy2="92307.3791" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[5/2]" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="13634.220" aki="0.0" energy1="92294.4017" energy2="99626.883" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)6s" term1="2[5/2]" term2="2[3/2]°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="14426.793" aki="0.0" energy1="92964.3948" energy2="99894.048" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)6s" term1="2[3/2]" term2="2[3/2]°" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="16890.441" aki="0.0" energy1="92307.3791" energy2="98226.268" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)4d" term1="2[5/2]" term2="2[7/2]°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="18167.315" aki="0.0" energy1="92294.4017" energy2="97797.287" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)4d" term1="2[5/2]" term2="2[7/2]°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + </spectra> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>1</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="W. Ramsay. M. W. Travers">1898</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>39</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity></electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>116</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>120.85</boilingpoint> + <density>4.48</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>13.999 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>110</covalent> + <atomic>88</atomic> + <vdw>202</vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d10 4s2 4p6</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.(+4)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="77.92" neutron="42" percentage="0.35" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="79.916" neutron="44" percentage="2.01" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="81.913" neutron="46" percentage="11.5" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="-0.970669" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="82.914" neutron="47" percentage="11.5" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="83.912" neutron="48" percentage="57.18" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="85.911" neutron="50" percentage="17.5" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Noblegas</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>37</number> + <name origin="Latin 'rubidus' for 'dark red'">Rubidium</name> + <symbol>Rb</symbol> + <period>5</period> + <mass>85.4678</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="11" wavelength="4201.80" aki="0.018" energy1="0.000" energy2="23792.591" electronconfig1="5s" electronconfig2="6p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="6" wavelength="4215.53" aki="0.015" energy1="0.000" energy2="23715.081" electronconfig1="5s" electronconfig2="6p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="7800.27" aki="0.370" energy1="0.000" energy2="12816.545" electronconfig1="5s" electronconfig2="5p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="7947.60" aki="0.340" energy1="0.000" energy2="12578.950" electronconfig1="5s" electronconfig2="5p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="11" wavelength="14752.41" aki="0.0" energy1="12578.950" energy2="19355.649" electronconfig1="5p" electronconfig2="4d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="9" wavelength="15288.43" aki="0.0" energy1="12816.545" energy2="19355.649" electronconfig1="5p" electronconfig2="4d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + </spectra> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="Robert W. Bunsen. Gustav R. Kirchhoff">1861</date> + <biologicalmeaning>5</biologicalmeaning> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity>-47</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>0.82</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>312.63</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>961</boilingpoint> + <density>1.53</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>4.177 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>211</covalent> + <atomic>235</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 5s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+1</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="+1.3530" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="84.91179" neutron="48" percentage="72.17" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="99.99" betaminusdecay="1.774" ecpercentage="0.0052" ecdecay="" spin="2-" magmoment="-1.6920" halflife="1609715.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="85.91117" neutron="49" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="0.273" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="+2.75124" halflife="47500000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="86.900919" neutron="50" percentage="27.83" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Alkali_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>38</number> + <name origin="Named after the mineral Strontianit">Strontium</name> + <symbol>Sr</symbol> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="4607.33" aki="2.01" energy1="0.000" energy2="21698.482" electronconfig1="5s2" electronconfig2="5s5p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="70" wavelength="4811.88" aki="0.0" energy1="14898.563" energy2="35674.668" electronconfig1="5s5p" electronconfig2="5p2" term1="3P°" term2="3P" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="50" wavelength="4872.49" aki="0.0" energy1="14504.351" energy2="35022.015" electronconfig1="5s5p" electronconfig2="5s5d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="120" wavelength="4962.26" aki="0.0" energy1="14898.563" energy2="35045.055" electronconfig1="5s5p" electronconfig2="5s5d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="20" wavelength="4967.94" aki="0.0" energy1="14898.563" energy2="35022.015" electronconfig1="5s5p" electronconfig2="5s5d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="70" wavelength="5256.90" aki="0.0" energy1="18319.267" energy2="37336.616" electronconfig1="5s4d" electronconfig2="4d5p" term1="3D" term2="3P°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="110" wavelength="5480.84" aki="0.0" energy1="18319.267" energy2="36559.514" electronconfig1="5s4d" electronconfig2="4d5p" term1="3D" term2="3D°" J1="3" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="140" wavelength="6408.47" aki="0.0" energy1="18319.267" energy2="33919.330" electronconfig1="5s4d" electronconfig2="4d5p" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="80" wavelength="6504.00" aki="0.0" energy1="18218.795" energy2="33589.724" electronconfig1="5s4d" electronconfig2="4d5p" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="30" wavelength="6791.05" aki="0.0" energy1="14317.520" energy2="29038.795" electronconfig1="5s5p" electronconfig2="5s6s" term1="3P°" term2="3S" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="70" wavelength="6878.38" aki="0.0" energy1="14504.351" energy2="29038.795" electronconfig1="5s5p" electronconfig2="5s6s" term1="3P°" term2="3S" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="20" wavelength="6892.59" aki="0.00048" energy1="0.000" energy2="14504.351" electronconfig1="5s2" electronconfig2="5s5p" term1="1S" term2="3P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="80" wavelength="7070.10" aki="0.0" energy1="14898.563" energy2="29038.795" electronconfig1="5s5p" electronconfig2="5s6s" term1="3P°" term2="3S" J1="2" J2="1" /> + </spectra> + <period>5</period> + <mass>87.62</mass> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="H. B. Davy">1790</date> + <biologicalmeaning>3</biologicalmeaning> + <group>2</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>0.95</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1042</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1655</boilingpoint> + <density>2.63</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.695</energy> + <energy>11.0</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>211</covalent> + <atomic>235</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 5s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="83.913" neutron="46" percentage="0.56" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100" ecdecay="1.08" spin="9/2+" magmoment="" halflife="5598720" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="84.91294" neutron="47" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="85.909" neutron="48" percentage="9.86" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="-1.093" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="86.909" neutron="49" percentage="7.0" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="87.906" neutron="50" percentage="82.58" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Alkaline_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>39</number> + <name origin="Named after the small town of Ytterby near Stockholm in Sweden. Terbium. 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percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="2.283" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="2-" magmoment="-1.630" halflife="230400" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="89.90715" neutron="51" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>40</number> + <name origin="Named after the mineral zircon">Zirconium</name> + <symbol>Zr</symbol> + <period>5</period> + <mass>91.224</mass> + <block>d</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3519.604" aki="0.0" energy1="0.00" energy2="28404.26" electronconfig1="4d25s2" electronconfig2="4d25s(a" term1="a3F" term2="2F)5p" J1="2" J2="x3G°" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="3547.683" aki="0.0" energy1="570.41" energy2="28749.80" electronconfig1="4d25s2" electronconfig2="4d25s(a" term1="a3F" term2="2F)5p" J1="3" J2="x3G°" /> + <spectrum 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wavelength="3890.316" aki="0.0" energy1="1240.84" energy2="26938.42" electronconfig1="4d25s2" electronconfig2="4d25s(a" term1="a3F" term2="2D)5p" J1="4" J2="x3F°" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3891.380" aki="0.39" energy1="1240.84" energy2="26931.35" electronconfig1="4d25s2" electronconfig2="4d25s(a" term1="a3F" term2="2F)5p" J1="4" J2="z5G°" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="4072.698" aki="1.19" energy1="5540.54" energy2="4" electronconfig1="4d3(b" electronconfig2="30087.33" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d3(b" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="4081.209" aki="0.0" energy1="5888.93" energy2="5" electronconfig1="4d3(b" electronconfig2="30384.50" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d3(b" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="4227.750" aki="0.0" energy1="5888.93" energy2="5" electronconfig1="4d3(b" electronconfig2="29535.48" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d3(b" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="4239.309" aki="0.0" 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electronconfig1="4d3(b" electronconfig2="19833.78" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d25s(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="8070.099" aki="0.0" energy1="5888.93" energy2="5" electronconfig1="4d3(b" electronconfig2="18276.92" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d25s(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + </spectra> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="">1789</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity>-41</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.33</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2128</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4682</boilingpoint> + <density>6.51</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.84 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>148</covalent> + <atomic>155</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 4d2 5s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+4</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="89.904" neutron="50" percentage="51.5" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="-1.30362" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="90.905" neutron="51" percentage="11.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="91.905" neutron="52" percentage="17.1" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.09" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="" halflife="1530000" halflifeformat="years" weight="92.90647" neutron="53" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="93.906" neutron="54" percentage="17.4" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.121" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="" halflife="5531328" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="94.90804" neutron="55" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="95.908" neutron="56" percentage="2.8" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>41</number> + <name origin="Named after Niobe. the daughter of the Greek god Tantalus">Niobium</name> + <symbol>Nb</symbol> + 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wavelength="4100.92" aki="0.76" energy1="391.99" energy2="5/2" electronconfig1="4d4(a" electronconfig2="24769.91" term1="5D)5s" term2="4d4(a" J1="a6D" J2="5D)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="4123.81" aki="0.58" energy1="154.19" energy2="3/2" electronconfig1="4d4(a" electronconfig2="24396.80" term1="5D)5s" term2="4d4(a" J1="a6D" J2="5D)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="4152.58" aki="0.38" energy1="695.25" energy2="7/2" electronconfig1="4d4(a" electronconfig2="24769.91" term1="5D)5s" term2="4d4(a" J1="a6D" J2="5D)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="4163.66" aki="0.65" energy1="154.19" energy2="3/2" electronconfig1="4d4(a" electronconfig2="24164.79" term1="5D)5s" term2="4d4(a" J1="a6D" J2="5D)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="4164.66" aki="0.50" energy1="391.99" energy2="5/2" electronconfig1="4d4(a" electronconfig2="24396.80" term1="5D)5s" term2="4d4(a" J1="a6D" J2="5D)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="4168.13" aki="0.91" energy1="0.00" energy2="1/2" electronconfig1="4d4(a" electronconfig2="23984.87" term1="5D)5s" term2="4d4(a" J1="a6D" J2="5D)5p" /> + </spectra> + <mass>92.90638</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="Charles Hatchett">1801</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity>-86</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.6</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2742</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>5015</boilingpoint> + <density>8.58</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.88 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>137</covalent> + <atomic>145</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 4d4 5s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+3.+5</oxydation> + <family>Transition</family> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="+6.1705" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="92.90638" neutron="52" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.925" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="+6.123" halflife="3036960" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="94.90683" neutron="54" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>42</number> + <name origin="This name has Greek roots. It means 'like Platinum' - it was difficult to distinguish Molybdenum from Platinum.">Molybdenum</name> + <symbol>Mo</symbol> + <period>5</period> + <mass>95.94</mass> + <block>d</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="3132.594" aki="1.79" energy1="0.000" energy2="31913.171" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d45s(6D)5p" term1="a7S" term2="y7P°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="3158.167" aki="0.463" energy1="0.000" energy2="31654.786" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d45s(6D)5p" term1="a7S" term2="z7D°" J1="3" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3170.344" aki="1.37" energy1="0.000" energy2="31533.206" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d45s(6D)5p" term1="a7S" term2="y7P°" J1="3" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="3193.979" aki="1.53" energy1="0.000" energy2="31299.876" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d45s(6D)5p" term1="a7S" term2="y7P°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="3208.838" aki="0.277" energy1="0.000" energy2="31154.935" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d45s(6D)5p" term1="a7S" term2="z7D°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="110" wavelength="3447.124" aki="0.875" energy1="12346.280" energy2="41347.664" electronconfig1="4d45s2" electronconfig2="4d5(4G)5p" term1="a5D" term2="y5F°" J1="4" J2="5" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3798.252" aki="0.690" energy1="0.000" energy2="26320.420" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(6S)5p" term1="a7S" term2="z7P°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3864.104" aki="0.624" energy1="0.000" energy2="25871.887" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(6S)5p" term1="a7S" term2="z7P°" J1="3" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="3902.953" aki="0.617" energy1="0.000" energy2="25614.367" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(6S)5p" term1="a7S" term2="z7P°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="80" wavelength="4069.882" aki="0.325" energy1="16783.856" energy2="41347.664" electronconfig1="4d5(4G)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(4G)5p" term1="a5G" term2="y5F°" J1="6" J2="5" /> + <spectrum intensity="90" wavelength="4188.324" aki="0.332" energy1="16784.522" energy2="40653.701" electronconfig1="4d5(4G)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(4G)5p" term1="a5G" term2="z5H°" J1="5" J2="6" /> + <spectrum intensity="90" wavelength="4411.695" aki="0.263" energy1="16784.522" energy2="39445.182" electronconfig1="4d5(4G)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(4G)5p" term1="a5G" term2="z5G°" J1="5" J2="5" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="5506.494" aki="0.361" energy1="10768.332" energy2="28923.668" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(6S)5p" term1="a5S" term2="z5P°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="5533.031" aki="0.372" energy1="10768.332" energy2="28836.592" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(6S)5p" term1="a5S" term2="z5P°" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="90" wavelength="5570.444" aki="0.330" energy1="10768.332" energy2="28715.242" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(6S)5p" term1="a5S" term2="z5P°" J1="2" J2="1" /> + </spectra> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="C. W. Scheele">1778</date> + <biologicalmeaning>1</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity>-72</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.16</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2896</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4912</boilingpoint> + <density>10.28</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.099</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>145</covalent> + <atomic>145</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 4d5 5s1</orbits> + <oxydation>(+2.+3.+4.+5).+6</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="91.90681" neutron="50" percentage="15.9" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="" halflife="3500" halflifeformat="years" weight="92.90681" neutron="51" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="93.905" neutron="52" percentage="9.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="-0.9133" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="94.906" neutron="53" percentage="16.5" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="95.905" neutron="54" percentage="15.7" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="-0.9133" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="96.905" neutron="55" percentage="9.4" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="97.906" neutron="56" percentage="23.7" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.357" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="" halflife="5762016" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="98.90771" neutron="57" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="99.908" neutron="58" percentage="9.6" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>43</number> + <name origin="Greek 'technetos' for artificial">Technetium</name> + <symbol>Tc</symbol> + <period>5</period> + <mass>98.9063</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="C. Perrier. E. G. Segre">1937</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3173.30" aki="0.86" energy1="0.00" energy2="31503.93" electronconfig1="4d55s2" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6S" term2="y4P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="3182.37" aki="0.39" energy1="0.00" energy2="31414.05" electronconfig1="4d55s2" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6S" term2="y4P°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="3183.11" aki="0.56" energy1="0.00" energy2="31406.74" electronconfig1="4d55s2" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6S" term2="y4P°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="3466.28" aki="1.22" energy1="2572.89" energy2="31414.05" electronconfig1="4d6(5D)5s" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6D" term2="y4P°" J1="9/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3636.07" aki="1.57" energy1="2572.89" energy2="30067.29" electronconfig1="4d6(5D)5s" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6D" term2="z6F°" J1="9/2" J2="11/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="3718.86" aki="1.05" energy1="3250.91" energy2="30133.26" electronconfig1="4d6(5D)5s" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6D" term2="z6F°" J1="7/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="3984.97" aki="0.42" energy1="2572.89" energy2="27660.10" electronconfig1="4d6(5D)5s" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6D" term2="z6D°" J1="9/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="4031.63" aki="1.01" energy1="2572.89" energy2="27369.79" electronconfig1="4d6(5D)5s" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6D" term2="z6D°" J1="9/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="4095.67" aki="0.49" energy1="3250.91" energy2="27660.10" electronconfig1="4d6(5D)5s" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6D" term2="z6D°" J1="7/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="4238.19" aki="0.38" energy1="0.00" energy2="23588.40" electronconfig1="4d55s2" electronconfig2="4d55s(7S)5s" term1="a6S" term2="z6P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="4262.27" aki="0.40" energy1="0.00" energy2="23455.21" electronconfig1="4d55s2" electronconfig2="4d55s(7S)5s" term1="a6S" term2="z6P°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="4297.06" aki="0.42" energy1="0.00" energy2="23265.32" electronconfig1="4d55s2" electronconfig2="4d55s(7S)5s" term1="a6S" term2="z6P°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="4853.59" aki="0.49" energy1="10516.53" energy2="31114.08" electronconfig1="4d6(5D)5s" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a4D" term2="z4F°" J1="7/2" J2="9/2" /> + </spectra> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity>-53</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.9</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2477</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4538</boilingpoint> + <density>11.49</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.28 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>156</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 4d6 5s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+7</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.32" spin="9/2+" magmoment="" halflife="2600000" halflifeformat="years" weight="96.90636" neutron="54" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.293" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="+5.6847" halflife="211100" halflifeformat="years" weight="98.90625" neutron="56" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>44</number> + <name origin="Ruthenia is the old name of Russia">Ruthenium</name> + <symbol>Ru</symbol> + <period>5</period> + <mass>101.07</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3436.737" aki="0.728" energy1="1190.64" energy2="4" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="30279.68" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="3498.944" aki="0.861" energy1="0.00" energy2="5" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="28571.89" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3589.220" aki="0.911" energy1="3105.49" energy2="1" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="30958.80" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3593.029" aki="0.817" energy1="2713.24" energy2="2" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="30537.06" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3596.185" aki="0.420" energy1="2091.54" energy2="3" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="29890.91" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="3726.926" aki="0.753" energy1="1190.64" energy2="4" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="28014.79" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3728.026" aki="0.820" energy1="0.00" energy2="5" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="26816.23" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3730.432" aki="0.706" energy1="2091.54" energy2="3" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="28890.47" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="3798.899" aki="0.598" energy1="1190.64" energy2="4" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="27506.59" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="3799.353" aki="0.533" energy1="0.00" energy2="5" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="26312.83" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="4199.892" aki="0.399" energy1="6545.03" energy2="4" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="30348.45" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a3F" J2="4F)5p" /> + </spectra> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="K. Klaus">1844</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>-101</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.2</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2610</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4425</boilingpoint> + <density>12.45</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.37 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>126</covalent> + <atomic>130</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 4d7 5s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+3.+4.(+8)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="95.908" neutron="52" percentage="5.68" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="1.2" spin="5/2" magmoment="+0.687" halflife="250560" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="96.90755" neutron="53" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="97.906" neutron="54" percentage="2.22" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+0.6413" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="98.906" neutron="55" percentage="12.91" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="99.903" neutron="56" percentage="12.7" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="-0.7188" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="100.904" neutron="57" percentage="16.98" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="101.904" neutron="58" percentage="31.34" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.767" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.67" halflife="3392064" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="102.90632" neutron="59" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="103.906" neutron="60" percentage="18.27" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>45</number> + <name origin="Greek 'rhodeos' means 'red like a rose'">Rhodium</name> + <symbol>Rh</symbol> + <period>5</period> + <mass>102.90550</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="3323.09" aki="0.63" energy1="1529.97" energy2="31613.78" electronconfig1="4d8(3F)5s" electronconfig2="4d8(3F)5p" term1="a4F" term2="z2G°" J1="7/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3396.82" aki="0.65" energy1="0.00" energy2="29430.86" electronconfig1="4d8(3F)5s" electronconfig2="4d8(3F)5p" term1="a4F" term2="z4F°" J1="9/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="900" wavelength="3434.89" aki="0.0" energy1="0.00" energy2="29104.71" electronconfig1="4d8(3F)5s" electronconfig2="4d8(3F)5p" term1="a4F" term2="z4G°" J1="9/2" J2="11/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3502.52" aki="0.43" energy1="0.00" energy2="28542.69" electronconfig1="4d8(3F)5s" electronconfig2="4d8(3F)5p" term1="a4F" 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term2="z4G°" J1="7/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="4374.80" aki="0.164" energy1="5690.97" energy2="28542.69" electronconfig1="4d8(3F)5s" electronconfig2="4d8(3F)5p" term1="a2F" term2="z4G°" J1="7/2" J2="9/2" /> + </spectra> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="W. Wollaston">1803</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>-110</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.28</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2236</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3970</boilingpoint> + <density>12.41</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.46 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>135</covalent> + <atomic>134.5</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 4d8 5s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+1.(+2).+3.(+4)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="-0.08840" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="102.9055" neutron="58" percentage="100" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>46</number> + <name origin="Named after the planetoid Pallas">Palladium</name> + 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Reich. H.T. Richter">1863</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <electronaffinity>-29</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.78</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>429.78</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2350</boilingpoint> + <density>7.31</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.786</energy> + <energy>18.9</energy> + <energy>28.0</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>144</covalent> + <atomic>155</atomic> + <vdw>193</vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 4d10 5s2 5p1</orbits> + <oxydation>+3.(+1.+2)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="+5.5229" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="112.90406" neutron="64" percentage="4.28" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" 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The Lanthanoids are also called the 'rare earth'">Lanthanum</name> + <symbol>La</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>138.9055</mass> + <block>f</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3574.43" aki="0.0" energy1="0.000" energy2="27968.54" electronconfig1="5d6s2" electronconfig2="4f5d(3D°)6s" term1="2D" term2="°" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="4060.33" aki="0.0" energy1="4121.572" energy2="28743.24" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="4f5d(3G°)6s" term1="4F" term2="4G°" J1="9/2" J2="11/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="4187.32" aki="0.0" energy1="0.000" energy2="23874.95" electronconfig1="5d6s2" electronconfig2="5d6s(3D)6p" term1="2D" term2="°" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="4280.27" aki="0.0" energy1="1053.164" energy2="24409.68" electronconfig1="5d6s2" electronconfig2="4f5d(1G°)6s" term1="2D" term2="°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="4949.77" aki="0.87" energy1="0.000" energy2="20197.34" electronconfig1="5d6s2" electronconfig2="5d6s(1D)6p" term1="2D" term2="°" J1="3/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="5145.42" aki="0.0" energy1="3010.002" energy2="22439.36" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="4F" term2="4D°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="5177.31" aki="0.0" energy1="3494.526" energy2="22804.25" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="4F" term2="4D°" J1="7/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="5211.86" aki="0.0" energy1="4121.572" energy2="23303.26" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="4F" term2="4D°" J1="9/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="5234.27" aki="0.0" energy1="4121.572" energy2="23221.10" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="5d6s(3D)6p" term1="4F" term2="°" J1="9/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="5455.15" aki="0.0" energy1="1053.164" energy2="19379.40" electronconfig1="5d6s2" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="2D" term2="2D°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="5501.34" aki="0.529" energy1="0.000" energy2="18172.35" electronconfig1="5d6s2" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="2D" term2="2D°" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="5791.34" aki="0.0" energy1="4121.572" energy2="21384.00" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="4F" term2="4F°" J1="9/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="6249.93" aki="0.0" energy1="4121.572" energy2="20117.38" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="4F" term2="4G°" J1="9/2" J2="11/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="6394.23" aki="0.0" energy1="3494.526" energy2="19129.31" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="4F" term2="4G°" J1="7/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="" wavelength="" aki="" energy1="" energy2="" electronconfig1="" electronconfig2="" term1="" term2="" J1="" J2="" /> + </spectra> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="K. G. Mosander">1839</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.10</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1191</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3737</boilingpoint> + <density>6.16</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.577</energy> + <energy>11.0</energy> + <energy>19.17</energy> + <energy>49.9</energy> + <energy>61.6</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>169</covalent> + <atomic>187.0</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 5d1 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="33.6" betaminusdecay="1.04" ecpercentage="66.4" ecdecay="1.75" spin="5+" magmoment="+3.707" halflife="105000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="137.907105" neutron="81" percentage="0.0902" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="+2.778" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="138.91" neutron="82" percentage="99.9098" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="3.761" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3-" magmoment="+0.73" halflife="144987.84" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="139.90947" neutron="83" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hcp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>58</number> + <name origin="Named after the planetoid Ceres">Cerium</name> + <symbol>Ce</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>140.116</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="Jöns Jacob Berzelius. W. Hisinger. M. Klaproth">1803</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.12</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1071</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3715</boilingpoint> + <density>6.77</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.47</energy> + <energy>10.9</energy> + <energy>20.2</energy> + <energy>36.8</energy> + <energy>65.5</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>165</covalent> + <atomic>182.5</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f1 5d1 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3.+4</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="135.907" neutron="78" percentage="0.193" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="100.0" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="" halflife="32400" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="136.90777" neutron="79" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="137.90663" neutron="80" percentage="0.25" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.27" spin="3/2+" magmoment="±0.9" halflife="11892096" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="138.905" neutron="81" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="139.905" neutron="82" percentage="88.46" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.581" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="±0.97" halflife="2808086.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="140.90827" neutron="83" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="141.909" neutron="84" percentage="11.07" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>59</number> + <name origin="Greek 'prasinos didymos' for 'green twin'">Praseodymium</name> + <symbol>Pr</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>140.90765</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="K. C. Auer von Welsbach">1885</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.13</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1204</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3785</boilingpoint> + <density>6.48</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.42</energy> + <energy>10.6</energy> + <energy>21.6</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>165</covalent> + <atomic>182.8</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f3 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3.+4</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+4.3" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="140.90765" neutron="82" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="99.98" betaminusdecay="2.160" ecpercentage="0.02" ecdecay="" spin="2-" magmoment="" halflife="68832" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="141.91004" neutron="83" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>60</number> + <name origin="Greek 'neos didymos' for 'new twin'">Neodymium</name> + <symbol>Nd</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>144.24</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="C. Auer von Welsbach">1885</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.14</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1294</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3347</boilingpoint> + <density>7.00</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.49 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>164</covalent> + <atomic>182.1</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f4 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="141.907" neutron="82" percentage="27.1" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="-1.08" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="142.90981" neutron="83" percentage="12.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="1.83" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="2290000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="143.91008" neutron="84" percentage="23.8" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="-0.66" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="144.912" neutron="85" percentage="8.3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="145.913" neutron="86" percentage="17.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.91" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="0.59" halflife="948672" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="146.91610" neutron="87" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="147.916" neutron="88" percentage="5.72" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.66" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="" halflife="6192" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="148.92015" neutron="89" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="149.921" neutron="90" percentage="5.6" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>61</number> + <name origin="Named after the greek Prometheus. Prometheus stole the fire from the gods and gave it to mankind.">Promethium</name> + <symbol>Pm</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>146.9151</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="J. A. Marinsky. C. D. Coryell. L. E. Glendenin">1945</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.13</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1315</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3273</boilingpoint> + <density>7.22</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.55 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>163</covalent> + <atomic>181.0</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f5 6s2</orbits> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.224" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="+2.7" halflife="2.5" halflifeformat="years" weight="146.91513" neutron="86" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="2.46" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1-" magmoment="" halflife="465696" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="147.91747" neutron="87" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.073" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="±3.3" halflife="191160" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="148.91833" neutron="88" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="3.43" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1-" magmoment="" halflife="9720" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="149.92098" neutron="89" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>62</number> + <name origin="Named after the mineral Samarskit">Samarium</name> + <symbol>Sm</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>150.36</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="P. Lecoq de Boisbaudran">1879</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.17</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1347</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2067</boilingpoint> + <density>7.54</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.63 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>166</covalent> + <atomic>180.2</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f6 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="143.912" neutron="82" percentage="3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.65" spin="7/2-" magmoment="" halflife="29376000" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="144.91341" neutron="83" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="2.55" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="103100000" halflifeformat="years" weight="145.91340" neutron="84" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="2.31" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="-0.813" halflife="106000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="146.91489" neutron="85" percentage="14.97" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="2.00" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="12000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="147.91482" neutron="86" percentage="11.3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="1.9" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="-0.670" halflife="400000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="148.91718" neutron="87" percentage="13.83" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="149.91727" neutron="88" percentage="7.44" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.076" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="" halflife="93" halflifeformat="years" weight="150.91933" neutron="89" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="151.919" neutron="90" percentage="26" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.8" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="-0.0217" halflife="166572" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="152.92209" neutron="91" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="153.922" neutron="92" percentage="20" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>63</number> + <name origin="Named after Europe">Europium</name> + <symbol>Eu</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>151.964</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="E. A. Demarcay">1901</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.2</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1095</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1800</boilingpoint> + <density>5.25</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.67 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>185</covalent> + <atomic>204.2</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f7 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+3.464" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="150.919847" neutron="88" percentage="47.7" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+1.530" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="152.921225" neutron="90" percentage="52.23" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>64</number> + <name origin="Named after the Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin">Gadolinium</name> + <symbol>Gd</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>157.25</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="">1880</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.20</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1585</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3545</boilingpoint> + <density>7.89</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.14 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>161</covalent> + <atomic>180.2</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f7 5d1 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="2.24" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="108000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="151.91979" neutron="88" percentage="0.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="0.24" spin="3/2-" magmoment="" halflife="20874240" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="152.92175" neutron="89" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="153.921" neutron="90" percentage="2.15" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="-0.27" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="154.923" neutron="91" percentage="14.78" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="155.922" neutron="92" percentage="20.59" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="-0.36" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="156.924" neutron="93" percentage="15.71" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="157.924" neutron="94" percentage="24.79" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.95" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="" halflife="66816" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="158.926386" neutron="95" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="159.927" neutron="96" percentage="21.79" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>65</number> + <name origin="Named after the Swedish town of Ytterby">Terbium</name> + <symbol>Tb</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>158.92534</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="K. G. Mosander">1843</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.1</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1629</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3500</boilingpoint> + <density>8.25</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.85 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>159</covalent> + <atomic>178.2</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f9 6s2</orbits> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+1.95" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="158.925344" neutron="94" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.72" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3-" magmoment="+1.702" halflife="6246720" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="159.927165" neutron="95" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <oxydation>+3.+4</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>66</number> + <name origin="Greek 'dysprositor' for 'difficult to reach'">Dysprosium</name> + <symbol>Dy</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>162.50</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="F. E. Lecoq de Boisbaudran">1886</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>2</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.22</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1685</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2840</boilingpoint> + <density>8.56</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.93 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>159</covalent> + <atomic>177.3</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f10 6s2</orbits> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="155.92428" neutron="90" percentage="0.052" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="157.92440" neutron="92" percentage="0.090" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="159.92519" neutron="94" percentage="2.29" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="-0.4805" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="160.92693" neutron="95" percentage="18.88" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="161.92680" neutron="96" percentage="25.53" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="+0.6726" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="162.92873" neutron="97" percentage="24.97" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="163.92917" neutron="98" percentage="28.18" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.3" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="" halflife="8402.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="164.93170" neutron="98" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>67</number> + <name origin="Latin 'holmia' for the old name of Stockholm">Holmium</name> + <symbol>Ho</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>164.93032</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="J. L. Soret. P.T. Cleve">1878</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.23</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1747</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2968</boilingpoint> + <density>8.78</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.02 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>158</covalent> + <atomic>176.6</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f11 6s2</orbits> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="+4.173" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="164.93032" neutron="98" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.85" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0-" magmoment="0" halflife="96840" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="165.93228" neutron="99" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>68</number> + <name origin="Named ofter the Swedish town of Ytterby. Terbium and Ytterbium are also named after this town.">Erbium</name> + <symbol>Er</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>167.259</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="K. G. Mosander">1843</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.24</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1802</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3140</boilingpoint> + <density>9.05</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.10 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>157</covalent> + <atomic>175.7</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f12 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="161.929" neutron="94" percentage="0.136" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="163.929" neutron="96" percentage="1.56" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="165.93029" neutron="98" percentage="33.41" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="-0.5665" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="166.93205" neutron="99" percentage="22.94" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="167.93237" neutron="100" percentage="27.07" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="169.935" neutron="102" percentage="14.88" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>69</number> + <name origin="Named after the old name of Scandinavia. 'Thule'">Thulium</name> + <symbol>Tm</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>168.93421</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="P. T. Cleve">1879</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.25</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1818</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2223</boilingpoint> + <density>9.32</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.18 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>156</covalent> + <atomic>174.6</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f13 6s2</orbits> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="-0.2316" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="168.93421" neutron="100" percentage="100" /> + </isotopes> + <oxydation>+2.+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>70</number> + <name origin="Like Terbium and Gadolinium. this is named after the Swedish town of Ytterby">Ytterbium</name> + <symbol>Yb</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>173.04</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="J. Ch. Marignac">1878</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.1</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1092</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1469</boilingpoint> + <density>9.32</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.254 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>170</covalent> + <atomic>194</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="167.934" neutron="98" percentage="0.135" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="169.93476" neutron="100" percentage="3.03" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.4919" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="170.93632" neutron="101" percentage="14.31" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="171.93638" neutron="102" percentage="21.82" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="-0.6776" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="172.93821" neutron="103" percentage="16.13" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="173.93886" neutron="104" percentage="31.84" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.467" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="±0.3" halflife="244224" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="174.94127" neutron="105" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="175.94256" neutron="106" percentage="12.73" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>71</number> + <name origin="Named after the Roman name 'Lutetia' for Paris">Lutetium</name> + <symbol>Lu</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>174.967</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="C. Auer von Welsbach. G. Urbain">1907</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.27</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1936</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3668</boilingpoint> + <density>9.84</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.426 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>156</covalent> + <atomic>173.4</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d1 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="+2.2327" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="174.941" neutron="104" percentage="97.41" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7-" magmoment="3.19" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="175.943" neutron="105" percentage="2.59" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="+2.239" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="176.943752" neutron="106" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>72</number> + <name origin="'Hafnia' is the old name of Kopenhagen (Denmark)">Hafnium</name> + <symbol>Hf</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>178.49</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="D. Coster. G. Hevesy">1923</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2504</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4875</boilingpoint> + <density>13.31</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.0 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>144</covalent> + <atomic>156.4</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d2 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+5</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="2.55" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="2000000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="173.94004" neutron="102" percentage="0.18" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.59" spin="5/2-" magmoment="0.70" halflife="6048000" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="174.94151" neutron="103" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="175.94140" neutron="104" percentage="5.21" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="+0.7935" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="176.94322" neutron="105" percentage="18.6" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="177.94370" neutron="106" percentage="27.3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="-0.6409" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="178.94581" neutron="107" percentage="13.63" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="179.94655" neutron="108" percentage="35.1" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>73</number> + <name origin="Named after the Greek myth of Tantalos">Tantalum</name> + <symbol>Ta</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>180.9479</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="A. Ekeberg">1802</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity>-31</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.5</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>3293</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>5730</boilingpoint> + <density>16.68</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.89 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>134</covalent> + <atomic>143</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d3 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3.+5</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="14.0" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="86.0" ecdecay="" spin="9-" magmoment="" halflife="10000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="179.947462" neutron="107" percentage="0.012" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="+2.370" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="180.947992" neutron="108" percentage="99.998" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.811" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3-" magmoment="2.6" halflife="9892800" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="181.950149" neutron="109" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>74</number> + <name origin="'tung sten' means 'heavy stone' in Swedish. The old name (and thus the symbol 'W') was Wolfram. named after a mineral">Tungsten</name> + <symbol>W</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>183.84</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="C. W. Scheele">1783</date> + <biologicalmeaning>5</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity>-79</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.36</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>3695</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>5825</boilingpoint> + <density>19.26</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.98 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>130</covalent> + <atomic>137</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d4 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>(+4). +6</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="179.947" neutron="106" percentage="0.122" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.19" spin="9/2+" magmoment="" halflife="10471680" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="180.94820" neutron="107" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0+" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="181.94820" neutron="108" percentage="26.3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.1177847" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="182.950220" neutron="109" percentage="14.28" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="183.950928" neutron="110" percentage="30.7" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.432" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="" halflife="4129920" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="184.953416" neutron="111" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="185.954357" neutron="112" percentage="29.17" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.321" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="0.688" halflife="2064960" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="186.957153" neutron="113" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>75</number> + <name origin="Named after the German river Rhine (latin 'Rhenium')">Rhenium</name> + <symbol>Re</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>186.207</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="W. Noddack. I. Tacke-Noddack. O. Berg">1925</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity>-14</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.9</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>3455</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>5870</boilingpoint> + <density>21.03</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.88</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>159</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx>274.1</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+4">63</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>0.0007</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d5 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+7.+2.+4</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+3.172" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="184.952951" neutron="110" percentage="37.4" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="93.1" betaminusdecay="1.071" ecpercentage="6.9" ecdecay="" spin="1-" magmoment="+1.739" halflife="324000" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="185.954984" neutron="111" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.00251" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+3.2197" halflife="43500000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="186.955744" neutron="112" percentage="62.6" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="2.12" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1-" magmoment="+1.788" halflife="61128" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="187.958106" neutron="113" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>76</number> + <name origin="Greek for 'smell'. Its oxides smell strongly like radishes">Osmium</name> + <symbol>Os</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>190.23</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="S. Tennant">1804</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>-106</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.2</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>3300</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>5300</boilingpoint> + <density>22.61</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>8.7 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>128</covalent> + <atomic>130</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx>267.5</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+4">63</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>0.005</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d6 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+4.(+2.+3.+6.+8)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="183.953" neutron="108" percentage="0.018" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.98" spin="1/2-" magmoment="" halflife="8087040" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="184.954041" neutron="109" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="2000000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="185.953830" neutron="110" percentage="1.58" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.06465" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="186.955741" neutron="111" percentage="1.59" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="187.955860" neutron="112" percentage="13.3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.659933" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="188.958137" neutron="113" percentage="16.1" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="189.958436" neutron="114" percentage="26.4" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.313" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2-" magmoment="" halflife="13.30560" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="190.960920" neutron="115" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="191.961476" neutron="116" percentage="41" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>77</number> + <name origin="Greek 'iris' for 'rainbow'">Iridium</name> + <symbol>Ir</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>192.217</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="S. Tennant">1804</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>-151</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.20</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2720</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4700</boilingpoint> + <density>22.65</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>9.1 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>137</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx>271.4</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+4">63</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>0.001</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d7 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+1.+4.(+2.+3.+6)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.1461" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="190.960584" neutron="114" percentage="38.5" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="4.6" betaplusdecay="1.2" betaminuspercentage="95.4" betaminusdecay="1.454" ecpercentage="4.6" ecdecay="" spin="4-" magmoment="+1.880" halflife="6378998.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="191.962580" neutron="115" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.1591" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="192.962917" neutron="116" percentage="61.5" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>78</number> + <name origin="Spanish 'platina' means 'small silver'">Platinum</name> + <symbol>Pt</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>195.078</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="A. de Ulloa">1735</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>-205</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.28</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2042.1</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4100</boilingpoint> + <density>21.450</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>9.0 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>128</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw>175</vdw> + <bondxx>277.5</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+2">80</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>0.01</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d9 6s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.+4</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="3.18" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="650000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="189.959917" neutron="112" percentage="0.0127" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="2.6" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="1000000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="191.961019" neutron="114" percentage="0.78" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="193.962655" neutron="116" percentage="32.9" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.60949" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="194.964766" neutron="117" percentage="33.8" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="195.9650" neutron="118" percentage="25.3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.75" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="-0.51" halflife="65880" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="196.967315" neutron="119" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="197.967869" neutron="120" percentage="7.2" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>79</number> + <name origin="Latin 'aurum'. named after Aurora. the goddess of sunrise">Gold</name> + <symbol>Au</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>196.96654</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="">0</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity>-223</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.54</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1337.58</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3130</boilingpoint> + <density>19.32</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>9.225 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>144.2</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw>166</vdw> + <bondxx>288.4</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+1">137</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>0.004</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s1</orbits> + <oxydation>(+1).+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.230" spin="3/2+" magmoment="±0.148" halflife="16078176" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="194.965013" neutron="116" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.1457" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="196.966543" neutron="118" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.372" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="2-" magmoment="+0.5934" halflife="232718.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="197.968217" neutron="119" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.453" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.2715" halflife="271209.6" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="198.968740" neutron="120" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>80</number> + <name origin="Graeco-Latin 'hydrargyrum' for 'liquid silver'">Mercury</name> + <symbol>Hg</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>200.59</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="">0</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>2</group> + <electronaffinity>61</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.00</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>234.31</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>629.88</boilingpoint> + <density>13.55</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>10.437 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>160</covalent> + <atomic>150</atomic> + <vdw>155</vdw> + <bondxx>300.5</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+2">102</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>0.08</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>(+1).+2</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="195.965807" neutron="116" percentage="0.146" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.42" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.5274" halflife="230904" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="196.967187" neutron="117" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="197.966743" neutron="118" percentage="10.02" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.5058851" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="198.968254" neutron="119" percentage="16.84" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="199.968300" neutron="120" percentage="23.13" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="-0.560225" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="200.970277" neutron="121" percentage="13.22" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="201.970617" neutron="122" percentage="29.80" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.492" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="+0.8489" halflife="4027276.8" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="202.972848" neutron="123" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="203.973467" neutron="124" percentage="6.85" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>81</number> + <name origin="Greek 'tallos' for 'young twig'">Thallium</name> + <symbol>Tl</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>204.3833</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="W. Crookes">1861</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <electronaffinity>-20</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.04</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>577</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1746</boilingpoint> + <density>11.85</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.108</energy> + <energy>20.4</energy> + <energy>29.8</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>170.4</covalent> + <atomic>190</atomic> + <vdw>196</vdw> + <ionic charge="+1">150</ionic> + <bondxx>340.8</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0.7</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1</orbits> + <oxydation>+1.(+3)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="+1.622257" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="202.972320" neutron="122" percentage="29.52" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="97.43" betaminusdecay="0.763" ecpercentage="2.57" ecdecay="0.345" spin="2-" magmoment="-0.06" halflife="3.78" halflifeformat="years" weight="203.97384" neutron="123" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="+1.6382134" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="204.974401" neutron="124" percentage="70.48" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Other_Metal</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>82</number> + <name origin="Latin 'plumbum' for Lead">Lead</name> + <symbol>Pb</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>207.2</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="">0</date> + <biologicalmeaning>3</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity>-35</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.33</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>600.65</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2023</boilingpoint> + <density>11.34</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.416 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>147</covalent> + <atomic>180</atomic> + <vdw>202</vdw> + <bondxx>350.0</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+2">118</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>13</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.(+4)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0" magmoment="" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="203.97302" neutron="122" percentage="1.4" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0" magmoment="" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="205.974440" neutron="124" percentage="24.1" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2" magmoment="+0.5926" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="206.975872" neutron="125" percentage="22.1" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0" magmoment="" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="207.976627" neutron="126" percentage="52.4" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Other_Metal</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>83</number> + <name origin="The old name of Bismuth is 'Wismut'. This stood for 'white mass'">Bismuth</name> + <symbol>Bi</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>208.98038</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="">0</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity>-91</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.02</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>544.59</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1837</boilingpoint> + <density>9.80</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.289 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2" magmoment="+4.11" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="208.980347" neutron="126" percentage="100.0" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.04" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.16" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1" magmoment="-0.044" halflife="432864.0" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="209.984095" neutron="127" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <radius> + <covalent>155</covalent> + <atomic>160</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+5">74</ionic> + <ionic charge="+3">102</ionic> + <bondxx>309</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>13</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3</orbits> + <oxydation>+3.(+5)</oxydation> + <family>Other_Metal</family> + <crystalstructure>rh</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>84</number> + <name origin="Named after Poland to honor Marie Curie">Polonium</name> + <symbol>Po</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>208.9824</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="M. Sklodowska-Curie. P. Curie">1898</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity>-183</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.0</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>527</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint></boilingpoint> + <density>9.20</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>8.42 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="99.74" alphadecay="4.976" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="0.26" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.77" halflife="102" halflifeformat="years" weight="208.9824" neutron="125" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.407" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="11955686.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="209.982848" neutron="126" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="7.594" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="" halflife="0.516" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="210.986627" neutron="127" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="0.000000299" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="211.9888" neutron="128" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="0.0001643" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="213.9952" neutron="130" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="99.9998" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="0.0002" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="" halflife="0.001781" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="214.9994" neutron="131" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="6.906" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="0.145" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="216.001889" neutron="132" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="99.98" alphadecay="6.114" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="0.02" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="186" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="218.0089" neutron="134" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <radius> + <covalent>167.5</covalent> + <atomic>190</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx>334.5</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+6">97</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4</orbits> + <oxydation>(+2).+4.(+6)</oxydation> + <family>Metalloids</family> + <crystalstructure>mono</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>85</number> + <name origin="Greek 'astator' for 'changing'">Astatine</name> + <symbol>At</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>209.9871</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>3</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="D.R. Corson. K.R. McKenzie. E. Segre">1940</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity>-270</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.2</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>575</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>610</boilingpoint> + <density></density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>9.5 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="0.18" alphadecay="5.63" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="99.82" ecdecay="3.98" spin="5+" magmoment="" halflife="29160" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="209.987126" neutron="125" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="41.7" alphadecay="5.981" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="58.3" ecdecay="0.784" spin="9/2-" magmoment="" halflife="25970.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="210.987469" neutron="126" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2-" magmoment="" halflife="0.0001" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="214.99864" neutron="130" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1-" magmoment="" halflife="0.0003" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="216.0024" neutron="131" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="99.99" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="0.01" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2-" magmoment="" halflife="1938" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="217.00471" neutron="133" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="99.9" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="0.1" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="2-" magmoment="" halflife="1.6" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="118.00868" neutron="134" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic>127</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5</orbits> + <oxydation>-1.(1.3.5.7)</oxydation> + <family>Halogene</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>86</number> + <name origin="Named after Radium. It ends with 'on' to make it clear that it is a noble gas">Radon</name> + <symbol>Rn</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>222.0176</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>1</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="E. Dorn">1898</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>41</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity></electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>202</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>211.4</boilingpoint> + <density>9.23</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>10.748 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>145</covalent> + <atomic>120</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6</orbits> + <oxydation>2</oxydation> + <family>Noblegas</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>87</number> + <name origin="Named after France to honor Marguerite Perey">Francium</name> + <symbol>Fr</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>223.0197</mass> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="M. Perey">1939</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity>-44</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>0.7</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>300</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>950</boilingpoint> + <density></density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>4.0 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>270</covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+1">180</ionic> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Rn 7s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+1</oxydation> + <family>Alkali_Earth</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>88</number> + <name origin="Latin 'radius' for 'beam', as it is radioactive">Radium</name> + <symbol>Ra</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>226.0254</mass> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="M. Sklodowska-Curie. P. Curie">1898</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>2</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>0.89</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>973</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1413</boilingpoint> + <density>5.50</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.279</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>223</covalent> + <atomic>215</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+2">143</ionic> + <bondxx>445.8</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <orbits>Rn 7s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2</oxydation> + <family>Alkaline_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>89</number> + <name origin="Greek 'aktis' for 'beam' - actinium is radioactive">Actinium</name> + <symbol>Ac</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>227.0278</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="A.L. Debierne">1899</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.1</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1324</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3470</boilingpoint> + <density>10.07</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.9 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>187.8</covalent> + <atomic>195</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">118</ionic> + <bondxx>375.6</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <orbits>Rn 6d1 7s2</orbits> + <oxydation>(+2).+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>90</number> + <name origin="Named after the German god of thunder: Thor">Thorium</name> + <symbol>Th</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>232.0381</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="J. J. Berzelius">1828</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2028</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>5060</boilingpoint> + <density>11.72</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.95 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="6.145" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="" halflife="1617235.2" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="227.02770" neutron="137" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.52" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="1.9131" halflifeformat="years" weight="228.02872" neutron="138" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.17" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+0.46" halflife="7340" halflifeformat="years" weight="229.03176" neutron="139" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.77" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="75380" halflifeformat="years" weight="230.03313" neutron="140" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.389" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="" halflife="91872" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="231.03630" neutron="141" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.081" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="14000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="232.03805" neutron="142" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.27" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="1338" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="234.036593" neutron="144" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic>179.8</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+4">100</ionic> + <bondxx>359.5</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>12</abundance> + <oxydation>+3.+4</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 6d2 7s2</orbits> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>91</number> + <name origin="Greek 'protos' for 'ancester'. Protactinium is before Actinium in the periodic table.">Protactinium</name> + <symbol>Pa</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>231.03588</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="O. Hahn. L. Meitern. W. Wollaston">1917</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.5</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1845</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4300</boilingpoint> + <density>15.37</density> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic>180.6</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+4">98</ionic> + <ionic charge="+5">89</ionic> + <ionic charge="+3">113</ionic> + <bondxx>321.2</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>12</abundance> + <oxydation>+4.+5</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.148" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="±2.01" halflife="32760" halflifeformat="years" weight="231.03588" neutron="140" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.34" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="+3.5" halflife="113184" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="232.03857" neutron="141" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.572" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="+3.5" halflife="2329948.8" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="233.04024" neutron="142" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f2 6d1 7s2</orbits> + <crystalstructure>own</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>92</number> + <name origin="Greek 'ouranos' for 'heaven'. Named after the planet Uranus">Uranium</name> + <symbol>U</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>238.02891</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="M. M. Klaproth">1789</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.38</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1408</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4407</boilingpoint> + <density>18.97</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.08 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.41" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="73.6" halflifeformat="years" weight="232.03713" neutron="140" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.91" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+0.55" halflife="159200" halflifeformat="years" weight="233.03963" neutron="141" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.856" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="245000" halflifeformat="years" weight="234.04095" neutron="142" percentage="0.005" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.6793" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="-0.35" halflife="703800000" halflifeformat="years" weight="235.04392" neutron="143" percentage="0.7200" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.569" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="23415000" halflifeformat="years" weight="236.04556" neutron="144" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.52" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="" halflife="583200" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="237.04872" neutron="145" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.039" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="4468000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="238.05078" neutron="146" percentage="99.2748" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.5" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="50760" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="240.05659" neutron="148" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <radius> + <covalent>138.5</covalent> + <atomic>175</atomic> + <vdw>186</vdw> + <ionic charge="+4">97</ionic> + <ionic charge="+6">80</ionic> + <ionic charge="+6">73</ionic> + <bondxx>277</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>2.3</abundance> + <oxydation>+3.+4.+5.+6.+7</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f3 6d1 7s2</orbits> + <crystalstructure>own</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>93</number> + <name origin="Named after the planet Neptune.">Neptunium</name> + <symbol>Np</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>237.0482</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="E. M. McMillan. P. Aberson">1940</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.36</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>912</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4175</boilingpoint> + <density>20.48</density> + <ionisationenergy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>131</covalent> + <atomic>175</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+4">95</ionic> + <bondxx>262</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <oxydation>+4.+3.+5.+7</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.96" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="" halflife="2140000" halflifeformat="years" weight="237.04817" neutron="144" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.29" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="2+" magmoment="" halflife="182908.8" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="238.05094" neutron="145" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.72" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="" halflife="203472" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="239.05293" neutron="146" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f4 6d1 7s2</orbits> + <crystalstructure>own</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>94</number> + <name origin="Named after the planet Pluto.">Plutonium</name> + <symbol>Pu</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>244.0642</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="G.T. Seaborg. E.M. McMillan. J.W. Kennedy. A.C. Wahl">1940</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.28</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>913</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3505</boilingpoint> + <density>19.74</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.8 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>151</covalent> + <atomic>175</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+4">80</ionic> + <bondxx>302.6</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <oxydation>+3.+4.+5.+6.+7</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.87" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="2.87" halflifeformat="years" weight="236.04603" neutron="142" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="0.004" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="99.996" ecdecay="0.22" spin="7/2-" magmoment="" halflife="3905280" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="237.04841" neutron="143" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.59" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="87.74" halflifeformat="years" weight="238.04955" neutron="144" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.24" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="+0.203" halflife="24119" halflifeformat="years" weight="239.05216" neutron="145" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.26" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="6563" halflifeformat="years" weight="240.05381" neutron="146" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.02" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="-0.683" halflife="14.35" halflifeformat="years" weight="241.05685" neutron="147" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.983" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="373300" halflifeformat="years" weight="242.05874" neutron="148" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f6 7s2</orbits> + <crystalstructure>own</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>95</number> + <name origin="Named after America.">Americium</name> + <symbol>Am</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>243.0614</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="G.T. Seaborg. L.O. Morgan. R.A. James. A. Ghiors">1945</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1449</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2880</boilingpoint> + <density>13.67</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.0</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>184</covalent> + <atomic>175</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">100</ionic> + <bondxx>345.0</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <oxydation>+2.+3.+4.+5.+6</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.637" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="+1.61" halflife="432.7" halflifeformat="years" weight="241.05682" neutron="146" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="82.7" betaminusdecay="0.67" ecpercentage="17.3" ecdecay="0.73" spin="1-" magmoment="" halflife="57672" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="242.05954" neutron="147" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.439" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="" halflife="7380" halflifeformat="years" weight="243.06137" neutron="148" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f7 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>96</number> + <name origin="Named after Marie Curie.">Curium</name> + <symbol>Cm</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>247.0703</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="G. T. Seaborg. R. A. James. A. Ghiors">1944</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">98</ionic> + <bondxx>347.7</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <meltingpoint>1620</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint></boilingpoint> + <density>13.51</density> + <oxydation>+3.+4</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f7 6d1 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>97</number> + <name origin="Named after the town Berkeley where it was discovered.">Berkelium</name> + <symbol>Bk</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>247.0703</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">98</ionic> + <bondxx>339.8</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <date scientist="G. T. Seaborg. A. Ghiors. S.G. Thompson">1949</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1258</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint></boilingpoint> + <density>13.25</density> + <oxydation>+3.+4</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f9 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>98</number> + <name origin="Named after the US-State of California.">Californium</name> + <symbol>Cf</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>251.0796</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="G. T. Seaborg. A Ghiors. S. G. Thompson">1950</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>2</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">98</ionic> + <bondxx>337.7</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1172</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint></boilingpoint> + <density>15.1</density> + <oxydation>+3.+4</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f10 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>99</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist Albert Einstein.">Einsteinium</name> + <symbol>Es</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>252.0829</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="G. T. Seaborg et al.">1952</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic>186</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">98</ionic> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="40780800" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="153" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1130</meltingpoint> + <oxydation>+2.+3.+4</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f11 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>100</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist Enrico Fermi.">Fermium</name> + <symbol>Fm</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>257.0951</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="G. T. Seaborg et al.">1953</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic>190</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">97</ionic> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="9115200" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="157" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1800</meltingpoint> + <oxydation>+2.+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f12 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>101</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist D.I. Mendeleev.">Mendelevium</name> + <symbol>Md</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>258.0986</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="G. T. Seaborg et al.">1955</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">96</ionic> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="4449600" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="157" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <meltingpoint>1100</meltingpoint> + <oxydation>+2.+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f13 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>102</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist Alfred Nobel.">Nobelium</name> + <symbol>No</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>259.1009</mass> + <block>f</block> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+2">113</ionic> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1958</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1100</meltingpoint> + <oxydation>+2.+3.+4</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f14 7s2</orbits> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="3480" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="259.1009" neutron="157" percentage="100" /> + </isotopes> + </element> + <element> + <number>103</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist Ernest Orlando Lawrence.">Lawrencium</name> + <symbol>Lr</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>262.110</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1961</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1900</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint></boilingpoint> + <density></density> + <ionisationenergy> + </ionisationenergy> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="12960" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="262.110" neutron="159" percentage="100" /> + </isotopes> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">94</ionic> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f14 7s2 7p1</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>104</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist Ernest Rutherford">Rutherfordium</name> + <symbol>Rf</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>261.1089</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1964</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity></electronegativity> + <meltingpoint></meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint></boilingpoint> + <density></density> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="66" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="157" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <ionisationenergy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <family>Transition</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f14 6d2 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>105</number> + <name origin="Named after the science-town Dubna in Russia">Dubnium</name> + <symbol>Db</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>262.1144</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1967</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity></electronegativity> + <meltingpoint></meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint></boilingpoint> + <density></density> + <ionisationenergy> + </ionisationenergy> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="34" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="157" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <orbits>Rn 5f14 6d3 7s2</orbits> + <family>Transition</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>106</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist G. Theodore Seaborg.">Seaborgium</name> + <symbol>Sg</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>263.1186</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1974</date> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="20" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="160" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <family>Transition</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>107</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist Niels Bohr.">Bohrium</name> + <symbol>Bh</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>262.1231</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1981</date> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="0.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="157" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <family>Transition</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>108</number> + <name origin="Latin 'hassia' for the German county Hessen. In Hessen. a lot elements have been discovered.">Hassium</name> + <symbol>Hs</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>265.1306</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1984</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="9.3" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="161" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>109</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist Lise Meitner.">Meitnerium</name> + <symbol>Mt</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>266.1378</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <date scientist="">1982</date> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="0.7" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="159" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <family>Transition</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>110</number> + <name origin="Named after the German city Darmstadt where many elements have been discovered.">Darmstadtium</name> + <symbol>Ds</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>271</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1994</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="0.001" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="161" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <family>Transition</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>111</number> + <name origin="Named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen.">Roentgenium</name> + <symbol>Rg</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>272</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1994</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="0.0015" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="161" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <family>Transition</family> + </element> +</kalzium> diff --git a/kalzium/src/data/knowledge.xml b/kalzium/src/data/knowledge.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fbcde140 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalzium/src/data/knowledge.xml @@ -0,0 +1,283 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> +<wissen> + <item> + <name>State of matter</name> + <desc>Form of a substance; dependant on form stability and whether it takes up a definite volume: solid, liquid or gaseous.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Boiling point</refitem> + <refitem>Melting point</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Chemical Symbol</name> + <desc>One, two, or three letter abbreviation; set through international convention.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Element</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Chromatography</name> + <desc>Matter separation in a moving medium (mobile phase) through differentiated absorption on a static medium (stationary phase).</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Distillation</name> + <desc>Separation of a liquid solution (homogeneous mix) into its components through evaporation and condensation. In a fractionary distillation the process is repeated several times in a column.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Element</name> + <desc>Matter that cannot be broken down into simpler matter. Chemical elements are cornerstones of Materials. Elements consist of atoms that consist of a nucleus of positive protons, neutral neutrons, and a shell of electrons.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Emulsion</name> + <desc>Heterogeneous mix of two liquids.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Extraction</name> + <desc>Processing a homogeneous or heterogeneous mix to get pure matter.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Mix</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Filtering</name> + <desc>Separation of a solid matter from a liquid matter or gaseous matter with a filter (porous separation wall).</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Mix</name> + <desc>Matter consisting of differentiated matter, combined in non-set ratios. [i]Homogeneous mixes[/i] have a coherent look, [i]heterogeneous mixes[/i] consist of multiple phases.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Accuracy</name> + <desc>Consisting of accidental and systematic errors.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Law of Conservation of Mass</name> + <desc>During a chemical reaction mass is neither lost nor gained. The sum mass of the material going into the reaction equals the sum of the mass of the products of the reaction.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Law of multiple proportions</name> + <desc>An alloy always contains the same elements in the same mass ratio. Should two or more elements bind together then the mass ratio is constant.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Crystallization</name> + <desc>Separation of solid, crystalline matter from a solution, or the liquid or gaseous phases.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Solution</name> + <desc>Homogeneous mix of multiple pure materials</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Mass</name> + <desc>Measurement of an amount of matter.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Matter</name> + <desc>All that takes up space and has mass.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Phase</name> + <desc>Through chemical composition and physical attributes, homogeneous portion of matter that separated from its environment in its expansion through a surface.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Accuracy and precision</name> + <desc>Expressed through standard deviation: Values given over accidental errors.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Correctness</name> + <desc>Values given over accidental errors.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>SI-Unit</name> + <desc>Measurement unit using International Symbols.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Significant figures</name> + <desc>The number of digits which are meaningful in a number.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Standard deviation</name> + <desc>An amount with which the precision of a measurement can be estimates.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Suspension</name> + <desc>Heterogeneous mix consisting of a liquid and solid matter.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Alloys</name> + <desc>Pure matter consisting of multiple elements in a set ratio.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Alpha rays</name> + <desc>Rays consisting of alpha particles, consisting of two protons and two neutrons that are emitted from the Atoms of certain radioactive elements.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Atom</name> + <desc>Atoms are chemically inseparable and building blocks of matter. Atoms of one kind are called an Element.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Element</refitem> + <refitem>Electron</refitem> + <refitem>Proton</refitem> + <refitem>Neutron</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Atomic nucleus</name> + <desc>The small, positively-charged center of an Atom, in which Protons and Neutrons are found.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Atom</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Atomic Mass</name> + <desc>Mass of an atom, taken on a scale where the the mass of a carbon atom is 12u. In elements that consist of different isotopes the mid-range mass of the isotope mix is given.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Atom</refitem> + <refitem>Mass</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Isotope</name> + <desc>Isotopes are forms of a chemical element whose nuclei have the same atomic number, Z, but different atomic masses, A. The word isotope, meaning at the same place, comes from the fact that all isotopes of an element are located at the same place on the periodic table.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Atom</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Spin</name> + <desc>The spin is an intrinsic angular momentum associated with microscopic particles. It is a purely quantum mechanical phenomenon without any analogy in classical mechanics. Whereas classical angular momentum arises from the rotation of an extended object, spin is not associated with any rotating internal masses, but is intrinsic to the particle itself.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Isotope</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Magnetic Moment</name> + <desc>The magnetic moment of an object is a vector relating the aligning torque in a magnetic field experienced by the object to the field vector itself. It's measured in units of the nuclear magneton μ[sub]n[/sub]=(5.0507866 ± 0.0000017) 10[sup]-27[/sup] JT[sup]-1[/sup]</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Isotope</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Decay Mode</name> + <desc>The decay mode describes a particular way a particle decays. For radioactive decay (the decay of nuclides) the decay modes are:[br] -> alpha decay (emission of a Helium-4 nucleus).[br] -> β[sup]-[/sup] decay (emission of an electron)[br] -> β[sup]+[/sup] decay (emission of a positron) [br] -> electron capture (EC) [br] -> proton emission [br] -> spontaneous fission [br] Typically one decay mode predominates for a particular nuclide.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Isotope</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Decay Energy</name> + <desc>The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Isotope</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Nuclides</name> + <desc>[i]see isotopes[/i]</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Isotope</refitem> + <refitem>Isotone</refitem> + <refitem>Nuclear Isomer</refitem> + <refitem>Isobars</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Isotone</name> + <desc>Two nuclides are isotones if they have the same number N of neutrons.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Isotope</refitem> + <refitem>Nuclear Isomer</refitem> + <refitem>Isobar</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Isobar</name> + <desc>Isobars are nuclides having the same mass number, i.e. sum of protons plus neutrons.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Isotope</refitem> + <refitem>Isotone</refitem> + <refitem>Nuclear Isomer</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Nuclear Isomer</name> + <desc>A nuclear isomer is a metastable or isomeric state of an atom caused by the excitation of a proton or neutron in its nucleus so that it requires a change in spin before it can release its extra energy. They decay to lower energy states of the nuclide through two isomeric transitions:[br] -> γ- emission (emission of a high-energy photon)[br] -> internal conversion (the energy is used to ionize the atom)[br] Contrast this with the definition of a chemical isomer, the more common use of the word. Also contrast with the meaning of isotope, in which the difference is the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Metastable isomers of a particular atom are usually designated with an "m" (or, in the case of atoms with more than one isomer, 2m, 3m, and so on). This designation is usually placed after the atomic symbol and number of the atom (e.g., Co-58m), but is sometimes placed as a superscript before (e.g., [sup]m[/sup]Co-58 or [sup]58m[/sup]Co).</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Isotope</refitem> + <refitem>Isobar</refitem> + <refitem>Isotone</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Beta rays</name> + <desc>Rays consisting of electrons that are emitted from Atoms of radioactive elements.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <name>Electron</name> + <desc>The electron is a subatomic particle with a mass of m[sub]e[/sub]=(9.1093897 ± 0.0000054)e-31 kg and a negative charge of [i]e[/i]=(1.60217733 ± 0.00000049)e-19 C + </desc> + <references> + <refitem>Atom</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Proton</name> + <desc>The proton is a subatomic particle with a mass of m[sub]e[/sub]=(1.6726231 ± 0.0000010) 10[sup]-27[/sup] kg and a positive charge of [i]e[/i]=(1.60217733 ± 0.00000049) 10[sup]-19[/sup] C which occurs in the nucleus of an atom.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Atom</refitem> + <refitem>Electron</refitem> + <refitem>Neutron</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Neutron</name> + <desc>The neutron is a subatomic particle with a mass of m[sub]e[/sub]=(1.6749286 ± 0.0000010) 10[sup]-27[/sup] kg which occurs in the nucleus of an atom.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Atom</refitem> + <refitem>Electron</refitem> + <refitem>Proton</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Cathode Rays</name> + <desc>Cathode rays are streams of electrons observed in vacuum tubes, i.e. evacuated glass tubes that are equipped with at least two electrodes, a cathode (negative electrode) and an anode (positive electrode) in a configuration known as a diode.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Electron</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Ionic Radius</name> + <desc>The Ionic Radius is the radius of a charged atom, a so called ion. The ion can have a positive or a negative charge. The charge of the ion which radius you see is also displayed in Kalzium. A positive ion has less electrons in its shell then the atom, a negative ion has more electrons. Therefore, a postive ion has a smaller radius than its atom and vice versa.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Covalent Radius</refitem> + <refitem>Atomic Radius</refitem> + <refitem>Van der Waals Radius</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Van der Waals Radius</name> + <desc>The van der Waals radius of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere which can be used to model the atom for many purposes. Van der Waals radii are determined from measurements of atomic spacing between pairs of unbonded atoms in crystals.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Covalent Radius</refitem> + <refitem>Atomic Radius</refitem> + <refitem>Ionic Radius</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Atomic Radius</name> + <desc>The atomic radius is the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outmost stable electron orbital in a atom that is at equilibrium.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Covalent Radius</refitem> + <refitem>Van der Waals Radius</refitem> + <refitem>Ionic Radius</refitem> + </references> + </item> + <item> + <name>Covalent Radius</name> + <desc>Covalent radius in chemistry corresponds to half of the distance between two identical atomic nuclei, bound by a covalent bond.</desc> + <references> + <refitem>Atomic Radius</refitem> + <refitem>Ionic Radius</refitem> + <refitem>Van der Waals Radius</refitem> + </references> + </item> +</wissen> diff --git a/kalzium/src/data/knowledge.xml.todo b/kalzium/src/data/knowledge.xml.todo new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c87560f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalzium/src/data/knowledge.xml.todo @@ -0,0 +1,1282 @@ +<wissen>
+ <item>
+ <name>Elektron</name>DONE-JB
+ <desc>Subatomares Teilchen mit der Masse 0,00055 u und Ladung -[i]e[/i]. Diese Ladung nennt man die Elementarladung.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Elementarladung</name>
+ <desc>[img]e.png[/img] Das Elektron hat eine negative, das Proton eine positive Elementarladung.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Isotope</name>DONE-JB
+ <desc>Atome des gleichen Elements und daher gleicher Ordnungszahl, aber unterschiedlicher Massen- und Neutronenzahl.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Kanalstrahlen oder positive Strahlen</name>
+ <desc>Strahlen von positiven Ionen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Kathodenstrahl</name>DONE-JB
+ <desc>Strahl von Elektronen, die von der Kathode (negativen
+ Elektrode) in einem evakuierten Rohr ausgehen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Kernbindungsenergie</name>
+ <desc>Das Energieäquivalent zum Massendefekt eines Atomkerns.
+ Sie entspricht der Energie, die aufzubringen wäre, um den Atomkern in seine
+ Nucleonen zu zerlegen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Massenspektrometer</name>
+ <desc>Instrument, mit dem die Masse von Isotopen und deren relative Häufigkeit gemessen werden kann.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Massenzahl</name>
+ <desc>Summe aller Protonen und Neutronen im Atomkern. Symbol: "A"</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Neutron</name>DONE-JB
+ <desc>Subatomares Teilchen ohne elektrische Ladung, mit Masse 1,0087 u, das im Atomkern vorkommt.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Proton</name>DONE-JB
+ <desc>Subatomares Teilchen mit positiver Ladung und Masse 1,0073 u
+ und das im Atomkern vorkommt.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Radioaktivität</name>
+ <desc>Der spontane Zerfall von Atomkernen unter Ausstoß von radioaktiver Strahlung und Umwandlung zu anderen Kernen; natürliche radioaktive Stoffe geben Alpha-, Beta- oder Gamma-Strahlen ab.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Relative Atommasse A</name>
+ <desc>Relative Atommasse A Masse eines Atoms relativ zum zwölften Teil der Masse eines Atoms C-12</desc>
+ <ref>Atom</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Anion</name>
+ <desc>Negativ geladenes Ion, entstanden durch Aufnahme eines
+ oder mehrerer Elektronen durch ein Atom oder eine Gruppe von kovalent
+ miteinander verbundenen Atomen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Avogadro-Zahl</name>
+ <desc>Zahl der Teilchen in einem Mol: [img]n.png[/img]
+ </desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Chemische Formel</name>
+ <desc>Formel zur Bezeichnung der Art und relativen Anzahl der
+ Atome in einer Verbindung mit Hilfe von Elementsymbolen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Einatomiges Ion</name>
+ <desc>Geladenes Atom. Zum Beispiel F(-)</desc>
+ <ref>Atom</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Empirische Formel</name>
+ <desc>Chemische Formel, die das einfachste ganzzahlige
+ Verhältnis der Atome in einer Verbindung bezeichnet.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Massenanteil</name>
+ <desc>Anteil des Elements [i]X[/i] an der Masse der Verbindung oder Konzentrationsangabe einer Lösung als Masse des gelösten Stoffes pro Masse Lösung.[i]w[/i] * 100% = Massenprozent.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Mehratomiges Ion (Molekül-Ion)</name>
+ <desc>Ion, das aus mehreren Atomen besteht.</desc>
+ <ref>Atom</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Mol</name>
+ <desc>Stoffmenge, die genauso viele Teilchen enthält wie Atome in C-12 enthalten sind, nämlich die Avogadro-Zahl [i]N[/i].</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Molare Masse</name>
+ <desc>Masse eines Mols eines Stoffes. Diese Masse eines Moleküls ergibt sich aus der Summe der molaren Massen der Atome.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Molmasse</name>
+ <desc></desc>
+ <ref>Molare Masse,Avogadro-Zahl</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Molekül</name>
+ <desc>Teilchen, das aus mehreren aneinander gebundenen Atomen besteht.</desc>
+ <ref>Atom</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Molekülformel oder Molekularformel</name>
+ <desc>Chemische Formel, welche die Art und Zahl der Atome in einem Molekül bezeichnet.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Molekülmasse</name>
+ <desc>Masse eines Moleküls in u-Einheiten.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Relative Formelmasse und relative Molekülmasse</name>
+ <desc>Summe der relativen Atommassen aller Atome in der Anzahl wie in der chemischen Formel bezeichnet.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Stöchiometrie</name>
+ <desc>Die quantitativen Beziehungen zwischen Elementen in einer Verbindung und zwischen Elementen und Verbindungen, die an einer chemischen Reaktion beteiligt sind.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Bildungsenthalpie</name>
+ <desc>Reaktionsenthalpie für die Bildung einer Verbindung aus den Elementen in deren stabilster Form. Die Standard-Bildungsenthalpie bezieht sich auf die Bildungsreaktion unter Standard-Bedingungen, d.h. Norm-Atmosphärendruck (101,3kPa) und einer Standard-Temperatur, in der Regel 25°C = 298 K.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Bildungsenergie</name>
+ <desc>Benötigte Energie, um die Bindung zwischen zwei Atomen aufzubrechen. Die (Bindungs-) Dissoziationsenergie bezieht sich auf die aufzuwendende Energie zur Trennung der Atome eines zweiatomigen Moleküls. Die mittlere Bindungsenergie bezieht sich auf mehratomige Moleküle und ist ein Mittelwert für gleichartige Bindungen.
+ </desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Endotherme Reaktion</name>
+ <desc>Chemische Reaktion unter Aufnahme von Wärme</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Energie</name>
+ <desc>Die Fähigkeit, Arbeit zu leisten</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Exotherme Reaktion</name>
+ <desc>Chemische Reaktion unter Abgabe von Wärme</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Enthalpie</name>
+ <desc>Es gilt [img]enthalpie.png[/img] Die Zustandsfunktion [i]H[/i] nennt man [b]Enthalpie[/b]. Die Änderung der Enthalpie entspricht also der Änderung der inneren Energie U und der Volumenarbeit pV bei konstantem Druck. Für Reaktionen ohne Volumenänderung ist also die Änderung der inneren Energie gleich der Enthalpiedifferenz. </desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Innere Energie</name>
+ <desc>Der Energieinhalt eines Systems mit dem Symbol [i]U[/i]. Die Reaktionsenergie ist die Differenz der inneren Energie von Produkten und Reaktanden, es gilt dabei [img]enthalpie.png[/img]</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Joule</name>
+ <desc>SI-Einheit für die Energie. Dabei gilt: [img]joule.png[/img]</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Kalorimeter</name>
+ <desc>Gerät zur Messung der umgesetzten Wärme bei chemischen oder physikalischen Vorgängen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Kalorie</name>
+ <desc>Ältere Einheit für Wärmeenergie. Sie entspricht der Energie, die zum Erwärmen von 1g Wasser von 14,5 auf 15,5 °C benötigt wird; genaue Definition: 1 cal = 4.184 J (exakt).</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Reaktionsenergie</name>
+ <desc>Gesamtenergie, die bei einer chemischen Reaktion aufgenommen oder abgegeben wird; sie entspricht der Differenz der inneren Energien von Produkten und Reaktanden.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Reaktionsenthalpie</name>
+ <desc>Energie, die als Wärme bei einer chemischen Reaktion aufgenommen oder abgeben werden kann: [img]enthalpie.png[/img]</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Satz von Hess</name>
+ <desc>Die Reaktionsenthalpie ist unabhängig davon, ob eine Reaktion in einem oder mehreren Schritten abläuft. </desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Satz der konstanten Wärmesummen</name>
+ <desc>Die Reaktionsenthalpie ist unabhängig davon, ob eine Reaktion in einem oder mehreren Schritten abläuft. </desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Spezifische Wärme</name>
+ <desc>Benötigte Wärmemenge, um 1 g einer Substanz um 1°C zu erwärmen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Thermochemie</name>
+ <desc>Studium der bei chemischen Prozessen umgesetzten Wärmemengen</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Volumenarbeit</name>
+ <desc>Energieform, die spontan von einem Körper höherer Temperatur zu einem niedrigerer Temperatur fließt.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Wärmekapazität</name>
+ <desc>Benötigte Wärmemenge, um eine gegebene Masse um 1K zu erwärmen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Wellenfunktion</name>
+ <desc>Die Wellenfunktion (gr. Symbol Psi) ist eine mathematische Funktion zur Beschreibung eines Elektrons als Welle. Eine Wellenfunktion beschreibt nicht mehr die exakte Bewegung von Teilchen sondern sind ein Maß für die Wahrscheinlichkeit mit der sich ein Teilchen an einem Ort aufhält.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Valenzelektronen</name>
+ <desc>Elektronen der äußersten Schale eines Hauptgruppenelements, der äußersten zwei Schalen eines Nebengruppenelements oder der äußersten drei Schalen eines Lanthanoids oder Actinoids.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Unterschale</name>
+ <desc>Durch die Nebenquantenzahl [i]l[/i] bezeichnete Gruppe von Orbitalen gleicher Energie in einer Schale.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Unschärferelation</name>
+ <desc>W. Heisenberg hat 1927 die Unschärferelation aufgestellt. Diese Theorie sagt aus, dass man von einem Teilchen nicht gleichzeitig Ort ([i]x[/i]) und Impuls ([i]mv[/i]) exakt bestimmen kann. Es ergibt sich folgende Beziehung: [img]unschaerfe.png[/img] Die Unbestimmtheit des Ortes ist mit 70nm etwa 1300 Mal größer als der Radius im Bohr'schen Atommodell (r = 0.053 nm). Somit sind also Bahnmodelle wie bei Bohr nicht zulässig, denn diese mechanischen Modelle treffen Aussagen über Ort und Impuls gleichzeitig. Daher spricht man bei modernen Modellen auch von [b]Wahrscheinlichkeiten[/b] mit denen sich Teilchen aufhalten.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Spin</name>DONE-JB
+ <desc>Deutung des Magnetfelds eines Elektrons als Folge einer Drehung um seine eigene Achse. Nur zwei Spinzustände sind möglich, die durch die Spinquantenzahl s = +0.5 oder -0.5 charakterisiert werden.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Spektrum</name>
+ <desc>Durch Aufteilung von Licht in Abhängigkeit von der Wellenlänge erhaltenes Muster. Weißes Licht, in dem alle Wellenlängen vorkommen, ergibt ein kontinuierliches Spektrum. Substanzen, die aus einem angeregten Zustand Licht emittieren, ergeben ein Linienspektrum.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Schrödinger Gleichung</name>
+ <desc>Gleichung, mit der die Wellenfunktionen der Orbitale berechnet werden. Siehe [i]Wellenfunktion[/i]</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Schale</name>
+ <desc>Gruppe von Orbitalen eines Atoms mit gleicher Hauptquantenzahl n.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Photon</name>
+ <desc>Kleinste Energieportion von elektromagnetischer Strahlung. Seine Energie E ist der Frequenz ¿ der Strahlung proportional: [img]energie.png[/img]</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Actinoide</name>
+ <desc>Die Elemente, die im Periodensystem dem Actinium (Z = 89) folgen und bei denen als letztes ein 5f-Orbital besetzt wird.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Angeregter Zustand</name>
+ <desc>Zustand eines Atoms oder Moleküls mit einer Elektronenkonfiguration mit höherer Energie als im Grundzustand.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Aufbauprinzip</name>
+ <desc>Prinzip zum Aufbau der Atome durch sukzessives Hinzufügen von Protonen und Elektronen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Ausschließungsprinzip (Pauli-Prinzip)</name>
+ <desc>Es dürfen keine zwei Elektronen in einem Atom in allen vier Quantenzahlen (n, l, m und s) übereinstimmen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Bohr-Atommodell </name>
+ <desc>Modell für das Wasserstoff-Atom, bei dem das Elektron nur auf definierten Kreisbahnen umlaufen kann.</desc>
+ <ref>Atom</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>de Broglie-Beziehung </name>
+ <desc>Beziehung zwischen der Wellenlänge und dem Impuls eines Quants, wenn ein Teilchen als Welle beschrieben wird.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Diamagnetismus</name>
+ <desc>Substanz, in der alle Elektronen gepaart sind. Sie wird von einem Magnetfeld abgestoßen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Edelgase</name>
+ <desc>Elemente der 0. Gruppe (VIII. Hauptgruppe) des Periodensystems. Es sind: Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon und Radon. Sie zeichnen sich durch besondere chemische Reaktionsträgheit aus, woher auch der Name kommt.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Elektromagnetische Strahlung</name>
+ <desc>Strahlung, die sich mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit (c = 2997.9 Kilometer pro Sekunde) ausbreitet und je nach Experiment als Welle oder als Strahl von Photonen beschrieben werden. </desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Elektronenkonfiguration</name>
+ <desc>Anordnung der Elektronen in einem Atom (Verteilung auf die Orbitale).</desc>
+ <ref>Grundzustand</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Grundzustand</name>
+ <desc>Zustand mit der geringsten möglichen Energie für ein Atom oder Molekül.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Ionisierungsenergie</name>
+ <desc>Aufzuwendende Energie, um einem Atom oder Ion das am schwächsten gebundene Elektron zu entreißen. Die erste Ionisierungsenergie betrifft das erste Elektron eines Atoms, die zweite das zweite Elektron usw.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Orbital</name>
+ <desc>Wellenfunktion eines Elektrons in einem Atom; sie ist durch die Quantenzahlen n, l und m charakterisiert. Zu jedem Orbital gehört ein definierter Energiezustand und eine definierte Verteilung der Ladungsdichte. Maximal zwei Elektronen mit entgegengesetztem Spin können das gleiche Orbital besetzen. Das folgende Bild zeigt die fünf D-Orbitale: [img]d_orbitale.jpg[/img] </desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Paramagnetismus</name>
+ <desc>Substanzen, die ungepaarte Elektronen enthalten, sind paramagnetisch und werden in ein magnetisches Feld hineingezogen</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Periodensystem</name>
+ <desc>Tabelle der chemischen Elemente, geordnet nach ihrer Ordnungszahl und nach ihren chemischen Eigenschaften.[img]pse.png[/img]</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Periode</name>
+ <desc>Elemente, die in einer Zeile des Periodensystems stehen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Bindungslänge</name>
+ <desc>Abstand zwischen den Atomkernen zweier aneinander gebundener Atome.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Born-Haber-Kreisprozess</name>
+ <desc>Berechnungsverfahren für die Gitterenergie einer Ionenverbindung aus meßbaren Enthalpiewerten</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Abschirmung</name>
+ <desc>Verringerung der auf die Außenelektronen wirksamen Kernladung durch innere Elektronen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Effektive Atomgröße</name>
+ <desc>Aufgrund des Abstands zwischen Atomen ermittelte Größe eines Atoms. Je nach der Art der Bindung variiert die effektive Größe, die als Kovalenz-, Ionen-, Metall- oder van der Waals-Radius zum Ausdruck gebracht wird.</desc>
+ <ref>Atom</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Elektronenaffinität</name>
+ <desc>Die erste Elektronenaffinität ist die Energie, die umgesetzt wird, wenn in einem Gas ein Atom im Grundzustand ein Elektron aufnimmt. Die zweite Elektronenaffinität bezieht sich auf die Aufnahme eines zweiten Elektrons usw.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Gitterenergie</name>
+ <desc>Freigesetzte Energie, wenn Ionen aus dem Gaszustand zu einem Ionenkristall zusammengefügt werden.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Ionenbindung</name>
+ <desc>Anziehende Kraft, die negative und positive Ionen zusammenhält und zu einem Ionenkristall führt. Sie kommt durch den Übergang von Elektronen von einer Atomsorte auf eine andere zustande.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Ionenradius</name>
+ <desc>Radius für die effektive Größe eines einatomigen Ions in einem Ionengitter. Er wird aus den Abständen zwischen den Ionen berechnet.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Ionenverbindung</name>
+ <desc>Verbindung, die aus Kationen und Anionen aufgebaut ist und durch die elektrostatische Anziehung zwischen ihnen zusammengehalten wird.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Isoelektronisch</name>
+ <desc>Zwei Teilchen sind dann isoelektronisch wenn sie die gleiche Elektronenkonfiguration haben.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Kation</name>
+ <desc>Positiv geladenes Ion, entstanden durch Abgabe von einem oder mehreren Elektronen aus einem Atom oder einer Gruppe von kovalent miteinander verbundenen Atomen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Koordinationszahl</name>
+ <desc>Die Anzahl der nächsten Nachbarionen um ein Ion in einem Ionenkristall oder die Anzahl der an ein Zentralatom direkt gebundenen Atome.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Kovalenzradius</name>
+ <desc>Radius für die effektive Größe eines Atoms, das durch kovalente Bindung mit einem anderen Atom verknüpft ist.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>van der Waals-Radius</name>
+ <desc>Radius für die effektive Größe eines Atoms, das nur durch die schwachen van der Waals-Kräfte in Kontakt zu einem anderen Atom gehalten wird.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Binäre Verbindung</name>
+ <desc>Verbindung, die aus zwei Elementen aufgebaut ist. Zum Beispiel Salzsäure (HCl) oder Kochsalz (NaCl) </desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Bindendes Elektronenpaar</name>
+ <desc>Elektronenpaar, das eine kovalente Bindung zwischen zwei Atomen vermittelt.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Dipolmoment</name>
+ <desc>Produkt aus dem Abstand zwischen den Ladungen und dem Betrag der Ladungen eines elektrischen Dipols.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Einsames Elektronenpaar</name>
+ <desc>Valenzelektronenpaar, das nicht an einer kovalenten Bindung beteiligt ist. </desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Freies Elektronenpaar</name>
+ <desc></desc>
+ <ref>Einsames Elektronenpaar</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Formalladung</name>
+ <desc>Eine willkürlich einem Atom zugewiesene elektrische Ladung, die sich ergibt, wenn die Bindungselektronen gleichmäßig auf die beteiligten Atome aufgeteilt werden. Formalladungen sind nützlich zur Bewertung und Interpretation von Formeln, Strukturen und Eigenschaften von Molekülen und Molekül-Ionen, geben aber nicht die tatsächliche Ladungsverteilung wieder.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Kovalente Bindung</name>
+ <desc>Bindung die durch gemeinsame Elektronen zwischen zwei Atomen bewirkt wird. Bei einer Einfachbindung ist ein gemeinsames Elektronenpaar vorhanden, bei einer Doppel- und einer Dreifachbindung sind es zwei bzw. drei gemeinsame Elektronenpaare.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Mesomerie</name>
+ <desc>Bindung die durch gemeinsame Elektronen zwischen zwei Atomen bewirkt wird. Bei einer Einfachbindung ist ein gemeinsames Elektronenpaar vorhanden, bei einer Doppel- und einer Dreifachbindung sind es zwei bzw. drei gemeinsame Elektronenpaare.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Resonanz</name>
+ <desc></desc>
+ <ref>Mesomerie</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Oktett-Regel</name>
+ <desc>Nichtmetalle (außer Wasserstoff) gehen so viele kovalente Bindungen ein, bis sie die acht Elektronen der folgenden Edelgaskonfiguration um sich haben. Das sind in der Regel 8 - N kovalente Bindungen, wenn N die Hauptgruppennummer ist.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Partieller Ionencharakter</name>
+ <desc>Ein Zahlenwert in Prozent, der die tatsächliche Polarität einer kovalenten Bindung im Verhältnis zur hypothetischen Polarität angibt, die vorläge, wenn zwischen den Atomen eine Ionenbindung bestünde.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Antibindendes Molekülorbital</name>
+ <desc>Molekülorbital mit geringer Elektronendichte im Bereich zwischen zwei Atomen. Elektronen eines antibindenden Molekülorbitals liegen energetisch höher als Elektronen der Atomorbitale, von denen sie abgeleitet wurden. Die Besetzung eines antibindenden Orbitals mit Elektronen schwächt die Bindung zwischen den Atomen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Bindendes Molekülorbital</name>
+ <desc>Molekülorbital mit hoher Elektronendichte im Bereich zwischen zwei Atomen. Elektronen eines bindenden Molekülorbitals liegen energetisch tiefer als Elektronen der Atomorbitale, von denen sie abgeleitet wurden.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Bindungsordnung</name>
+ <desc>Die Hälfte aus dem Betrag der Anzahl der bindenden minus der Anzahl der antibindenden Elektronen einer Bindung.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Delokalisierte Bindung</name>
+ <desc>Molekülorbital, dessen Ladungswolke sich über mehr als zwei Atome erstreckt (s. auch Mehrzentrenbindung).</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Hybridisierung</name>
+ <desc>Mathematisches Verfahren, bei dem Wellenfunktionen von Atomorbitalen kombiniert werden, um Wellenfunktion für einen neuen Satz von gleichwertigen Orbitalen zu erhalten. Hybridorbitale werden so gewählt, dass sie der tatsächlichen Struktur eines Moleküls entsprechen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Molekülorbital</name>
+ <desc>Orbital, das zu einem Molekül und nicht zu einem einzelnen Atom gehört.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Pi-Bindung</name>
+ <desc>Kovalente Bindung, deren Ladungsdichte sich auf zwei Bereiche neben der Verbindungslinie zwischen den Atomkernen erstreckt.</desc>
+ <ref>Sigma-Bindung</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Sigma-Bindung</name>
+ <desc>Kovalente Bindung mit hoher, rotationssymmetrisch verteilter Ladungsdichte im Bereich zwischen zwei Atomkernen.</desc>
+ <ref>Pi-Bindung</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Valenzelektronenpaar-Abstoßungs-Theorie</name>
+ <desc>Theorie zur Voraussage der Molekülgestalt durch Beachtung der gegenseitigen Abstoßung zwischen bindenden wie auch nichtbindenden Valenzelektronenpaaren eines Atoms. Druck, Volumen und Temperatur sind die Zustandsgrößen eines Gases.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>VSEPR</name>
+ <desc></desc>
+ <ref>Valenzelektronenpaar-Abstoßungs-Theorie</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Atmosphärendruck</name>
+ <desc>Gasdruck der Atmosphäre. Der mittlere Atmosphärendruck auf Höhe des Meeresspiegels beträgt 101,325 kPa = 1,01325 bar und entspricht der alten Einheit einer physikalischen Atmosphäre (1 atm).</desc>
+ <ref>Bar</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Avogadro-Gesetz</name>
+ <desc>Gleiche Volumina beliebiger Gase enthalten bei gleichem Druck und gleicher Temperatur gleich viele Teilchen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Bar</name>
+ <desc>Einheit für den Druck; 1 bar = 105 Pa.</desc>
+ <ref>Druck</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Barometer</name>
+ <desc>Gerät zum Messen des Atmosphärendrucks.</desc>
+ <ref>Druck</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Boyle-Mariotte-Gesetz</name>
+ <desc>Bei konstanter Temperatur ist das Volumen eines Gases umgekehrt proportional zu seinem Druck.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Dalton-Gesetz der Partialdrücke</name>
+ <desc>Der Gesamtdruck eines Gasgemisches ist gleich der Summe der Partialdrücke aller anwesenden Gase.</desc>
+ <ref>Druck,Barometer</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Druck</name>
+ <desc>Kraft pro Fläche.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Effusion</name>
+ <desc>Als Effusion bezeichnet man das Ausströmen eines Gases.</desc>
+ <ref>Graham-Effusionsgesetz</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Gay-Lussag-Gesetze</name>
+ <desc>Bei konstantem Druck ist das Volumen eines Gases proportional zur absoluten Temperatur. Bei konstantem Volumen ist der Druck eines Gases proportional zur absoluten Temperatur.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Graham-Effusionsgesetz</name>
+ <desc>Die Ausströmungsgeschwindigkeit eines Gases ist umgekehrt proportional zur Wurzel seiner Dichte oder zur Wurzel seiner molaren Masse.</desc>
+ <ref>Effusion</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Ideale Gaskonstante R</name>
+ <desc>Proportionalitätskonstante im idealen Gasgesetz; [img]r.png[/img]</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Ideales Gasgesetz</name>
+ <desc>Druck p, Volumen V, Stoffmenge n und Temperatur T eines Gases hängen über die ideale Gaskonstante R wie folgt miteinander zusammen: [img]idealesgg.png[/img]</desc>
+ <ref>Ideale Gaskonstante R</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Kelvin</name>
+ <desc>SI-Einheit zur Temperaturmessung auf der absoluten Temperaturskala. Die Temperatur in Kelvin ergibt sich aus der Temperatur in °C durch Addition von 273,15.</desc>
+ <ref>Temperatur</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Kinetische Gastheorie</name>
+ <desc>Modell zur Erklärung der Eigenschaften von Gasen und zur Ableitung des idealen Gasgesetzes.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Kompressibilitätsfaktor</name>
+ <desc>pV/RT; für 1 mol eines idealen Gases ist er immer gleich 1.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Kritischer Druck</name>
+ <desc>Druck, der mindestens ausgeübt werden muss, um ein Gas bei der kritischen Temperatur zu verflüssigen.</desc>
+ <ref>Kritischer Druck</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Kritische Temperatur</name>
+ <desc>Höchste Temperatur, bei der ein Gas durch Druckausübung verflüssigt werden kann.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Manometer</name>
+ <desc>Gerät zur Messung des Druckes in einem Behälter.</desc>
+ <ref>Barometer</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Maxwell-Boltzmann-Geschwindigkeitsverteilung</name>
+ <desc>Statistische Verteilung der Geschwindigkeiten der Teilchen in einem Gas.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Mittlere freie Weglänge</name>
+ <desc>Mittlere Weglänge, die ein Teilchen in einem Gas zwischen zwei Kollisionen mit anderen Teilchen zurücklegt.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Molvolumen</name>
+ <desc>Volumen, das ein Mol eines Gases einnimmt. Bei Normbedingungen ist das Volumen 22,414 L</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Normbedingungen</name>
+ <desc>Druck p = 101,325 kPa und Temperatur T = 273,15 K.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Partialdruck</name>
+ <desc>Druck, den eine Komponente eines Gasgemisches ausüben würde, wenn sie als einzige im gleichen Volumen anwesend wäre.</desc>
+ <ref>Bar,Druck,Pascal</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Pascal</name>
+ <desc>SI-Einheit für den Druck [img]pascal.png[/img]</desc>
+ <ref>Bar,Druck</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Temperatur</name>
+ <desc>Zustandsgröße von Materie, die bestimmt, in welcher Richtung Wärme fließt. Bei einem Gas ist sie der mittleren kinetischen Energie der Teilchen proportional.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Amorpher Feststoff</name>
+ <desc>Feststoff, in dem die Teilchen nicht zu einem regelmäßig geordneten Muster angeordnet sind; er hat keinen definierten Schmelzpunkt. Gläser sind amorphe Feststoffe.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Dampfdruck</name>
+ <desc>Druck des Dampfes, der mit einer Flüssigkeit oder einem Feststoff im Gleichgewicht steht.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Dipol-Dipol-Kräfte</name>
+ <desc>Anziehungskräfte zwischen polaren Molekülen aufgrund der Anziehung zwischen entgegengesetzten Polen.</desc>
+ <ref>Intermolekulare Kräfte,van der Waals-Kräfte</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Gefrierpunkt</name>
+ <desc>Temperatur, bei der Flüssigkeit und Feststoff miteinander im Gleichgewicht sind.</desc>
+ <ref>Siedepunkt</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Schmelzpunkt</name>
+ <desc></desc>
+ <ref>Gefrierpunkt</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Intermolekulare Kräfte</name>
+ <desc>Kräfte zwischen Molekülen, die diese in Feststoffen und Flüssigkeiten aneinander halten.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>van der Waals-Kräfte</name>
+ <desc>Anziehungskräfte zwischen polaren Molekülen aufgrund der Anziehung zwischen entgegengesetzten Polen.</desc>
+ <ref>Intermolekulare Kräfte,Dipol-Dipol-Kräfte</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>London-Kräfte</name>
+ <desc>Stets vorhandene, zwischenmolekulare Anziehungskräfte. Sie werden durch Anziehung zwischen momentanen Dipolen bewirkt, die durch die Bewegung der Elektronen zustande kommen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Dispersionskräfte</name>
+ <desc></desc>
+ <ref>London-Kräfte</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Modifikationen</name>
+ <desc>Unterschiedliche Kristallstrukturen bei ein und derselben Substanz.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Oberflächenspannung</name>
+ <desc>In das Innere einer Flüssigkeit gerichtete Kraft, bedingt durch die intermolekularen Anziehungen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Phasendiagramm</name>
+ <desc>Diagramm, aus dem sich die Existenzbereiche der Phasen einer Substanz in Abhängigkeit von Druck und Temperatur ersehen lassen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Polymorphie</name>
+ <desc>Das Auftreten mehrerer Modifikationen für eine feste Substanz.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Schmelzenthalpie</name>
+ <desc>Aufzuwendende Energie, um eine gegebene Menge eines Feststoffes bei gegebener Temperatur zu verflüssigen; die Kristallisationsenthalpie hat den gleichen Betrag, jedoch negatives Vorzeichen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Siedepunkt</name>
+ <desc>Temperatur, bei welcher der Dampfdruck einer Flüssigkeit gleich groß ist wie der äußere Atmosphärendruck; der normale Siedepunkt wird bei einem Dampfdruck von 101,3 kPa beobachtet.</desc>
+ <ref>Gefrierpunkt</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Sublimation</name>
+ <desc>Direkte Verdampfung eines Feststoffes ohne zwischenzeitliche Verflüssigung. Bekannt ist dieser Vorgang beim sog. Trockeneis. Hierbei handelt es sich um gefrorenen Kohlendioxid der direkt gasförmig wird.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Tripelpunkt</name>
+ <desc>Temperatur und Druck, bei dem von einer Substanz die feste, flüssige und gasförmige Phase miteinander im Gleichgewicht stehen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Verdampfungsenthalpie</name>
+ <desc>Aufzuwendende Energie, um eine gegebene Flüssigkeitsmenge bei gegebener Temperatur zu verdampfen; die Kondensationsenthalpie hat den gleichen Betrag, jedoch negatives Vorzeichen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Viskosität</name>
+ <desc>Widerstand, den eine Flüssigkeit dem Fließen entgegensetzt.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Wasserstoffbrücke</name>
+ <desc>Intermolekulare Anziehung zwischen dem Wasserstoff-Atom eines Moleküls und einem einsamen Elektronenpaar eines anderen Moleküls; das Wasserstoff-Atom muss eine relativ hohe Partialladung haben, das einsame Elektronenpaar muss zu einem elektronegativen Atom gehören (vorzugsweise F, O oder N).</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Azeotropes Gemisch</name>
+ <desc>Eine Lösung, die einen höheren oder niedrigeren Dampfdruck als jede ihrer Reinkomponenten hat. Durch Destillation kann sie nicht in ihre Reinkomponenten getrennt werden.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Clausius-Clapeyron-Gleichung</name>
+ <desc>Beziehung zwischen der Verdampfungsenthalpie und den Dampfdrücken p1 und p2 einer Flüssigkeit bei zwei verschiedenen Temperaturen: [img]clausius.png[/img]</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Elektrolyt</name>
+ <desc>Ein Stoff, der in wässriger Lösung Ionen bildet. Elektrolyten leiten Strom.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Gefrierpunktserniedrigung</name>
+ <desc>Absenkung des Gefrierpunkts eines Lösungsmittels, wenn ein nichtflüchtiger Stoff darin gelöst ist: [img]gfperniedrigung.png[/img]</desc>
+ <ref>Siedepunktserhöhung,Siedepunkt</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Henry-Dalton-Gesetz</name>
+ <desc>Die Löslichkeit eines Gases in einer Flüssigkeit, mit der es nicht reagiert, ist proportional zum Partialdruck des Gases über der Lösung.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Hydratation</name>
+ <desc>Umhüllung von in Wasser gelösten Teilchen durch Wasser-Moleküle aufgrund von anziehenden Kräften.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Hydrathülle</name>
+ <desc>In Wasser gelöste Teilchen werden von Wassermolekülen umgeben. Diesen Vorgang nennt man auch Hydratation. Die vergrößert den Ionenradius auf den sogenannten [b]effektiven Radius[/b]. Dieser Unterschied kann sehr groß sein. Beispielsweise ist hydratisiertes Lithium (das 3.kleinste Ion) größer als die des Cäsium-Ions (Elementnmmer 55).</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Hydratationsenthalpie</name>
+ <desc>Energie, die freigesetzt wird, wenn Ionen aus dem Gaszustand in hydratisierte Ionen in wässriger Lösung überführt werden.</desc>
+ <ref>Hydrathülle</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Ideale Lösung</name>
+ <desc>Lösung, die dem Raoult-Gesetz gehorcht.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Lösungsenthalpie</name>
+ <desc>Beim Lösen einer bestimmten Stoffmenge freigesetzte oder aufgenommene Wärme; sie hängt von der Temperatur und der Konzentration der Lösung ab.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Massenkonzentration</name>
+ <desc>Konzentrationsangabe einer Lösung als Masse gelöster Stoff pro Volumen Lösung.</desc>
+ <ref>Masse</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Molalität</name>
+ <desc>Konzentrationsangabe einer Lösung in Mol gelöster Stoffe pro kg Lösungsmittel. Symbol [i]b[/i]</desc>
+ <ref>Molare Masse</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Osmose</name>
+ <desc>Fluss von Lösungsmittel-Molekülen durch eine semipermeable Membran von einer verdünnten in eine konzentriertere Lösung.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Prinzip des kleinsten Zwanges</name>
+ <desc>Wird auf ein im Gleichgewicht befindliches System ein Zwang ausgeübt, so weicht es aus und ein verlagertes Gleichgewicht stellt sich ein.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Le Chatelier-Prinzip</name>
+ <desc></desc>
+ <ref>Prinzip des kleinsten Zwanges</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Raoult-Gesetz</name>
+ <desc>Der Partialdruck einer Komponente einer idealen Lösung ist gleich Stoffmengenanteil der Komponente mal Dampfdruck der einen Komponente.</desc>
+ <ref>Dalton-Gesetz der Partialdrücke</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Siedepunktserhöhung</name>
+ <desc>Erhöhung des Siedepunkts eines Lösungsmittels, wenn ein nichtflüchtiger Stoff darin gelöst ist: [img]sdperhoehung.png[/img]</desc>
+ <ref>Gefrierpunktserniedrigung,Siedepunkt</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Gesättigte Lösung</name>
+ <desc>Wenn man in ein Lösungsmittel eine größere Menge eines Stoffes hinzufügt, als sich darin lösen kann, so stellt sich eine Gleichgewicht zwischen der Lösung und dem Bodensatz ein. Es geht also ständig ungelöster Stoff in Lösung und gelöster Stoff wird ausgeschieden. Die Konzentration der Lösung bleibt dabei konstant.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Solvatation</name>
+ <desc>Umhüllung von gelösten Teilchen durch Lösungsmittel-Moleküle aufgrund von anziehenden Kräften.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Van't Hoff-Faktor</name>
+ <desc>Verhältnis der beobachteten Gefrierpunktserniedrigung, Siedepunktserhöhung, Dampfdruckerniedrigung oder des osmotischen Druckes einer Elektrolyt-Lösung relativ zum Erwartungswert für eine Nichtelektrolyt-Lösung.</desc>
+ <ref>Siedepunktserhöhung,Gefrierpunktserniedrigung,Osmose</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Volumenanteil</name>
+ <desc>Konzentrationsangabe als Verhältnis des Volumens einer Komponente zur Summe der Volumina aller Komponenten.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Amphotere Verbindungen</name>
+ <desc>Verbindungen, die sowohl saure wie basische Eigenschaften hat und sowohl mit Basen als auch mit Säuren reagiert.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Äquivalentkonzentration</name>
+ <desc>Stoffmengenkonzentration multipliziert mit der Äquivalentzahl (alte Bezeichnung: Normalität).</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Äquivalentmasse</name>
+ <desc>Molare Masse geteilt durch die Äquivalentzahl.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Äquivalentzahl</name>
+ <desc>Anzahl [i]z[/i] der für eine Reaktion maßgeblichen Teilchen (Protonen, Hydroxyd-Ionen, Elektronen), die von einem Molekül eines Reagenzes zur Verfügung gestellt werden kann.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Äquivalenzpunkt</name>
+ <desc>Punkt während einer Titration, bei dem äquivalente Mengen der Reaktanden zusammengegeben wurden.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Arrhenius-Base</name>
+ <desc>Verbindung, die in Wasser Hydroxyd-Ionen bildet.</desc>
+ <ref>Arrhenius-Säure</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Arrhenius-Neutralisation</name>
+ <desc>Reaktion zwischen H+(aq)- und OH-(aq)-Ionen unter Bildung von Wasser.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Arrhenius-Säure</name>
+ <desc>Verbindung, die in Wasser Protonen abgibt.</desc>
+ <ref>Arrhenius-Base</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Base</name>
+ <desc>Nach Arrhenius ein Stoff, der in wässriger Lösung Hydroxyd-Ionen bildet. Nach Brønstedt ein Stoff, der Protonen anlagern kann. Nach Lewis ein Elektronenpaar-Donator.</desc>
+ <ref>Säure</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Basisches Oxid</name>
+ <desc>Oxid, das mit Wasser eine Base und mit Säuren Salze bildet.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Disproportionierung</name>
+ <desc>Reaktion, bei der eine Substanz gleichzeitig zum Teil oxidiert und zum Teil reduziert wird.</desc>
+ <ref>Komproportionierung</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Einprotonige Säure</name>
+ <desc>Säure, die nur ein Proton pro Molekül abgeben kann.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Fällung</name>
+ <desc>Reaktion in einer Lösung, bei der eine unlösliche Verbindung, ein Niederschlag, gebildet wird.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Indikator</name>
+ <desc>Substanz, die z.B. bei einer Titration das Erreichen des Äquivalenzpunktes anzeigt. Ein Säure-Base-Indikator hat verschiedene Farben bei verschiedenen pH-Werten.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Komproportionierung</name>
+ <desc>Reaktion, bei der zwei Verbindungen, in denen das gleiche Element mit unterschiedlichen Oxidationszahlen vorliegt, zu einer Verbindung mit einer dazwischen liegenden Oxidationszahl reagieren.</desc>
+ <ref>Disproportionierung</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Mehrprotonige Säure</name>
+ <desc>Säure, die mehr als ein Proton pro Molekül abgeben kann.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Metathese-Reaktion</name>
+ <desc>Reaktion zwischen zwei Verbindungen, bei der Kationen und Anionen ihre Partner tauschen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Netto-Ionengleichung</name>
+ <desc>Reaktionsgleichung, bei der nur die miteinander reagierenden Ionen berücksichtigt werden.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Neutralisation</name>
+ <desc>Reaktion zwischen einer Säure und einer Base.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Normallösung</name>
+ <desc>Lösung mit einer definierten Äquivalentkonzentration.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Oxidation</name>
+ <desc>Teil einer Reaktion, bei der es zur Abgabe von Elektronen, d.h. zur Erhöhung der Oxidationszahl kommt.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Oxidationsmittel</name>
+ <desc>Substanz, die bei einer chemischen Reaktion reduziert wird und dadurch die Oxidation einer anderen Substanz bewirkt.</desc>
+ <ref>Oxidation</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Oxidationszahl</name>
+ <desc>Fiktive Ionenladung an einem Atom, die sich ergibt, wenn man alle Elektronenpaare von kovalenten Bindungen dem jeweils elektronegativeren Bindungspartner zuteilt.</desc>
+ <ref>Oxidation</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Oxonium-Ion (Hydronium-Ion)</name>
+ <desc>Ion, das aus einem Proton und einem Wasser-Molekül gebildet wird.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Reduktion</name>
+ <desc>Teil einer Reaktion, bei der es zur Aufnahme von Elektronen, d.h. zur Erniedrigung der Oxidationszahl kommt.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Reduktionsmittel</name>
+ <desc>Substanz, die bei einer chemischen Reaktion oxidiert wird und dadurch die Reduktion einer anderen Substanz bewirkt.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Säure</name>
+ <desc>Nach Arrhenius, eine Wasserstoff-Verbindung, die in wässriger Lösung unter Abgabe von H(+)-Ionen und Bildung von Hydronium-Ionen dissoziiert. Nach Brønstedt eine Verbindung, die H(+)-Ionen abgeben kann (Protonen-Donator). Nach Lewis ein Elektronenpaar-Akzeptor.</desc>
+ <ref>Base</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Säureanhydrid, saures Oxid</name>
+ <desc>Nichtmetalloxid, das mit Wasser eine Säure bildet.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Schwache Säuren und Basen</name>
+ <desc>Säuren und Basen, die nur partiell Hydronium- bzw. Hydroxyd-Ionen in wässriger Lösung bilden, also nicht vollständig dissoziieren.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Starke Säuren und Basen</name>
+ <desc>Säuren und Basen, die in wässriger Lösung vollständig dissoziieren.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Volumetrische Analyse</name>
+ <desc>Quantitative chemische Analyse, die auf der Messung von Lösungsvolumina basiert.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Adsorption</name>
+ <desc>Vorgang, bei dem Moleküle an der Oberfläche eines Feststoffs haften bleiben.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Aktivierter Komplex (Übergangszustand)</name>
+ <desc>Instabile Atom-Anordnung, die vorübergehend im Verlaufe einer chemischen Reaktion auftritt.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Aktivierungsenergie</name>
+ <desc>Energiedifferenz zwischen der potentiellen Energie des aktivierten Komplexes und derjenigen der Reaktanden.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Arrhenius-Gleichung</name>
+ <desc>Beziehung zwischen der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten, der Aktivierungsenergie und der Temperatur für eine chemische Reaktion[img]arrhenius.png[/img]</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Chemisorption</name>
+ <desc>Adsorption aufgrund von chemischen Bindungen zwischen einem adsorbierten Stoff und der Oberfläche des adsorbierenden Feststoffes; dadurch werden die chemischen Eigenschaften der adsorbierten Moleküle verändert und Katalyseprozesse ermöglicht.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Effektive Kollision</name>
+ <desc>Kollision zwischen Teilchen, die zu einer Reaktion führt.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Geschwindigkeitsbestimmender Schritt</name>
+ <desc>Der langsamste Schritt bei einer mehrstufigen Reaktion; von ihm hängt die Geschwindigkeit der Gesamtreaktion ab.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Geschwindigkeitsgesetz</name>
+ <desc>Mathematischer Ausdruck, der die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und die Reaktandenkonzentrationen in Beziehung setzt.[img]rggeschwindigkeit.png[/img]</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Geschwindigkeitskonstante</name>
+ <desc>Proportionalitätskonstante in einem Geschwindigkeitsgesetz.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Halbwertszeit</name>
+ <desc>Benötigte Zeit, bis bei einer Reaktion die Hälfte der Reaktanden verbraucht ist. Bei radioaktiven Substanzen: Zeit, die vergeht, bis die Hälfte der Probe zerfallen ist.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Heterogene Katalyse</name>
+ <desc>Reaktionsbeschleunigung an einem Katalysator, der in einer anderen Phase als die Reaktanden vorliegt.</desc>
+ <ref>Homogene Katalyse,Katalysator</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Homogene Katalyse</name>
+ <desc>Reaktionsbeschleunigung durch einen Katalysator, der in der gleichen Phase wie die Reaktanden vorliegt.</desc>
+ <ref>Heterogene Katalyse,Katalysator</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Katalysator</name>
+ <desc>Substanz, die eine chemische Reaktion beschleunigt, ohne selbst verbraucht zu werden. Es findet dabei keine Gleichgewichtsverlagerung statt da sowohl die Hin- als auch die Rück-Reaktion beschleunigt werden.</desc>
+ <ref>Homogene Katalyse,Heterogene Katalyse</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Kettenreaktion</name>
+ <desc>Vielstufige Reaktion, bei der nach einem Startschritt zwei Reaktionsschritte abwechselnd vielfach wiederholt werden.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Nucleophile Substitution</name>
+ <desc>Reaktion, bei der in einem Molekül eine nucleophile Gruppe (Lewis-Base) durch eine andere substituiert wird. Bei der SN1-Reaktion wird zuerst die eine Gruppe abgespalten, dann die neue Gruppe angelagert; bei der SN2-Reaktion verlaufen Anlagerung und Abspaltung synchron.</desc>
+ <ref>Substitution</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit</name>
+ <desc>Konzentrationsabnahme eines Reaktanden oder Konzentrationszunahme eines Reaktionsprodukts pro Zeiteinheit; sie ändert sich in der Regel im Verlaufe der Reaktion</desc>
+ <ref>Reaktionskinetik</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Reaktionskinetik</name>
+ <desc>Lehre der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten und Reaktionsmechanismen.</desc>
+ <ref>Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Reaktionsmechanismus</name>
+ <desc>Beschreibung des Ablaufs einer chemischen Reaktion im einzelnen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Reaktionsordnung</name>
+ <desc>Die Summe der Exponenten der Konzentrationen im Geschwindigkeitsgesetz.</desc>
+ <ref>Reaktionskinetik</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Theorie des Übergangszustands</name>
+ <desc>Theorie, bei der das vorübergehende Auftreten eines Übergangszustands (oder aktivierten Komplexes) im Verlaufe eine Reaktionsschrittes angenommen wird.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Zwischenprodukt</name>
+ <desc>Substanz, die im Verlaufe einer chemischen Reaktion entsteht und wieder verbraucht wird.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Chemisches Gleichgewicht</name>
+ <desc>Zustand einer reversiblen chemischen Reaktion, bei dem die Hinreaktion gleich schnell wie die Rückreaktion abläuft.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Gleichgewichtskonstante</name>
+ <desc>Die Konstante im Massenwirkungsgesetz. Wird es mit Stoffmengenkonzentrationen formuliert, so erhält man das Symbol Kc, wird es mit Partialdrücken von Gasen formuliert, so ist das Symbol Kp.
+ </desc>
+ <ref>Chemisches Gleichgewicht,Massenwirkungsgesetz</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Heterogenes Gleichgewicht</name>
+ <desc>Gleichgewicht, an dem Substanzen in verschiedenen Phasen beteiligt sind.</desc>
+ <ref>Chemisches Gleichgewicht</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Massenwirkungsgesetz</name>
+ <desc>Für ein System im chemischen Gleichgewicht gilt: Das Produkt aus den Stoffmengenkonzentrationen (oder Partialdrücken) der Substanzen auf der rechten Seite der Reaktionsgleichung, jeweils potenziert mit den zugehörigen Koeffizienten der Reaktionsgleichung, geteilt durch das entsprechende Produkt der Substanzen auf der linken Seite der Reaktionsgleichung, ist gleich der Gleichgewichtskonstanten. [img]mwg.png[/img]</desc>
+ <ref>Chemisches Gleichgewicht</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Reaktionsquotient</name>
+ <desc>Zahlenwert, der sich ergibt, wenn beliebige Stoffmengenkonzentrationen (oder Partialdrücke) in den Ausdruck des Massenwirkungsgesetzes eingesetzt werden. Wenn Q = K, so herrscht Gleichgewicht; wenn Q kleiner K, so läuft die Reaktion nach rechts ab, wenn Q größer K, so läuft sie nach links ab.</desc>
+ <ref>Massenwirkungsgesetz</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Elektrophile Verdrängungsreaktion</name>
+ <desc>Reaktion, bei der eine Lewis-Säure eine andere, schwächere Lewis-Säure verdrängt.</desc>
+ <ref>Nucleophile Verdrängungsreaktion</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Konjugiertes Säure-Base-Paar</name>
+ <desc>Brønsted-Säure-Base-Paar, das durch Abgabe bzw. Aufnahme eines Protons in Beziehung steht. In folgendem Beispiel ist steht S für Säure und B für Base: [img]konjsbpaar.png[/img]</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Lewis-Base</name>
+ <desc>Teilchenart, die ein Elektronenpaar zur Verfügung stellen kann unter Ausbildung einer kovalenten Bindung: eine nucleophile Spezies.</desc>
+ <ref>Lewis-Säure,Base,Säure</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Lewis-Säure</name>
+ <desc>Teilchenart, die eine kovalente Bindung mit dem von einer Base zur Verfügung gestellten Elektronenpaar bilden kann: eine elektrophile Spezies.</desc>
+ <ref>Lewis-Base,Base,Säure</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Lösungsmittelbezogene Base</name>
+ <desc>Substanz, die in Lösung das charakteristische Anion des Lösungsmittel bildet.</desc>
+ <ref>Lösungsmittelbezogene Säure</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Lösungsmittelbezogene Säure</name>
+ <desc>Substanz, die in Lösung das charakteristische Kation des Lösungsmittel bildet.</desc>
+ <ref>Lösungsmittelbezogene Base</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Nivellierender Effekt</name>
+ <desc>Effekt des Lösungsmittels auf die Säurestärke von Brønsted-Säuren und -Basen. Eine gelöste Säure kann nicht stärker sauer wirken als die zum Lösungsmittel konjugierte Säure; eine gelöste Base kann nicht stärker basisch wirken als die zum Lösungsmittel konjugierte Base.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Nucleophile Verdrängungsreaktion</name>
+ <desc>Nucleophile Substitution, bei der eine Lewis-Base eine andere, schwächere Lewis-Base verdrängt.</desc>
+ <ref>Elektrophile Verdrängungsreaktion</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Aktivität</name>
+ <desc>Mit dem Aktivitätskoeffizienten [i]f[/i] korrigierte Stoffmengenkonzentration mit dem Symbol [i]a[/i] um Abweichungen vom Massenwirkungsgesetz zu korrigieren. Je größer die Konzentration der Lösung, umso mehr weicht [i]f[/i] von 1 ab.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Basenkonstante</name>
+ <desc>Gleichgewichtskonstante für die Reaktion einer Base mit Wasser.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Dissoziationsgrad</name>
+ <desc>Anteil der Gesamtkonzentration eines schwachen Elektrolyten, der zu Ionen dissoziiert ist.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Henderson-Hasselbalch-Gleichung</name>
+ <desc>Gleichung zur Berechnung des pH-Werts einer Pufferlösung: [img]henderson.png[/img] </desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Ionenprodukt des Wassers</name>
+ <desc>Produkt aus der Protonenkonzentration mit der Hydroxydionenkonzentration in wässrigen Lösungen; bei 25°C gilt: [img]ionenprodukt.png[/img]</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>pH-Wert</name>
+ <desc>Der negative Logarithmus der H+(aq)-Ionenkonzentration: [img]ph.png[/img]</desc>
+ <ref>pOH-Wert,pH-Wert</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>pK-Wert</name>
+ <desc>Der negative Logarithmus einer Gleichgewichtskonstanten: [img]pk.png[/img]</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>pOH-Wert</name>
+ <desc>Der negative Logarithmus der OH-(aq)-Ionenkonzentration.</desc>
+ <ref>pH-Wert,pK-Wert</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Pufferlösung</name>
+ <desc>Lösung, die eine schwache Säure und ihre konjugierte Base enthält. Sie ändert ihren pH-Wert nur geringfügig bei Zugabe begrenzter Mengen von Säuren oder Basen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Säuredissoziationskonstante</name>
+ <desc>Gleichgewichtskonstante für die Dissoziation einer Säure.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Titrationskurve</name>
+ <desc>Graph zur Darstellung des pH-Werts oder des Reduktionspotentials als Funktion der zugegebenen Reagenzmenge im Verlaufe einer Titration.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Amphoteres Hydroxid</name>
+ <desc>Schwerlösliches Hydroxid, das sowohl bei Zusatz von Basen wie auch von Säuren in Lösung geht.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Gleichionige Zusätze</name>
+ <desc>Wird eine an einem Gleichgewicht beteiligte Ionenart einer Lösung zugesetzt, so verschiebt sich das Gleichgewicht. Gleichionige Zusätze verringern im allgemeinen die Löslichkeit von schwerlöslichen Verbindungen.
+ </desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Ionenprodukt bei schwerlöslichen Verbindungen</name>
+ <desc>Das wie beim Löslichkeitsprodukt gebildete mathematische Produkt der Ionenkonzentrationen einer Lösung. Ist es größer als das Löslichkeitsprodukte, so kommt es zur Fällungsreaktion.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Komplex</name>
+ <desc>Verbindung, die durch Anlagerung von Liganden (Lewis-Basen) an ein Zentralatom (Lewis-Säure) entsteht.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Komplexbildungskonstante</name>
+ <desc>Gleichgewichtskonstante für die Bildungsreaktion eines Komplexes.</desc>
+ <ref>Komplexzerfallskonstante</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Komplexzerfallskonstante</name>
+ <desc>Gleichgewichtskonstante für den Zerfall eines Komplexes: [img]kp.png[/img]</desc>
+ <ref>Komplexbildungskonstante</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Dissoziationskonstante</name>
+ <desc>Komplexzerfallskonstante</desc>
+ <ref>Komplexzerfallskonstante</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Löslichkeitsprodukt</name>
+ <desc>Gleichgewichtskonstante für den Vorgang der Auflösung einer schwerlöslichen Verbindung. Die schwerlösliche Verbindung ("Bodenkörper") befindet sich im Gleichgewicht mit Ionen in der Lösung.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Salzeffekt</name>
+ <desc>Zusatz von Salzen zu einer Lösung erhöht die Löslichkeit von schwerlöslichen Verbindungen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Thermodynamik</name>
+ <desc>Die Thermodynamik beschreibt die Veränderung von Energien im Laufe eines Prozesses</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>1. Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik</name>
+ <desc>Energie kann von einer Form in eine andere Form umgewandelt werden. Die Gesamtsumme aller Energieformen ist konstant, sie kann weder erzeugt noch vernichtet werden.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>2. Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik</name>
+ <desc>Bei spontanen Zustandsänderungen eines Systems vergrößert sich dessen Entropie, die Unordnung des Systems nimmt zu.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Zustandsgröße</name>
+ <desc>Die Zustandsgröße eines Systems ist nur von den momentanen Bedingungen, z.B. Druck und Temperatur abhängig, nicht jedoch davon wie dieser Zustand erreicht wurde, z.B. die Innere Energie [i]U[/i]</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Verfahrensgröße</name>
+ <desc>Die Verfahrensgröße eines Systems ist von der Art und Weise wie der momentane Zustand des Systems erreicht wurde abhängig, z.B. die Volumenarbeit</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>System</name>
+ <desc>Eingegrenzter Bereich, der für den aktuell ablaufenden Vorgang betrachtet wird. Über die Grenzen des Systems können je nach Randbedingungen Energie und Stoffe ausgetauscht werden</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Umgebung</name>
+ <desc>Alles was außerhalb des Systems ist. Die Umgebung kann Stoff und Energie mit dem System austauschen</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Innere Energie</name>
+ <desc>Die Summe aller möglichen Energien, die ein System abgeben kann</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Entropie</name>
+ <desc>Ist ein Maß für die Unordnung in einem System. Bei freiwillig ablaufenden Prozessen nimmt die Entropie und somit die Unordnung immer zu.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Absolute Standardentropie</name>
+ <desc>Ist die Entropie die 1 mol eines Stoffes enthält, wenn er von einem perfekten Kristallgitter bei 0 K in den momentanen Zustand überführt wurde</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Standardreaktionsentropie</name>
+ <desc>Ist die Differenz der Entropie zwischen den Edukten und den Produkten einer Reaktion.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Freie Enthalpie</name>
+ <desc>Auch Gibbsche Enthalpie genannt. Sie beinhaltet die Enthalpieänderungen des betrachteten Systems sowie der Umgebung. Es gilt: [img]freieenthalpie.png[/img]</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Freie Standardenthalpie</name>
+ <desc>Beschreibt die Veränderung der Enthalpien einer Reaktion wenn diese bei Standardbedingungen, Druck = 1013 hPa, Temperatur meist 298 K durchgeführt wird. Die Edukte und Produkte liegen dabei im Standardzustand vor.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Freie Standardbildungsenthalpie</name>
+ <desc>Gibt die Reaktionsenthalpie für 1 mol einer Substanz an, wenn diese aus den Elementen im Standardzustand hergestellt wird.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Gleichgewicht</name>
+ <desc>Zustand bei dem die Reaktionsenthalpie eines Systems = 0 ist.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Anode</name>
+ <desc>Elektrode, an der die Oxidation erfolgt.</desc>
+ <ref>Kathode</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Bezugselektrode</name>
+ <desc>Elektrode, deren Potential unabhängig von den Verhältnissen in der Lösung ist.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Brennstoffzelle</name>
+ <desc>Galvanisches Element, bei dem die Reaktionsenthalpie eines Verbrennungsvorgangs direkt in elektrische Energie umgewandelt wird.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Daniell-Element</name>
+ <desc>Galvanische Zelle mit Zink als Anode und Kupfer als Kathode.</desc>
+ <ref>Elektrode,Elektrolyse</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Elektrode</name>
+ <desc>Metallisch leitender Gegenstand, der zur Zu- oder Ableitung von elektrischem Strom in einen Elektrolyten eingetaucht ist.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Elektrolyse</name>
+ <desc>Chemische Reaktion, die durch elektrischen Strom bewirkt wird.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Elektrolytische Leitung</name>
+ <desc>Leitung von elektrischem Strom durch die Wanderung von Ionen durch eine Salzschmelze oder -lösung. Auch Leitung zweiter Ordnung</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Elektromotorische Kraft (EMK)</name>
+ <desc>Potentialdifferenz zwischen den Elektroden einer galvanischen Zelle; sie ist ein Maß für die Tendenz zum Ablaufen einer Redoxreaktion.</desc>
+ <ref>Elektrode</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Faraday-Gesetz</name>
+ <desc>Um durch Elektrolyse ein Äquivalent eines Stoffes umzusetzen, werden F = 96485 C benötigt; F ist die Faraday-Konstante, sie entspricht der elektrischen Ladung von 1 mol Elektronen.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Galvanische Zelle</name>
+ <desc>Zelle, in der eine Redoxreaktion zur Gewinnung von elektrischer Energie ausgenutzt wird.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Halbzelle</name>
+ <desc>Hälfte einer galvanischen Zelle, in der entweder eine Oxidation oder eine Reduktion abläuft.</desc>
+ <ref>Galvanische Zelle</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Kathode</name>
+ <desc>Elektrode, an der die Reduktion erfolgt.</desc>
+ <ref>Anode</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Konzentrationskette</name>
+ <desc>Galvanische Zelle, deren Halbzellen die gleichen Stoffe in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen enthalten.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Lokalelement</name>
+ <desc>Kleines, kurzgeschlossenes galvanisches Element an der Berührungsstelle von zwei verschiedenen Metallen; ist eine Elektrolytflüssigkeit anwesend, so wird das unedlere Metall oxidiert.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Nernst-Gleichung</name>
+ <desc>Gleichung zur Berechnung des Reduktionspotentials in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Konzentrationen: [img]nernst.png[/img]</desc>
+ <ref>Oxidation,Reduktion,Elektromagnetische Kraft (EMK)</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Normalpotential</name>
+ <desc>Halbzellenpotential relativ zur Norm-Wasserstoffelektrode; alle anwesenden Stoffe müssen im Standardzustand vorliegen.</desc>
+ <ref>Norm-Wasserstoffelektrode</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Norm-Wasserstoffelektrode</name>
+ <desc>Bezugselektrode, deren Normalpotential willkürlich auf0V festgelegt ist. Sie besteht aus einem Platindraht, der von Wasserstoff bei 101,3 kPa umspült wird und in eine Lösung mit Protonenaktivität von 1 taucht.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Potentiometrische Titration</name>
+ <desc>Titration, bei welcher der Äquivalenzpunkt durch Messung des Potentials einer Elektrode ermittelt wird, das von der Konzentration des zu bestimmenden Stoffes abhängt.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Reduktionspotential</name>
+ <desc>Halbzellenpotential für einen Reduktionsprozess.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Salzbrücke</name>
+ <desc>Rohr, das mit einer Salzlösung gefüllt ist und die zwei Halbzellen einer galvanischen Zelle verbindet.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Silbercoulombmeter</name>
+ <desc>Elektrolysezelle, in der Silber abgeschieden wird; aus der abgeschiedenen Silbermenge kann die durchflossene Elektrizitätsmenge berechnet werden.</desc>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Spannungsreihe</name>
+ <desc>
+ Werden zwei Metalle in einen Behälter mit einer Säure getaucht, so läuft eine chemische Reaktion ab, bei der Ionen vom einen Stoff zum anderen wandern und zum Schluss eine ungleichgewichtige Verteilung von freien Elektronen an den beiden Stoffen angelagert ist (Redoxreaktion). Aus der unterschiedlichen Verteilung der Elektronen ergibt sich stets ein bestimmtes Maß der elektrischen Spannung. Metalle, die dabei gegenüber dem Wasserstoff in der Säure eine positive Spannung haben, werden edle, die mit einer negativen Spannung als unedle Metalle bezeichnet. Die Auflistung in der Reihenfolge der einzelnen Element-Spannungen ergibt die elektrochemische Spannungsreihe.
+ </desc>
+ <ref>Nernst-Gleichung,Reduktion,Oxidation,Spannung</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Spannung</name>
+ <desc>
+ Die Elektrische Spannung ist eine physikalische Größe, die angibt, wie viel Arbeit nötig ist bzw. frei wird, wenn ein Objekt mit einer bestimmten Ladung entlang eines elektrischen Feldes bewegt wird. Die Einheit ist Volt (V).
+ </desc>
+ <ref>Spannungsreihe</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Überspannung</name>
+ <desc>Zusätzliche Spannung, die über das theoretische Zellenpotential hinaus angelegt werden muss, um eine Elektrolysereaktion in Gang zu bringen.</desc>
+ <ref>Spannung</ref>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <name>Substitution</name>
+ <desc>Reaktion, bei der ein Substituent durch einen anderen Substituent ersetzt wird.</desc>
+ <ref>Nucleophile Substitution</ref>
+ </item>
+</wissen>
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b/kalzium/src/data/toolpics/wasserstrahlpumpe.jpg diff --git a/kalzium/src/data/tools.xml b/kalzium/src/data/tools.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ccccb90e --- /dev/null +++ b/kalzium/src/data/tools.xml @@ -0,0 +1,227 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> +<tools> + <item> + <picture>uhrglas.jpg</picture> + <name>Watchglass</name> + <desc>Watchglasses are round glass panes with a diameter of around 5 - 10 cm which are used in the various experimental techniques. The border is bent upwards to allow the watchglass to hold small amounts of liquids in order to let them evaporate. The evaporation can be accelerated by heating the watchglass with a Bunsen burner. Watchglasses can also be used to cover petri dishes or beakers. Moreover watchglasses are suited to weighing small amounts of matter or alternatively drying them in the airing cupboard. The term watchglass is derived from the former pocket watches' protection glass which was often domed.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>exikator.jpg</picture> + <name>Dehydrator</name> + <desc>A dehydrator is a laboratory apparatus which is often made of glass and serves to dry chemical matters, that is, to remove water or liquid from a sample. + In principle it is a glass bowl with cap which has a planar grinding so that the bowl is air tight closeable. The dehydrator's lower part is ordinarily filled with a drying agent e.g. calcium chloride, silica gel, phosphoric anhydride or sulphuric acid. The sample to be dried is placed on a diaphanous cartridge of plastic or ceramics above the drying agent. + The drying agent is hygroscopic, which means that it dehumidifies its environment by absorbing water vapor. The dry atmosphere then takes up water from the sample to be dried.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>spatel.jpg</picture> + <name>Spatula</name> + <desc> The spatula is a laboratory tool to scrape off, grind and transport chemicals. The material they are made of (e.g. iron, titanium, platinum) and their design (e.g. flat spatula or spoon spatula) can be different.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>wasserstrahlpumpe.jpg</picture> + <name>Water Jet Pump</name> + <desc>The water jet pump has two entry pipes and one exit and consists in principle of two pipes one inside the other. At the water entry a water jet shoots under full pressure out of a nozzle into a slightly larger pipe. Thereby the water jet carries away air or fluid from the second entry. <br> this is caused by the negative pressure in a drifting fluid. Thus it is an application of the hydrodynamic paradox. This says that objects close to drifting fluids are aspirated instead of being pushed away.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>brechungsmesser.jpg</picture> + <name>Refractometer</name> + <desc>With a refractometer the refractive index of optical media is determined. If the refractive index of a chemical is known it can be used after a synthesis to determine the sample's purity or to audit the synthesis' success.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>moerser.jpg</picture> + <name>Mortar</name> + <desc>A mortar is used for manually grinding solids. It can also be used to homogenize a mixture of powders by grinding. A club-shaped tool known as a pestle is used with the mortar for grinding.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>heizplatte.jpg</picture> + <name>Heating Coil</name> + <desc>Heating coils are used to heat flasks and other containers. Multiple heating coils can be connected with a thermometer so that the heat will not exceed a specified temperature. It is possible to use a magnetic field inside the heating coil to stir fluids with a magnetic stirrer. This will homogenize the fluid in terms of temperature and composition.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>korkring.jpg</picture> + <name>Cork Ring</name> + <desc>Large containers like round-bottomed flasks are placed on rings made of cork, a special soft lightweight wood with good insulating qualities to protect fragile instruments.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>tropftrichter.jpg</picture> + <name>Dropping Funnel</name> + <desc>A dropping funnel can be used to drop precise amounts of fluid. You can control the dropping speed with a valve.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>scheidetrichter.jpg</picture> + <name>Separating Funnel</name> + <desc>A separating funnel can be used to separate a mixture of fluids by differing density. A valve at the bottom allows you to drain the more dense fluid for transfer to another container.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>rg-staender.jpg</picture> + <name>Test Tube Rack</name> + <desc>This rack comes in handy when you want to test many small amounts of chemicals in a row, or if you want to dry test tubes.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture></picture> + <name>Vortexer</name> + <desc>A vortexer serves to homogenize reagents found in laboratories. The container containing liquid to be homogenized is put on a platform. The platform shakes by rotary agitation up to 3000RPM at which point a contact sensor is activated. In this way extremely small volumes of fluid can be homogenized quickly as well. It is the opposite of a centrifuge, used to separate fluids.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>spritzflasche.jpg</picture> + <name>Wash Bottle</name> + <desc>These bottles are used for many purposes. In most laboratories they are usually filled with water, salt, acid or other commonly used fluids. They make it easy to apply the fluid if you do not need to measure a precise amount.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>rotationsverdampfer.jpg</picture> + <name>Rotary Evaporator</name> + <desc>A rotary evaporator consists of a round flask in a bath of hot water that is designed to evaporate solvents. The flask is rotated and the solvent collects under a vacuum onto a condenser and drips into a condensate collecting flask. in this way solutions can be concentrated or purified. By attaching a vacuum pump, the air pressure and therefore the boiling point of the fluid can be decreased.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>rueckflusskuehler.jpg</picture> + <name>Reflux Condenser</name> + <desc>A reflux condenser subjects fluid to a process where a gas produced by heating is collected on the reflux condenser. The fluid is cooled until it condenses and runs back into the original fluid. Usually it is put on a round-bottomed flask or several neck flasks.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>pileusball.jpg</picture> + <name>Pipette Bulb</name> + <desc>A pipette bulb is used to fill pipettes. It produces a negative pressure which makes the fluid go into the pipette. If one lets air back into the ball the fluid will run out of the pipette.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>rg.jpg</picture> + <name>Test Tube</name> + <desc>In a test tube small reactions or experiements are performed. There are many different types of tubes. For example some have connectors, some are etched for measurements, some are hardened for durability.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>schutzbrille.jpg</picture> + <name>Protective Goggles</name> + <desc>Most laboratories insist that everyone wears protective goggles. Without them, it is too risky to work with most chemicals. Usually, the lens is a special type of plastic which protects you from both mechanical impacts and acid and base chemicals.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>rundkolben.jpg</picture> + <name>Round-bottomed Flask</name> + <desc>A round-bottomed flask is used for a lot of reactions. Some can be connected to other items, as the frosting on the neck shows. With cork rings they can be placed on a table.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>vollpipette.jpg</picture> + <name>Full Pipette</name> + <desc>Unlike a regular pipette, a full pipette only has one marking for a specific volume.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>trockenrohr.jpg</picture> + <name>Drying Tube</name> + <desc>There are reactions which need to be kept free of water. To make this possible one uses a drying tube, which contains a hygroscopic chemical to absorb water in the atmosphere.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>rg-halter.jpg</picture> + <name>Test tube fastener</name> + <desc>With a test tube fastener you can easily hold test tubes. If you use a fastener there is a safe distance between the hand and the test tube when the tube is hot. In particular, it is used when you hold a test tube over an open flame.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>messzylinder.jpg</picture> + <name>Measuring Cylinder</name> + <desc>In a measuring cylinder you can fill amounts of liquids relatively precisely. Furthermore, the cylinder allows particulate matter to sink. Following this, you can separate particulates from the fluid by decanting.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>thermometer.jpg</picture> + <name>Thermometer</name> + <desc>With a thermometer you can determine the temperature of a sample. In a laboratory special thermometers are used, which can also be used within acids or bases.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>ruehrfisch.jpg</picture> + <name>Magnetic stir bar</name> + <desc>Magnetic stir bars are highly chemically inert, small magnetic bars. Most heaters have a built-in magnet which can rotate. This causes the stir bar to rotate and the mixture to be homogenized.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture></picture> + <name>Magnetic Stir Bar Retriever</name> + <desc>With a magnetic stir bar retriever you can remove magnetic stir bars from a container. The retriever is a bar with a magnet at the end which attracts the stir bars.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>pipette.jpg</picture> + <name>Pipette</name> + <desc>Pipettes are used to introduce small quantities of liquids in laboratories. A pipette has a volume scale and as a rule pileusballs are used as droppers for liquids. Both sorts of pipettes are calibrated for fluids with a temperature of 20°C and for time of outflow (signified by "Ex."). If needed times of outflow are indicated on the pipettes.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>erlenmeyerkolben.jpg</picture> + <name>Erlenmeyer Flask</name> + <desc>This flask named after the chemist Emil Erlenmeyer (1825-1909) comes - unlike the beaker - with an inverted conical base and a cylindrical neck. There are different types of Erlenmeyer flasks for laboratory applications, the narrow and wide neck form. Depending on the application the flask may have precision grinding to allow good connection to other containers. + <br> + The narrow neck reduces the risk of fluid escaping, especially when boiling or during reactions which agitate the contents. + <br> + An Erlenmeyer flask is useful for mixing fluids or accelerating reactions by stirring or shaking, for example. The Erlenmeyer flask is particularly suited for a magnetic stirrer, since it can be placed directly on the stirring platform. A round-bottomed flask, by contrast, must be placed on a cork ring on the stirring platform. +</desc> + + </item> + <item> + <picture></picture> + <name>Ultrasonic Bath</name> + <desc>For some chemical reactions it is important that the solvent is gas free. To achieve this the reaction vessel is put for some time into a ultrasonic bath. Through the high sound frequency the vapor locks peel away and ascend. This procedure is called outgassing.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>waage.jpg</picture> + <name>Scales</name> + <desc>In a laboratory you often have to weigh out very precise amounts of reagents. High precise scales can measure masses down to 1/10000 gram.Therefor they stand on granite blocks to avoid vibrancies and are protected against blasts by a dome.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>destillierbruecke.jpg</picture> + <name>Distillation bridge</name> + <desc>To separate a mixture you can use distillation amongst others. The distillation bridge is thereby the way between the two pots. In the one pot there is the mixture to be separated. Through heating, a gas forms which is lead through the bridge. At the end of the bridge the gas phase is condensed again and drips in a round flask. As a rule, the bridge is cooled by return flow. In addition, there is often a thermometer for controlling the temperature on the distillation bridge.</desc> + </item> + <!-- proofreaders: start here! --> + <item> + <picture>kolbenprober.png</picture> + <name>Syringe</name> + <desc>A syringe consists of two parts: A glass tube and a punch. Both are normally made of glass. A gas floats into the glass tube. As the syringe is a closed system the punch has to give way. This can be used measuring the volume of an reaction.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>verteiler.jpg</picture> + <name>Separation Beaker</name> + <desc>At the four ends of this separation beaker you put four small caps. While distilling, you can turn the beaker by 60 degree after a certain temperate has been reached. This way, at the end of the distillation all four caps have a specific liquid in it, depending on the boiling points of the liquid distilled.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>brenner.jpg</picture> + <name>Burner</name> + <desc>There are several types of burners. The picture shows a Teclu-Burner. Each type has specific uses. They vary in the peak temperature and overall heating capability.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>abzug.jpg</picture> + <name>Extractor Hood</name> + <desc>Most laboratories use extractor hoods. They filter the gasses from chemical reactions and pump the cleaned air outside of the building.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>thermometer2.jpg</picture> + <name>Contact Thermometer</name> + <desc>A contact thermometer is different from a regular thermometer because of its sensor for the current temperature. Such a thermometer is connected with a heating coild. If the sensor notices that the aimed temperature has been reached the contact thermometer will make the heating coild stop heating. Therefore in an experiment it is possible to have a constant temperature.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>halter.jpg</picture> + <name>Clamps</name> + <desc>With clamps as used in a laboratory you can easily hold all kinds of tools.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>phpapier.jpg</picture> + <name>Litmus Paper</name> + <desc>There are multiple way to measure the pH-Value of an solution. With a litmus paper it is easy to get a pretty precise pH-Value. The color indicates the value. If you need a more precise value you can for example use a pH-Meter which is using the conductivity of a solution.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>trichter.jpg</picture> + <name>Short-stem Funnel</name> + <desc>A funnel is used in the laboratory to fill powder into something.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture></picture> + <name>Buret</name> + <desc>A buret is used to titrate liquids. The buret is filled with a specified volume of a liquid. Below it a container like an Erlenmeyer flask is placed. By opening the valve the liquid in the container will be titrated. High-quality buret have a venting-mechanism with which they can be very easily refilled with the exact volume for which the buret is calibrated.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>becherglas.jpg</picture> + <name>Beaker</name> + <desc>Beakers are used in many places for a lot of tasks. They are used to store chemicals are to perform chemical reactions. They are also often used for titrations.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture>dsc.jpg</picture> + <name>DSC (Differencial Scanning Calorimetry)</name> + <desc>The DSC measures the heat flow volume of a compound. This value is very specific for every kind of matter. Thus, the DSC is used to identify chemicals or to describe them.</desc> + </item> + <item> + <picture></picture> + <name>Dewar vessel</name> + <desc>A dewar vessel (or dewar flask) is designed for a good thermal insulation. Its hull is a double-layer construction with vacuum between the two layers. Because of this they are appropriote for keeping liquids cold or warm. A thermos flawsk is an example of a dewar vessel.</desc> + </item> +</tools> diff --git a/kalzium/src/data/tools.xml.todo b/kalzium/src/data/tools.xml.todo new file mode 100644 index 00000000..eb746de7 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalzium/src/data/tools.xml.todo @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +See: http://www.labdepotinc.com/default.aspx +<tools> + <tool picture=""> + <name>Rührfischangel</name> + <desc>Mit der Rührfischangel kann man Rührfische wieder aus Gefäßen entfernen. Die Angel ist ein Stab mit einem Magneten am Ende an dem der Rührfisch haften bleibt.</desc> + </tool> + <tool picture="exikator.jpg"> + <name>Exsikkator</name> + <desc> + Ein Exsikkator (von lat. exsiccare = austrocknen) ist ein Laborgerät aus der Chemie, das meist aus Glas gefertigt wird und zum Trocknen von chemischen Stoffen verwendet wird, das heißt zum Entzug von Wasser bzw. Feuchtigkeit. + Bei einem Exsikkator handelt es sich im Prinzip um eine Glasschüssel mit Deckel (siehe Bild unten), wobei der Deckel das Gefäß über einen Planschliff verschließt, was gewährleistet, daß es luftdicht verschließbar ist. Den unteren Teil des Exsikkators befüllt man gewöhnlich mit einem Trocknungsmittel, z.B. Calciumchlorid, Silicagel, Phosphorpentoxid oder Schwefelsäure. Auf einem durchlässigen Einsatz aus Kunststoff oder Keramik oberhalb des Trockenmittels wird die zu trocknende Substanz abgelegt. + Das Trocknungsmittel hat die Eigenschaft hygroskopisch zu sein, das heißt, es entzieht aus seiner Umgebung Feuchtigkeit und nimmt diese auf. Die durch das Trocknungsmittel getrocknete Atmosphäre im Exsikkator entzieht selbst wiederum Wasser bzw. Lösungsmittel aus dem zu trocknenden Stoff. + </desc> + </tool> + <tool picture="spatel.jpg"> + <name>Spatel</name> + <desc> Der Spatel ist ein Laborgerät zum Abkratzen, Zerkleinern und Transportieren von Chemikalien. Spatel bestehen aus verschiedenen Materialien (Eisen, Titan, Platin) und können verschiedene Formen haben (z.B. Flachspatel oder Löffelspatel).</desc> + </tool> + <tool picture="wasserstrahlpumpe.jpg"> + <name>Wasserstrahlpumpe</name> + <desc> + Die Wasserstrahlpumpe besitzt zwei Eingänge und einen Ausgang und besteht im Prinzip aus zwei ineinander gesteckten Rohren. Am Wassereingang spritzt ein Wasserstrahl unter dem vollen Leitungsdruck aus einer Düse in ein etwas weiteres Rohr. Dabei reißt der Wasserstrahl Luft oder Flüssigkeiten vom zweiten Eingang mit. <br> Dies geschieht aufgrund des Unterdrucks in einer strömenden Flüssigkeit. Es ist somit eine Anwendung des Hydrodynamischen Paradoxon. Dies besagt, dass Gegenstände, die in der Nähe von strömenden Flüssigkeiten sind, angesaugt statt abgestoßen werden. + </desc> + </tool> + <tool picture="brechungsmesser.jpg"> + <name>Refraktometer</name> + <desc>Mit einem Refraktometer wird der Brechungsindex von optischen Medien bestimmt. Wenn von einer Chemikalie der Brechungsindex bekannt ist kann somit nach einer Synthese die Reinheit des Produktes oder der Erfolg einer Synthese überprüft werden.</desc> + </tool> + <tool picture="pipette.jpg"> + <name>Pipette</name> + <desc>Pipetten dienen im Labor zum Dosieren von Flüssigkeiten. Auf der Pipette findet sich eine Volumenskala. Als Pipettierhilfe dient in der Regel ein Pileusball. Beide Pipettenarten sind auf Flüssigkeiten mit der Temperatur von 20°C und auf Ausfluss (Ex.) geeicht, Auslaufzeiten werden, wenn nötig, auf den Pipetten angegeben.</desc> + </tool> + <tool picture="erlenmeyerkolben.jpg"> + <name>Erlenmeyerkolben</name> + <desc> + Dieser nach dem Chemiker Emil Erlenmeyer (1825-1909) benannte Kolben verfügt - im Gegensatz zum Becherglas - über einen nach oben hin enger werdenden Hals. Im Laborgebrauch existieren verschiedene Varianten des Erlenmeyerkolbens, die Enghals- und die Weithals-Form und je nach Anwendung auch Kolben mit Normschliff. + <br> + Durch den verjüngenden Hals ist die Gefahr, dass bei Zugabe von Substanzen, beim Schwenken, Rühren oder Sieden Flüssigkeiten aus dem Kolben unkontrolliert entweichen deutlich kleiner, als bei Bechergläsern. + <br> + So können im Erlenmeyerkolben bequem z.B. Flüssigkeiten vermischt oder Lösungsvorgänge durch - auch relativ heftiges - Schwenken oder Rühren beschleunigt werden. Er eignet sich - wie der Rundkolben - auch gut für den Magnetrührer, kann aber wegen seines flachen Bodens direkt abgestellt werden. (Der Rundkolben hingegen benötigt einen Korkring oder ein Stativ für den festen Stand, letzteres macht ein Schwenken mit der Hand oder ein häufiges Prüfen durch Halten ins Gegenlicht unmöglich.) + </desc> + </tool> + <tool picture=""> + <name>Ultraschallbad</name> + <desc>Bei einigen chemischen Reaktionen kommt es darauf an, dass die Lösungsmittel gasfrei sind. Um dies zu erreichen wird das Reaktionsgefäß für einige Zeit in ein Ultraschallbad gegeben. Durch die hohe Schallfrequenz lösen sich Gasblasen und steigen auf. Diesen Vorgang nennt man Entgasen.</desc> + </tool> + <tool picture="waage.jpg"> + <name>Waage</name> + <desc>Im Labor muss man häufig sehr genaue Mengen von Reagenzien abwiegen. Feinwaagen messen bis auf eine 1/10000 Gramm genaue Mengen ab. Dazu stehen sie auf Granitblöcken um Erschütterungen zu vermeiden und sind durch Hauben von Windstößen geschützt.</desc> + </tool> |
