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diff --git a/kalzium/src/data/data.xml b/kalzium/src/data/data.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000..47053fa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/kalzium/src/data/data.xml @@ -0,0 +1,4879 @@ +<?xml version="1.0"?> +<!-- +The data for the isotopes is taken from: +Lexikon der Physik, 2000 Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag GmbH +D. Mende und G. Simon, Physik - Gleichungen und Tabellen, 13. Auflage, 2001 Fachbuchverlag Leipzig +--> +<!DOCTYPE kalzium SYSTEM "data.dtd"> +<kalzium> + <element> + <number>1</number> + <name origin="Greek 'hydro' and 'gennao' for 'forms water'">Hydrogen</name> + <symbol>H</symbol> + <period>1</period> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="50" wavelength="949.7430" aki="0.34375" energy1="0.0000" energy2="105291.6443" electronconfig1="1s" electronconfig2="5p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2.3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="972.5367" aki="0.6819" energy1="0.0000" energy2="102823.8791" electronconfig1="1s" electronconfig2="4p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2.3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="1025.7222" aki="1.6725" energy1="0.0000" energy2="97492.2835" electronconfig1="1s" electronconfig2="3p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2.3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="1215.66824" aki="6.2648" energy1="0.0000" energy2="82259.2850" electronconfig1="1s" electronconfig2="2p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="1215.67364" aki="6.2649" energy1="0.0000" energy2="82258.9191" electronconfig1="1s" electronconfig2="2p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="30" wavelength="4861.2786" aki="0.1719" energy1="82258.9191" energy2="102823.8942" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="4d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="10" wavelength="4861.2870" aki="0.0967" energy1="82258.9544" energy2="102823.8943" electronconfig1="2s" electronconfig2="4p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="60" wavelength="4861.3615" aki="0.2063" energy1="82259.2850" energy2="102823.9095" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="4d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="90" wavelength="6562.7110" aki="0.5388" energy1="82258.9191" energy2="97492.3195" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="3d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="30" wavelength="6562.7248" aki="0.2245" energy1="82258.9544" energy2="97492.3196" electronconfig1="2s" electronconfig2="3p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + </spectra> + <mass>1.00794</mass> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>1</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="C. Cavendish">1766</date> + <biologicalmeaning></biologicalmeaning> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity>-73</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.1</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>13.81</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>20.28</boilingpoint> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="+2.792846" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="1.007825" neutron="0" percentage="99.985" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1+" magmoment="+0.857438" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="2.0141" neutron="1" percentage="0.015" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.01861" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="+2.978960" halflife="12.3" halflifeformat="years" weight="3.016049" neutron="2" pecentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <density>0.084</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>13.598</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>37.3</covalent> + <atomic>25</atomic> + <vdw>120</vdw> + <bondxx>74.130</bondxx> + <ionic charge="-1">208</ionic> + </radius> + <orbits>1s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+1.(-1)</oxydation> + <family>Non-Metal</family> + <abundance>1520</abundance> + </element> + <element> + <number>2</number> + <name origin="The Greek word for the sun was 'helios'">Helium</name> + <symbol>He</symbol> + <period>1</period> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="522.21309" aki="2.4356" energy1="0.000" energy2="191492.7120" electronconfig1="1s2" electronconfig2="1s4p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="537.02992" aki="5.6634" energy1="0.000" energy2="186209.3651" electronconfig1="1s2" electronconfig2="1s3p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="584.33436" aki="17.989" energy1="0.000" energy2="171134.8970" electronconfig1="1s2" electronconfig2="1s2p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="60" wavelength="3888.6046" aki="0.0947" energy1="159855.9745" energy2="185564.8547" electronconfig1="1s2s" electronconfig2="1s3p" term1="3S" term2="3P°" J1="1" J2="0" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="3888.6456" aki="0.0947" energy1="159855.9745" energy2="185564.5840" electronconfig1="1s2s" electronconfig2="1s3p" term1="3S" term2="3P°" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3888.6489" aki="0.0947" energy1="159855.9745" energy2="185564.5620" electronconfig1="1s2s" electronconfig2="1s3p" term1="3S" term2="3P°" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="5875.6148" aki="0.7070" energy1="169086.7666" energy2="186101.5463" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="5875.6404" aki="0.5303" energy1="169086.8430" energy2="186101.5488" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="120" wavelength="5875.9663" aki="0.3927" energy1="169087.8309" energy2="186101.5930" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="6678.1517" aki="0.6369" energy1="171134.8970" energy2="186104.9668" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3d" term1="1P°" term2="1D" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="7065.1771" aki="0.1547" energy1="169086.7666" energy2="183236.7918" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3s" term1="3P°" term2="3S" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="60" wavelength="7065.2153" aki="0.0928" energy1="169086.8430" energy2="183236.7918" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3s" term1="3P°" term2="3S" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="20" wavelength="7065.7086" aki="0.0309" energy1="169087.8309" energy2="183236.7918" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3s" term1="3P°" term2="3S" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="50" wavelength="7281.3507" aki="0.1830" energy1="171134.8970" energy2="184864.8294" electronconfig1="1s2p" electronconfig2="1s3s" term1="1P°" term2="1S" J1="1" J2="0" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="10829.0911" aki="0.1022" energy1="159855.9745" energy2="169087.8309" electronconfig1="1s2s" electronconfig2="1s2p" term1="3S" term2="3P°" J1="1" J2="0" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="10830.2501" aki="0.1021" energy1="159855.9745" energy2="169086.8430" electronconfig1="1s2s" electronconfig2="1s2p" term1="3S" term2="3P°" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="10830.3398" aki="0.1021" energy1="159855.9745" energy2="169086.7666" electronconfig1="1s2s" electronconfig2="1s2p" term1="3S" term2="3P°" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="20581.287" aki="0.0197" energy1="166277.4403" energy2="171134.8970" electronconfig1="1s2s" electronconfig2="1s2p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + </spectra> + <mass>4.002602</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>1</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="P. J. Janssen. J. N. Lockyer">1895</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>21</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity></electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>0.95</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4.216</boilingpoint> + <density>0.1785</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>24.587 </energy> + <energy>54.417</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>32</covalent> + <atomic>31</atomic> + <vdw>140</vdw> + <bondxx>300</bondxx> + </radius> + <orbits>1s2</orbits> + <oxydation>0</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" halflife="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="-2.127624" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="3.01603" neutron="1" percentage="0.000138" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="4.0026" neutron="2" percentage="99.999862" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Noblegas</family> + <crystalstructure>hcp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>3</number> + <name origin="Greek 'lithos' means 'stone'">Lithium</name> + <symbol>Li</symbol> + <period>2</period> + <mass>6.941</mass> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="15" wavelength="4602.831" aki="0.223" energy1="14903.622" energy2="36623.297" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="4d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="30" wavelength="4602.898" aki="0.223" energy1="14903.957" energy2="36623.312" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="4d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="6103.542" aki="0.686" energy1="14903.622" energy2="31283.018" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="3d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="6103.654" aki="0.686" energy1="14903.957" energy2="31283.053" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="3d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="6707.775" aki="0.369" energy1="0.000" energy2="14903.957" electronconfig1="2s" electronconfig2="2p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="6707.926" aki="0.369" energy1="0.000" energy2="14903.622" electronconfig1="2s" electronconfig2="2p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="8126.232" aki="0.349" energy1="14903.622" energy2="27206.066" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="3s" term1="2P°" term2="2S" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="8126.453" aki="0.349" energy1="14903.957" energy2="27206.066" electronconfig1="2p" electronconfig2="3s" term1="2P°" term2="2S" J1="3/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="10" wavelength="26877.67" aki="0.038" energy1="27206.066" energy2="30925.613" electronconfig1="3s" electronconfig2="3p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="5" wavelength="26878.36" aki="0.038" energy1="27206.066" energy2="30925.517" electronconfig1="3s" electronconfig2="3p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + </spectra> + <date scientist="A. Arfvedson">1817</date> + <biologicalmeaning>5</biologicalmeaning> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity>-60</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>0.98</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>453.7</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1615</boilingpoint> + <density>0.53</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.392 </energy> + <energy>75.980</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>134</covalent> + <atomic>145</atomic> + <vdw>182</vdw> + <bondxx>303.9</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+1">74</ionic> + </radius> + <orbits>1s2 2s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+1</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1+" magmoment="+0.822056" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="6.015121" neutron="3" percentage="7.5" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="+3.25644" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="7.016003" neutron="4" percentage="92.5" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Alkali_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + <abundance>18</abundance> + </element> + <element> + <number>4</number> + <name origin="Greek 'beryllos' for 'light-green stone'">Beryllium</name> + <symbol>Be</symbol> + <period>2</period> + <mass>9.012182</mass> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <aggregation>0 </aggregation> + <date scientist="">1798</date> + <biologicalmeaning>3</biologicalmeaning> + <group>2</group> + <electronaffinity>19</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.57</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1560</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3243</boilingpoint> + <density>1.85</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>9.322 </energy> + <energy>18.211</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>90</covalent> + <atomic>105</atomic> + <bondxx>222.6</bondxx> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+2">35</ionic> + </radius> + <orbits>1s2 2s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.862" spin="3/2-" magmoment="" halflife="4611168" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="7.0169" neutron="3" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="-1.1776" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="9.012182" neutron="5" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.555" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="1600000" halflifeformat="years" weight="10.01354" neutron="6" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Alkaline_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + <abundance>2</abundance> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="1661.478" aki="0.0726" energy1="0.000" energy2="60187.34" electronconfig1="2s2" electronconfig2="2s3p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="2348.610" aki="5.53" energy1="0.000" energy2="42565.35" electronconfig1="2s2" electronconfig2="2s2p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="2494.728" aki="1.6" energy1="21981.27" energy2="62053.72" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2s3d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="2" J2="1.2.3" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="2650.454" aki="4.24*" energy1="21978.925" energy2="59697.08" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2p2" term1="3P°" term2="3P" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="60" wavelength="2650.550" aki="4.24*" energy1="21978.28" energy2="59695.07" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2p2" term1="3P°" term2="3P" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="200*" wavelength="2650.613" aki="4.24*" energy1="21978.925" energy2="59695.07" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2p2" term1="3P°" term2="3P" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="200*" wavelength="2650.619" aki="4.24*" energy1="21981.27" energy2="59697.08" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2p2" term1="3P°" term2="3P" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="60" wavelength="2650.694" aki="4.24*" energy1="21978.925" energy2="59693.65" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2p2" term1="3P°" term2="3P" J1="1" J2="0" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="2650.760" aki="4.24*" energy1="21981.27" energy2="59695.07" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2p2" term1="3P°" term2="3P" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="12" wavelength="4572.664" aki="0.79" energy1="42565.35" energy2="64428.31" electronconfig1="2s2p" electronconfig2="2s3d" term1="1P°" term2="1D" J1="1" J2="2" /> + </spectra> + </element> + <element> + <number>5</number> + <name origin="Boron means 'Bor(ax) + (carb)on'. It is found in borax and behaves a lot like carbon">Boron</name> + <symbol>B</symbol> + <period>2</period> + <mass>10.811</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>3</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac. Louis Jacques Thenard">1808 </date> + <biologicalmeaning>3</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <electronaffinity>-27</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.04</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2365</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4275</boilingpoint> + <density>2.46</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>8.298 </energy> + <energy>25.154</energy> + <energy>37.9</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="1825.894" aki="1.70" energy1="0.000" energy2="54767.698" electronconfig1="2s22p" electronconfig2="2s23d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="1826.400" aki="2.04" energy1="15.287" energy2="54767.844" electronconfig1="2s22p" electronconfig2="2s23d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="2088.889" aki="0.361" energy1="0.000" energy2="47857.127" electronconfig1="2s22p" electronconfig2="2s2p2" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum 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halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="10.0129" neutron="5" percentage="19.9" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="+2.688637" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="11.009305" neutron="6" percentage="80.1" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Metalloids</family> + <crystalstructure>rh</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>6</number> + <name origin="Latin 'carboneum' for carbon">Carbon</name> + <symbol>C</symbol> + <period>2</period> + <mass>12.0107</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>3</acidicbehaviour> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="1277.2452" aki="1.27" energy1="0.00000" energy2="78293.50" electronconfig1="2s22p2" electronconfig2="2s22p(2P°)3d" term1="3P" term2="3D°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="1277.2824" aki="1.73" energy1="16.41671" energy2="78307.62" 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energy1="72827.038" energy2="1/2" electronconfig1="3s23p4(3P)4s" electronconfig2="" term1="4P" term2="85735.091" J1="" J2="" /> + </spectra> + <mass>35.453</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>3</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="C. W. Scheele">1774</date> + <biologicalmeaning>2</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity>-349</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>3.16</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>172.17</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>239.18</boilingpoint> + <density>2.95</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>12.967</energy> + <energy>23.8</energy> + <energy>39.6</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>99.4</covalent> + <atomic>100</atomic> + <vdw>175</vdw> + <bondxx>189.1</bondxx> + <ionic charge="-1">181</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>126</abundance> + <orbits>1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5</orbits> + <oxydation>-1.(+1.+3.+5.+7)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.82187" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="34.968853" neutron="18" percentage="75.77" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.68412" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="36.966" neutron="20" percentage="24.23" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Halogene</family> + <crystalstructure>tet</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>18</number> + <name origin="Greek 'aergon' for 'inactive'">Argon</name> + <symbol>Ar</symbol> + <period>3</period> + <mass>39.948</mass> + <block>p</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="180" wavelength="866.79997" aki="3.14" energy1="0.000" energy2="115366.871" electronconfig1="3p6" electronconfig2="3p5(2P°1/2)3d" term1="1S" term2="2[3/2]°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="869.75411" aki="0.35" energy1="0.000" energy2="114975.024" electronconfig1="3p6" electronconfig2="3p5(2P°1/2)5s" term1="1S" term2="2[1/2]°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="180" wavelength="876.05767" aki="2.69" energy1="0.000" 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electronconfig1="3p5(2P°3/2)4s" electronconfig2="3p5(2P°3/2)4p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[1/2]" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="9657.786" aki="0.0543" energy1="93750.6031" energy2="104102.1043" electronconfig1="3p5(2P°3/2)4s" electronconfig2="3p5(2P°3/2)4p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[1/2]" J1="1" J2="1" /> + </spectra> + <acidicbehaviour>1</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="W. Ramsay. J. Rayleigh">1894</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>29</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity></electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>83.95</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>87.45</boilingpoint> + <density>1.66</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>15.759</energy> + <energy>27.6</energy> + <energy>40.7</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>97</covalent> + <atomic>71</atomic> + <vdw>188</vdw> + <bondxx>372</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6</orbits> + <oxydation>0</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="35.968" neutron="18" percentage="0.337" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="37.963" neutron="20" percentage="0.063" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="39.962" neutron="22" percentage="99.600" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Noblegas</family> + <crystalstructure>tet</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>19</number> + <name origin="Arabic 'al qaliy' for potash">Potassium</name> + <symbol>K</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="4044.14" aki="0.0116" energy1="0.000" energy2="24720.139" electronconfig1="4s" electronconfig2="5p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="4047.21" aki="0.0107" energy1="0.000" energy2="24701.382" electronconfig1="4s" electronconfig2="5p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="7664.8991" aki="0.379" energy1="0.000" energy2="13042.876" electronconfig1="4s" electronconfig2="4p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="7698.9645" aki="0.374" energy1="0.000" energy2="12985.170" electronconfig1="4s" electronconfig2="4p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="11690.21" aki="0.220" energy1="12985.170" energy2="21536.988" electronconfig1="4p" electronconfig2="3d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="11769.62" aki="0.0434" energy1="13042.876" energy2="21536.988" electronconfig1="4p" electronconfig2="3d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="11772.83" aki="0.259" energy1="13042.876" energy2="21534.680" electronconfig1="4p" electronconfig2="3d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + </spectra> + <mass>39.0983</mass> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="H. 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Davy">1807</date> + <biologicalmeaning>1</biologicalmeaning> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity>-48</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>0.82</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>336.8</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1033</boilingpoint> + <density>0.86</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>4.341 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>196</covalent> + <atomic>220</atomic> + <vdw>275</vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 4s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+1</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.391466" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="38.964" neutron="20" percentage="93.2581" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="89.33" betaminusdecay="1.32" ecpercentage="10.67" ecdecay="" spin="4-" magmoment="-1.298099" halflife="1277000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="39.964" neutron="21" percentage="0.0117" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.2148699" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="40.962" neutron="22" percentage="6.73" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Alkali_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>20</number> + <name origin="Latin 'calx' for 'lime'">Calcium</name> + <symbol>Ca</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>40.078</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="140" wavelength="2721.645" aki="0.0027" energy1="0.000" energy2="36731.615" electronconfig1="4s2" electronconfig2="4s5p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="4226.727" aki="2.20" energy1="0.000" energy2="23652.304" electronconfig1="4s2" electronconfig2="4s4p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="4425.441" aki="0.498" energy1="15157.901" energy2="37748.197" electronconfig1="4s4p" electronconfig2="4s4d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="4434.960" aki="0.67" energy1="15210.063" energy2="37751.867" electronconfig1="4s4p" electronconfig2="4s4d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="4435.688" aki="0.342" energy1="15210.063" energy2="37748.197" electronconfig1="4s4p" electronconfig2="4s4d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="4454.781" aki="0.87" energy1="15315.943" energy2="37757.449" electronconfig1="4s4p" electronconfig2="4s4d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="4455.887" aki="0.20" energy1="15315.943" energy2="37751.867" electronconfig1="4s4p" electronconfig2="4s4d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="5588.757" aki="0.49" energy1="20371.000" energy2="38259.124" electronconfig1="3d4s" electronconfig2="3d4p" term1="3D" term2="3D°" J1="3" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="6102.722" aki="0.096" energy1="15157.901" energy2="31539.495" electronconfig1="4s4p" electronconfig2="4s5s" term1="3P°" term2="3S" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="6122.219" aki="0.287" energy1="15210.063" energy2="31539.495" electronconfig1="4s4p" electronconfig2="4s5s" term1="3P°" term2="3S" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="6162.172" aki="0.354" energy1="15315.943" energy2="31539.495" electronconfig1="4s4p" electronconfig2="4s5s" term1="3P°" term2="3S" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="6439.073" aki="0.53" energy1="20371.000" energy2="35896.889" electronconfig1="3d4s" electronconfig2="3d4p" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="6462.566" aki="0.47" energy1="20349.260" energy2="35818.713" electronconfig1="3d4s" electronconfig2="3d4p" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="6493.780" aki="0.44" energy1="20335.360" energy2="35730.454" electronconfig1="3d4s" electronconfig2="3d4p" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="1" J2="2" /> + </spectra> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="H. 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Davy">1808</date> + <biologicalmeaning>1</biologicalmeaning> + <group>2</group> + <electronaffinity>10</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.00</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1112</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1757</boilingpoint> + <density>1.54</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.113</energy> + <energy>11.9</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>174</covalent> + <atomic>180</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 4s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="39.963" neutron="20" percentage="96.92" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="41.959" neutron="22" percentage="0.64" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="+1.31725" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="42.959" neutron="23" percentage="0.13" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="43.955" neutron="24" percentage="2.13" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.257" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="" halflife="14152320" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="44.956185" neutron="26" percentage="0.003" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="47.952" neutron="28" percentage="0.18" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Alkaline_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>21</number> + <name origin="Named because it was found in Scandinavia">Scandium</name> + <symbol>Sc</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>44.955910</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="3269.897" aki="3.13" energy1="0.00" energy2="30573.17" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2P°" J1="3/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="3273.628" aki="2.81" energy1="168.34" energy2="30706.66" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="900" wavelength="3907.484" aki="1.66" energy1="0.00" energy2="25584.64" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2F°" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3911.812" aki="1.79" energy1="168.34" energy2="25724.68" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2F°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="3933.375" aki="0.162" energy1="168.34" energy2="25584.64" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2F°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="3996.601" aki="0.165" energy1="0.00" energy2="25014.21" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2D°" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="900" wavelength="4020.387" aki="1.63" energy1="0.00" energy2="24866.17" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2D°" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="900" wavelength="4023.678" aki="1.65" energy1="168.34" energy2="25014.21" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(3D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2D°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="4054.544" aki="0.441" energy1="0.00" energy2="24656.72" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(1D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2P°" J1="3/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="4082.387" aki="0.410" energy1="168.34" energy2="24656.88" electronconfig1="3d4s2" electronconfig2="3d4s(1D)4p" term1="2D" term2="2P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + </spectra> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="L. Nilson">1879</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <electronaffinity>-18</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.36</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1814</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3109</boilingpoint> + <density>2.99</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.54 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>144</covalent> + <atomic>160.6</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d1 4s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="+4.756483" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="44.95591" neutron="24" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="2.367" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="4+" magmoment="" halflife="7241184" halflifeformat="seconds" 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Gregor">1791</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity>-8</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.54</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1935</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3560</boilingpoint> + <density>4.51</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.82 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>144.8</covalent> + <atomic>140</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d2 4s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+4.+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="45.953" neutron="24" percentage="7.95" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="-0.78848" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="46.952" 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name for the Nordic goddess Freyja">Vanadium</name> + <symbol>V</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>50.9415</mass> + <block>d</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="3183.412" aki="2.4" energy1="137.382" energy2="31541.147" electronconfig1="3d34s2" electronconfig2="3d3(4F)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a4F" term2="x" J1="5/2" J2="4G°" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="3183.992" aki="2.5" energy1="323.457" energy2="31721.708" electronconfig1="3d34s2" electronconfig2="3d3(4F)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a4F" term2="x" J1="7/2" J2="4G°" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3185.385" aki="2.8" energy1="552.961" energy2="31937.266" electronconfig1="3d34s2" electronconfig2="3d3(4F)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a4F" term2="x" J1="9/2" J2="4G°" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3703.574" aki="0.92" energy1="2424.783" energy2="29418.073" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d3(4P)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="9/2" J2="6P°" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="3855.845" aki="0.578" energy1="552.961" energy2="26480.291" electronconfig1="3d34s2" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a4F" term2="y" J1="9/2" J2="4D°" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="3902.256" aki="0.268" energy1="552.961" energy2="26171.916" electronconfig1="3d34s2" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a4F" term2="y" J1="9/2" J2="4F°" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="4111.780" aki="1.01" energy1="2424.783" energy2="26738.318" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="9/2" J2="6D°" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="4115.180" aki="0.58" energy1="2311.355" energy2="26604.796" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="7/2" J2="6D°" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="4128.064" aki="0.77" energy1="2220.106" energy2="26437.640" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="5/2" J2="6D°" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="4131.989" aki="0.55" energy1="2311.355" energy2="26505.932" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="7/2" J2="6D°" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="4379.230" aki="1.1" energy1="2424.783" energy2="25253.432" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="9/2" J2="6F°" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="4384.710" aki="1.1" energy1="2311.355" energy2="25111.467" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="7/2" J2="6F°" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="4389.980" aki="0.69" energy1="2220.106" energy2="24992.884" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="5/2" J2="6F°" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="4395.223" aki="0.55" energy1="2153.207" energy2="24898.771" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="3/2" J2="6F°" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="4408.195" aki="0.60" energy1="2220.106" energy2="24898.771" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="y" J1="5/2" J2="6F°" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="4408.501" aki="2153.207" energy1="3d4(5D)4s" energy2="3d4(5D)4p" electronconfig1="a6D" electronconfig2="y" term1="3/2" term2="6F°" J1="24830.228" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="110" wavelength="6090.208" aki="0.26" energy1="8715.761" energy2="25131.005" electronconfig1="3d4(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4p" term1="a4D" term2="z" J1="7/2" J2="4P°" /> + </spectra> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="N. Sefström">1830</date> + <biologicalmeaning>4</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity>-51</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.63</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2163</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3650</boilingpoint> + <density>6.09</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.74 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>125</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d3 4s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+5.(+2.+3.+4)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="17.0" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="83" ecdecay="" spin="6+" magmoment="+3.34745" halflife="140000000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="49.93643" neutron="27" percentage="0.25" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="+5.1574" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="50.94396" neutron="28" percentage="99.750" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>24</number> + <name origin="Greek 'chroma' means 'color'">Chromium</name> + <symbol>Cr</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>51.9961</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3578.682" aki="1.48" energy1="0.00" energy2="27935.26" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a7S" term2="y7P°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="3593.481" aki="1.50" energy1="0.00" energy2="27820.23" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a7S" term2="y7P°" J1="3" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3605.320" aki="1.62" energy1="0.00" energy2="27728.87" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d4(5D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a7S" term2="y7P°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="4254.331" aki="0.315" energy1="0.00" energy2="23498.84" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4p" term1="a7S" term2="z7P°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="4274.806" aki="0.307" energy1="0.00" energy2="23386.35" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4p" term1="a7S" term2="z7P°" J1="3" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="4289.733" aki="0.316" energy1="0.00" energy2="23305.01" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4p" term1="a7S" term2="z7P°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="5204.505" aki="0.509" energy1="7593.16" energy2="26801.93" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4p" term1="a5S" term2="z5P°" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="5206.021" aki="0.514" energy1="7593.16" energy2="26796.28" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4p" term1="a5S" term2="z5P°" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="5208.415" aki="0.506" energy1="7593.16" energy2="26787.50" electronconfig1="3d5(6S)4s" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4p" term1="a5S" term2="z5P°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + </spectra> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="L. N. Vauquelin">1797</date> + <biologicalmeaning>4</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity>-64</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.66</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2130</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2945</boilingpoint> + <density>7.14</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.766</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>124.9</covalent> + <atomic>140</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d5 4s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.+3.(+1.+4.+5).+6</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="49.946" neutron="26" percentage="4.35" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="51.94" neutron="28" percentage="83.79" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="-0.47454" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="52.941" neutron="29" percentage="9.50" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="53.939" neutron="30" percentage="2.36" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>25</number> + <name origin="It was discovered near a town named Magnesia in a black earth. Thus. it was named 'magnesia nigra'. short: Manganese">Manganese</name> + <symbol>Mn</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>54.938049</mass> + <block>d</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="1996.056" aki="0.77" energy1="0.00" energy2="50099.03" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(4P)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a6S" term2="v6P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="1999.511" aki="0.76" energy1="0.00" energy2="50012.50" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(4P)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a6S" term2="v6P°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="2003.849" aki="0.76" energy1="0.00" energy2="49888.01" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(4P)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a6S" term2="v6P°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="2794.817" aki="3.7" energy1="0.00" energy2="35769.97" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a6S" term2="y6P°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="2798.270" aki="3.6" energy1="0.00" energy2="35725.85" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a6S" term2="y6P°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="140" wavelength="2801.084" aki="3.7" energy1="0.00" energy2="35689.98" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a6S" term2="y6P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="120" wavelength="3806.715" aki="0.59" energy1="17052.29" energy2="43314.23" electronconfig1="3d6(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="z6F°" J1="9/2" J2="11/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="4030.755" aki="0.17" energy1="0.00" energy2="24802.25" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a6S" term2="z6P°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="4033.068" aki="0.165" energy1="0.00" energy2="24788.05" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a6S" term2="z6P°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="4034.485" aki="0.158" energy1="0.00" energy2="24779.32" electronconfig1="3d54s2" electronconfig2="3d5(6S)4s4p(3P°)" term1="a6S" term2="z6P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="4041.357" aki="0.787" energy1="17052.29" energy2="41789.48" electronconfig1="3d6(5D)4s" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4p" term1="a6D" term2="z6D°" J1="9/2" J2="9/2" /> + </spectra> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="C. W. Scheele">1774</date> + <biologicalmeaning>1</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.55</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1518</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2235</boilingpoint> + <density>7.44</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.435</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>139</covalent> + <atomic>140</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d5 4s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.+4.(+5).+6.+7</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="1.377" spin="3+" magmoment="+3.2818" halflife="26967168" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="53.94036" neutron="29" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="+3.4687" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="54.93805" neutron="30" percentage="100" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>own</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>26</number> + <name origin="Latin 'ferrum'">Iron</name> + <symbol>Fe</symbol> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="2483.2708" aki="4.81" energy1="0.000" energy2="40257.311" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(1P)" term1="a5D" term2="x5F°" J1="4" J2="5" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="2488.1426" aki="4.20" energy1="415.933" energy2="40594.429" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(1P)" term1="a5D" term2="x5F°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="2490.6443" aki="3.45" energy1="704.007" energy2="40842.151" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(1P)" term1="a5D" term2="x5F°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="2522.8494" aki="2.13" energy1="0.000" energy2="39625.801" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(1P)" term1="a5D" term2="x5D°" J1="4" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="2719.0273" aki="1.42" energy1="0.000" energy2="36766.964" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(1P)" term1="a5D" term2="y5P°" J1="4" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="2788.1047" aki="0.59" energy1="6928.268" energy2="42784.349" electronconfig1="3d7(4F)4s" electronconfig2="3d6(3H)4s4p(3P)" term1="a5F" term2="y5G°" J1="5" J2="6" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="3440.6060" aki="0.171" energy1="0.000" energy2="29056.322" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(3P)" term1="a5D" term2="z5P°" J1="4" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3581.1931" aki="1.02" energy1="6928.268" energy2="34843.955" electronconfig1="3d7(4F)4s" electronconfig2="3d7(4F)4p" term1="a5F" term2="z5G°" J1="5" J2="6" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3719.9348" aki="0.162" energy1="0.000" energy2="26874.548" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(3P)" term1="a5D" term2="z5F°" J1="4" J2="5" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="3734.8638" aki="0.902" energy1="6928.268" energy2="33695.395" electronconfig1="3d7(4F)4s" electronconfig2="3d7(4F)4p" term1="a5F" term2="y5F°" J1="5" J2="5" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3737.1316" aki="0.141" energy1="415.933" energy2="27166.818" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(3P)" term1="a5D" term2="z5F°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3745.5613" aki="0.115" energy1="704.007" energy2="27394.689" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(3P)" term1="a5D" term2="z5F°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3748.2622" aki="0.0914" energy1="888.132" energy2="27559.581" electronconfig1="3d64s2" electronconfig2="3d6(5D)4s4p(3P)" term1="a5D" term2="z5F°" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="3749.4854" aki="0.764" 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weight="57.933" neutron="32" percentage="0.34" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>27</number> + <name origin="Named after the German word 'Kobold' for 'goblin'">Cobalt</name> + <symbol>Co</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>58.933200</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="2407.256" aki="3.6" energy1="0.000" energy2="41528.455" electronconfig1="3d74s2" electronconfig2="3d7(4F)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a4F" term2="x" J1="9/2" J2="4G°" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="2411.624" aki="3.5" energy1="816.000" energy2="42269.229" electronconfig1="3d74s2" electronconfig2="3d7(4F)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a4F" term2="x" J1="7/2" J2="4G°" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="2424.935" aki="3.2" energy1="0.000" energy2="41225.710" electronconfig1="3d74s2" electronconfig2="3d7(4F)4s4p(1P°)" term1="a4F" term2="x4F°" J1="9/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="2521.365" 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<block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="G. Brandt">1737</date> + <biologicalmeaning>2</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>-64</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.88</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1768</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3143</boilingpoint> + <density>8.89</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.86 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>125.3</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d7 4s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.+3.(+4)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="100.0" betaplusdecay="4.566" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="" spin="4+" magmoment="" halflife="6663168" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="55.93984" neutron="29" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.836" spin="7/2-" magmoment="" halflife="23483520" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="56.93629" neutron="30" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="100.0" betaplusdecay="2.3" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="" spin="2+" magmoment="" halflife="6118848" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="57.93576" neutron="31" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="+4.627" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="58.93320" neutron="32" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="2.824" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5+" magmoment="+3.799" halflife="5.2714" halflifeformat="years" weight="59.93382" neutron="33" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>28</number> + <name origin="'Nickel' was the name of a mountain goblin">Nickel</name> + <symbol>Ni</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>58.6934</mass> + <block>d</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="2320.034" aki="6.94" energy1="0.000" energy2="43089.578" electronconfig1="3d8(3F)4s2" electronconfig2="3d8(3F)4s4p(1P°)" term1="3F" term2="3G°" J1="4" J2="5" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="2345.543" aki="2.23" energy1="0.000" energy2="42620.994" electronconfig1="3d8(3F)4s2" electronconfig2="3d8(1D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="3F" term2="3D°" J1="4" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="3002.485" aki="0.903" energy1="204.787" energy2="33500.822" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d8(3F)4s4p(3P°)" term1="3D" term2="3D°" J1="3" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="3012.001" aki="1.3" energy1="3409.937" energy2="36600.791" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d8(3F)4s4p(3P°)" term1="1D" term2="1D°" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="3050.816" aki="0.604" energy1="204.787" energy2="32973.376" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d8(3F)4s4p(3P°)" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3101.557" aki="0.699" energy1="879.816" energy2="33112.334" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d8(3F)4s4p(3P°)" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="3134.104" aki="0.749" energy1="1713.087" energy2="33610.890" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d8(3F)4s4p(3P°)" term1="3D" term2="3D°" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3414.764" aki="0.615" energy1="204.787" energy2="29480.989" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3446.259" aki="0.455" energy1="879.816" energy2="29888.477" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="3D" term2="3D°" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3458.460" aki="0.667" energy1="1713.087" energy2="30619.414" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3461.652" aki="0.278" energy1="204.787" energy2="29084.456" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d8(3F)4s4p(3P°)" term1="3D" term2="5F°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="3492.956" aki="1.02" energy1="879.816" energy2="29500.674" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="3D" term2="3P°" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="3515.052" aki="0.474" energy1="879.816" energy2="29320.762" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3524.536" aki="1.09" energy1="204.787" energy2="28569.203" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="3D" term2="3P°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3566.372" aki="0.56" energy1="3409.937" energy2="31441.635" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="1D" term2="1D°" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="3619.391" aki="0.66" energy1="3409.937" energy2="31031.020" electronconfig1="3d9(2D)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4p" term1="1D" term2="1F°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + </spectra> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="A. F. Cronstedt">1751</date> + <biologicalmeaning>4</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>-112</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.91</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1726</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3005</boilingpoint> + <density>8.91</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.635 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>124.6</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw>163</vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d8 4s2</orbits> + <oxydation>0.(+2).+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="57.935" neutron="30" percentage="67.8" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="1.072" spin="3/2-" magmoment="" halflife="75000" halflifeformat="years" weight="58.93435" neutron="31" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="59.931" neutron="32" percentage="26.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="-0.75002" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="60.931" neutron="33" percentage="1.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="61.928" neutron="34" percentage="3.7" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.065" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="" halflife="100.1" halflifeformat="years" weight="62.92967" neutron="35" percentage="1.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="63.928" neutron="36" percentage="1.1" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>29</number> + <name origin="Greek 'cuprum' for Cypres">Copper</name> + <symbol>Cu</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>63.546</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="130" wavelength="2165.09" aki="0.547" energy1="0.000" energy2="46172.842" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="2178.94" aki="0.913" energy1="0.000" energy2="45879.311" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="2181.72" aki="0.994" energy1="0.000" energy2="45821.00" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="2225.70" aki="0.444" energy1="0.000" energy2="44915.61" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="4D°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="2230.08" aki="11202.565" energy1="3d94s2" energy2="3d9(2D)4s4p(1P°)" electronconfig1="2D" electronconfig2="2F°" term1="5/2" term2="" J1="56029.95" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="2244.26" aki="0.0185" energy1="0.000" energy2="44544.153" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="4D°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="2441.64" aki="0.0201" energy1="0.000" energy2="40943.73" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="4P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="2492.15" aki="0.0279" energy1="0.000" energy2="40113.99" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="4P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3247.54" aki="1.37" energy1="0.000" energy2="30783.686" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d10(1S)4p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3273.96" aki="1.36" energy1="0.000" energy2="30535.302" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d10(1S)4p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="5105.54" aki="0.020" energy1="11202.565" energy2="30783.686" electronconfig1="3d94s2" electronconfig2="3d10(1S)4p" term1="2D" term2="2P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="5153.24" aki="0.60" energy1="30535.302" 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ore is very rough">Zinc</name> + <symbol>Zn</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>65.39</mass> + <block>d</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="130" wavelength="2165.09" aki="0.547" energy1="0.000" energy2="46172.842" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="2178.94" aki="0.913" energy1="0.000" energy2="45879.311" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="2181.72" aki="0.994" energy1="0.000" energy2="45821.00" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="2225.70" aki="0.444" energy1="0.000" energy2="44915.61" electronconfig1="3d10(1S)4s" electronconfig2="3d9(2D)4s4p(3P°)" term1="2S" term2="4D°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="2230.08" 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electronconfig2="4s25s" term1="2P°" term2="2S" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="4172.042" aki="0.945" energy1="826.19" energy2="24788.530" electronconfig1="4s24p" electronconfig2="4s25s" term1="2P°" term2="2S" J1="3/2" J2="1/2" /> + </spectra> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="P. 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Winkler">1886</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity>-116</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.01</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1211.5</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3107</boilingpoint> + <density>5.32</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.899 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>122.5</covalent> + <atomic>125</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d10 4s2 4p2</orbits> + <oxydation>+4.(+2)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="69.924" neutron="38" percentage="20.6" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" 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'arsenikos' for 'male' or 'bold'">Arsenic</name> + <symbol>As</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>74.92160</mass> + <block>p</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="1890.43" aki="2.7" energy1="0.000" energy2="52898.056" electronconfig1="4p3" electronconfig2="4p2(3P)5s" term1="4S°" term2="4P" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="1937.59" aki="2.2" energy1="0.000" energy2="51610.393" electronconfig1="4p3" electronconfig2="4p2(3P)5s" term1="4S°" term2="4P" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="1972.62" aki="2.0" energy1="0.000" energy2="50693.897" electronconfig1="4p3" electronconfig2="4p2(3P)5s" term1="4S°" term2="4P" J1="3/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="50" wavelength="2288.12" aki="2.8" energy1="10914.866" energy2="54605.491" electronconfig1="4p3" electronconfig2="4p2(3P)5s" term1="2D°" term2="2P" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="2349.84" aki="3.1" energy1="10592.666" 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halflifeformat="seconds" weight="75.92239" neutron="43" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Metalloids</family> + <crystalstructure>rh</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>34</number> + <name origin="Greek 'selena' for 'moon'">Selenium</name> + <symbol>Se</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>78.96</mass> + <block>p</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="1960.894" aki="2.13" energy1="0.00" energy2="50997.161" electronconfig1="4p4" electronconfig2="4p3(4S°)5s" term1="3P" term2="3S°" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="150" wavelength="1995.111" aki="0.0" energy1="22446.202" energy2="72568.72" electronconfig1="4p4" electronconfig2="4p3(2P°)5s" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="2039.842" aki="0.98" energy1="1989.497" energy2="50997.161" electronconfig1="4p4" electronconfig2="4p3(4S°)5s" term1="3P" term2="3S°" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="2062.779" aki="0.33" 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J. Berzelius">1817</date> + <biologicalmeaning>2</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity>-195</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.55</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>494</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>958</boilingpoint> + <density>4.82</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>9.752 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>116</covalent> + <atomic>115</atomic> + <vdw>190</vdw> + <ionic charge="-2">202</ionic> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d10 4s2 4p4</orbits> + <oxydation>(-2).+4.(+6)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="73.922" neutron="40" percentage="0.9" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="75.919" neutron="42" percentage="9.5" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.535506" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="76.92" neutron="43" percentage="8.3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="77.917" neutron="44" percentage="24" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="79.917" neutron="46" percentage="48" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="81.917" neutron="48" percentage="9.3" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Non-Metal</family> + <crystalstructure>hcp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>35</number> + <name origin="Greek 'bromos' for 'smells badly'">Bromine</name> + <symbol>Br</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>79.904</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="1488.45" aki="2.0" energy1="0.00" energy2="67183.58" electronconfig1="4p5" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5s" term1="2P°" term2="2P" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="1540.65" aki="2.2" energy1="0.00" energy2="64907.19" electronconfig1="4p5" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5s" term1="2P°" term2="4P" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="1574.84" aki="0.20" energy1="3685.24" energy2="67183.58" electronconfig1="4p5" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5s" term1="2P°" term2="2P" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="1633.40" aki="0.23" energy1="3685.24" energy2="64907.19" electronconfig1="4p5" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5s" term1="2P°" term2="4P" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="130" wavelength="7348.51" aki="0.12" energy1="64907.19" energy2="78511.60" electronconfig1="4p4(3P)5s" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5p" term1="4P" term2="2D°" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="7512.96" aki="0.12" energy1="63436.45" energy2="76743.08" electronconfig1="4p4(3P)5s" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5p" term1="4P" term2="4D°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="7803.02" aki="0.053" energy1="66883.87" energy2="79695.89" electronconfig1="4p4(3P)5s" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5p" term1="4P" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="7938.68" aki="0.19" energy1="75890.33" energy2="88483.42" electronconfig1="4p4(1D)5s" electronconfig2="4p4(1D)5p" term1="2D°" term2="2D°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="8272.44" aki="0.0" energy1="63436.45" energy2="75521.50" electronconfig1="4p4(3P)5s" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5p" term1="4P" term2="4D°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="130" wavelength="8343.70" aki="0.22" energy1="66883.87" energy2="78865.72" electronconfig1="4p4(3P)5s" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5p" term1="4P" term2="4D°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="8446.55" aki="0.12" energy1="64907.19" energy2="76743.08" electronconfig1="4p4(3P)5s" electronconfig2="4p4(3P)5p" term1="4P" term2="4D°" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + </spectra> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>3</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="A. J. Balard">1826</date> + <biologicalmeaning>5</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity>-325</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.96</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>265.95</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>331.85</boilingpoint> + <density>3.14</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>11.814 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>114.5</covalent> + <atomic>115</atomic> + <vdw>185</vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d10 4s2 4p5</orbits> + <oxydation>-1.(+1.+5.+7)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="+2.1064" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="78.918" neutron="44" percentage="50.69" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="+2.2706" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="80.916" neutron="46" percentage="49.31" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Halogene</family> + <crystalstructure>or</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>36</number> + <name origin="Greek 'kryptos' for 'hidden'">Krypton</name> + <symbol>Kr</symbol> + <period>4</period> + <mass>83.80</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="1164.8671" aki="3.16" energy1="0.000" energy2="85846.7051" electronconfig1="4p6" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°1/2)5s" term1="1S" term2="2[1/2]°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="1235.8378" aki="3.12" energy1="0.000" energy2="80916.7685" electronconfig1="4p6" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" term1="1S" term2="2[3/2]°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="5570.2894" aki="0.021" energy1="79971.7422" energy2="97919.1473" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°1/2)5p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[1/2]" J1="2" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="5870.9160" aki="0.018" energy1="80916.7685" energy2="97945.1669" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°1/2)5p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[3/2]" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="8104.3655" aki="0.13" energy1="79971.7422" energy2="92307.3791" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[5/2]" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="8112.9012" aki="0.36" energy1="79971.7422" energy2="92294.4017" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[5/2]" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="8190.0566" aki="0.11" energy1="80916.7685" energy2="93123.3414" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[3/2]" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="8263.2426" aki="0.35" energy1="85846.7051" energy2="97945.1669" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°1/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°1/2)5p" term1="2[1/2]°" term2="2[3/2]" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="8298.1099" aki="0.32" energy1="80916.7685" energy2="92964.3948" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[3/2]" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="8508.8728" aki="0.24" energy1="85846.7051" energy2="97595.9158" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°1/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°1/2)5p" term1="2[1/2]°" term2="2[3/2]" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="8776.7505" aki="0.27" energy1="80916.7685" energy2="92307.3791" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5s" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" term1="2[3/2]°" term2="2[5/2]" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="13634.220" aki="0.0" energy1="92294.4017" energy2="99626.883" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)6s" term1="2[5/2]" term2="2[3/2]°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="14426.793" aki="0.0" energy1="92964.3948" energy2="99894.048" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)6s" term1="2[3/2]" term2="2[3/2]°" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="16890.441" aki="0.0" energy1="92307.3791" energy2="98226.268" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)4d" term1="2[5/2]" term2="2[7/2]°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="18167.315" aki="0.0" energy1="92294.4017" energy2="97797.287" electronconfig1="4p5(2P°3/2)5p" electronconfig2="4p5(2P°3/2)4d" term1="2[5/2]" term2="2[7/2]°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + </spectra> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>1</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="W. Ramsay. M. W. Travers">1898</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>39</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity></electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>116</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>120.85</boilingpoint> + <density>4.48</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>13.999 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>110</covalent> + <atomic>88</atomic> + <vdw>202</vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Ar 3d10 4s2 4p6</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.(+4)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="77.92" neutron="42" percentage="0.35" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="79.916" neutron="44" percentage="2.01" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="81.913" neutron="46" percentage="11.5" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="-0.970669" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="82.914" neutron="47" percentage="11.5" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="83.912" neutron="48" percentage="57.18" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="85.911" neutron="50" percentage="17.5" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Noblegas</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>37</number> + <name origin="Latin 'rubidus' for 'dark red'">Rubidium</name> + <symbol>Rb</symbol> + <period>5</period> + <mass>85.4678</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="11" wavelength="4201.80" aki="0.018" energy1="0.000" energy2="23792.591" electronconfig1="5s" electronconfig2="6p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="6" wavelength="4215.53" aki="0.015" energy1="0.000" energy2="23715.081" electronconfig1="5s" electronconfig2="6p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="7800.27" aki="0.370" energy1="0.000" energy2="12816.545" electronconfig1="5s" electronconfig2="5p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="7947.60" aki="0.340" energy1="0.000" energy2="12578.950" electronconfig1="5s" electronconfig2="5p" term1="2S" term2="2P°" J1="1/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="11" wavelength="14752.41" aki="0.0" energy1="12578.950" energy2="19355.649" electronconfig1="5p" electronconfig2="4d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="1/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="9" wavelength="15288.43" aki="0.0" energy1="12816.545" energy2="19355.649" electronconfig1="5p" electronconfig2="4d" term1="2P°" term2="2D" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + </spectra> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="Robert W. Bunsen. Gustav R. Kirchhoff">1861</date> + <biologicalmeaning>5</biologicalmeaning> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity>-47</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>0.82</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>312.63</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>961</boilingpoint> + <density>1.53</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>4.177 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>211</covalent> + <atomic>235</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 5s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+1</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="+1.3530" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="84.91179" neutron="48" percentage="72.17" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="99.99" betaminusdecay="1.774" ecpercentage="0.0052" ecdecay="" spin="2-" magmoment="-1.6920" halflife="1609715.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="85.91117" neutron="49" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="0.273" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="+2.75124" halflife="47500000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="86.900919" neutron="50" percentage="27.83" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Alkali_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>38</number> + <name origin="Named after the mineral Strontianit">Strontium</name> + <symbol>Sr</symbol> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="4607.33" aki="2.01" energy1="0.000" energy2="21698.482" electronconfig1="5s2" electronconfig2="5s5p" term1="1S" term2="1P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="70" wavelength="4811.88" aki="0.0" energy1="14898.563" energy2="35674.668" electronconfig1="5s5p" electronconfig2="5p2" term1="3P°" term2="3P" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="50" wavelength="4872.49" aki="0.0" energy1="14504.351" energy2="35022.015" electronconfig1="5s5p" electronconfig2="5s5d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="1" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="120" wavelength="4962.26" aki="0.0" energy1="14898.563" energy2="35045.055" electronconfig1="5s5p" electronconfig2="5s5d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="20" wavelength="4967.94" aki="0.0" energy1="14898.563" energy2="35022.015" electronconfig1="5s5p" electronconfig2="5s5d" term1="3P°" term2="3D" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="70" wavelength="5256.90" aki="0.0" energy1="18319.267" energy2="37336.616" electronconfig1="5s4d" electronconfig2="4d5p" term1="3D" term2="3P°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="110" wavelength="5480.84" aki="0.0" energy1="18319.267" energy2="36559.514" electronconfig1="5s4d" electronconfig2="4d5p" term1="3D" term2="3D°" J1="3" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="140" wavelength="6408.47" aki="0.0" energy1="18319.267" energy2="33919.330" electronconfig1="5s4d" electronconfig2="4d5p" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="80" wavelength="6504.00" aki="0.0" energy1="18218.795" energy2="33589.724" electronconfig1="5s4d" electronconfig2="4d5p" term1="3D" term2="3F°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="30" wavelength="6791.05" aki="0.0" energy1="14317.520" energy2="29038.795" electronconfig1="5s5p" electronconfig2="5s6s" term1="3P°" term2="3S" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="70" wavelength="6878.38" aki="0.0" energy1="14504.351" energy2="29038.795" electronconfig1="5s5p" electronconfig2="5s6s" term1="3P°" term2="3S" J1="1" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="20" wavelength="6892.59" aki="0.00048" energy1="0.000" energy2="14504.351" electronconfig1="5s2" electronconfig2="5s5p" term1="1S" term2="3P°" J1="0" J2="1" /> + <spectrum intensity="80" wavelength="7070.10" aki="0.0" energy1="14898.563" energy2="29038.795" electronconfig1="5s5p" electronconfig2="5s6s" term1="3P°" term2="3S" J1="2" J2="1" /> + </spectra> + <period>5</period> + <mass>87.62</mass> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="H. B. Davy">1790</date> + <biologicalmeaning>3</biologicalmeaning> + <group>2</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>0.95</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1042</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1655</boilingpoint> + <density>2.63</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.695</energy> + <energy>11.0</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>211</covalent> + <atomic>235</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 5s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="83.913" neutron="46" percentage="0.56" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100" ecdecay="1.08" spin="9/2+" magmoment="" halflife="5598720" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="84.91294" neutron="47" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="85.909" neutron="48" percentage="9.86" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="-1.093" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="86.909" neutron="49" percentage="7.0" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="87.906" neutron="50" percentage="82.58" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Alkaline_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>39</number> + <name origin="Named after the small town of Ytterby near Stockholm in Sweden. Terbium. 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percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="2.283" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="2-" magmoment="-1.630" halflife="230400" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="89.90715" neutron="51" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>40</number> + <name origin="Named after the mineral zircon">Zirconium</name> + <symbol>Zr</symbol> + <period>5</period> + <mass>91.224</mass> + <block>d</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3519.604" aki="0.0" energy1="0.00" energy2="28404.26" electronconfig1="4d25s2" electronconfig2="4d25s(a" term1="a3F" term2="2F)5p" J1="2" J2="x3G°" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="3547.683" aki="0.0" energy1="570.41" energy2="28749.80" electronconfig1="4d25s2" electronconfig2="4d25s(a" term1="a3F" term2="2F)5p" J1="3" J2="x3G°" /> + <spectrum 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wavelength="3890.316" aki="0.0" energy1="1240.84" energy2="26938.42" electronconfig1="4d25s2" electronconfig2="4d25s(a" term1="a3F" term2="2D)5p" J1="4" J2="x3F°" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3891.380" aki="0.39" energy1="1240.84" energy2="26931.35" electronconfig1="4d25s2" electronconfig2="4d25s(a" term1="a3F" term2="2F)5p" J1="4" J2="z5G°" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="4072.698" aki="1.19" energy1="5540.54" energy2="4" electronconfig1="4d3(b" electronconfig2="30087.33" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d3(b" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="4081.209" aki="0.0" energy1="5888.93" energy2="5" electronconfig1="4d3(b" electronconfig2="30384.50" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d3(b" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="4227.750" aki="0.0" energy1="5888.93" energy2="5" electronconfig1="4d3(b" electronconfig2="29535.48" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d3(b" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="4239.309" aki="0.0" 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electronconfig1="4d3(b" electronconfig2="19833.78" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d25s(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="8070.099" aki="0.0" energy1="5888.93" energy2="5" electronconfig1="4d3(b" electronconfig2="18276.92" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d25s(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + </spectra> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="">1789</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity>-41</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.33</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2128</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4682</boilingpoint> + <density>6.51</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.84 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>148</covalent> + <atomic>155</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 4d2 5s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+4</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="89.904" neutron="50" percentage="51.5" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="-1.30362" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="90.905" neutron="51" percentage="11.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="91.905" neutron="52" percentage="17.1" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.09" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="" halflife="1530000" halflifeformat="years" weight="92.90647" neutron="53" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="93.906" neutron="54" percentage="17.4" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.121" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="" halflife="5531328" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="94.90804" neutron="55" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="95.908" neutron="56" percentage="2.8" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>41</number> + <name origin="Named after Niobe. the daughter of the Greek god Tantalus">Niobium</name> + <symbol>Nb</symbol> + 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wavelength="4100.92" aki="0.76" energy1="391.99" energy2="5/2" electronconfig1="4d4(a" electronconfig2="24769.91" term1="5D)5s" term2="4d4(a" J1="a6D" J2="5D)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="4123.81" aki="0.58" energy1="154.19" energy2="3/2" electronconfig1="4d4(a" electronconfig2="24396.80" term1="5D)5s" term2="4d4(a" J1="a6D" J2="5D)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="4152.58" aki="0.38" energy1="695.25" energy2="7/2" electronconfig1="4d4(a" electronconfig2="24769.91" term1="5D)5s" term2="4d4(a" J1="a6D" J2="5D)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="4163.66" aki="0.65" energy1="154.19" energy2="3/2" electronconfig1="4d4(a" electronconfig2="24164.79" term1="5D)5s" term2="4d4(a" J1="a6D" J2="5D)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="4164.66" aki="0.50" energy1="391.99" energy2="5/2" electronconfig1="4d4(a" electronconfig2="24396.80" term1="5D)5s" term2="4d4(a" J1="a6D" J2="5D)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="4168.13" aki="0.91" energy1="0.00" energy2="1/2" electronconfig1="4d4(a" electronconfig2="23984.87" term1="5D)5s" term2="4d4(a" J1="a6D" J2="5D)5p" /> + </spectra> + <mass>92.90638</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="Charles Hatchett">1801</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity>-86</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.6</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2742</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>5015</boilingpoint> + <density>8.58</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.88 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>137</covalent> + <atomic>145</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 4d4 5s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+3.+5</oxydation> + <family>Transition</family> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="+6.1705" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="92.90638" neutron="52" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.925" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="+6.123" halflife="3036960" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="94.90683" neutron="54" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>42</number> + <name origin="This name has Greek roots. It means 'like Platinum' - it was difficult to distinguish Molybdenum from Platinum.">Molybdenum</name> + <symbol>Mo</symbol> + <period>5</period> + <mass>95.94</mass> + <block>d</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="3132.594" aki="1.79" energy1="0.000" energy2="31913.171" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d45s(6D)5p" term1="a7S" term2="y7P°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="3158.167" aki="0.463" energy1="0.000" energy2="31654.786" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d45s(6D)5p" term1="a7S" term2="z7D°" J1="3" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3170.344" aki="1.37" energy1="0.000" energy2="31533.206" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d45s(6D)5p" term1="a7S" term2="y7P°" J1="3" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="3193.979" aki="1.53" energy1="0.000" energy2="31299.876" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d45s(6D)5p" term1="a7S" term2="y7P°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="100" wavelength="3208.838" aki="0.277" energy1="0.000" energy2="31154.935" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d45s(6D)5p" term1="a7S" term2="z7D°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="110" wavelength="3447.124" aki="0.875" energy1="12346.280" energy2="41347.664" electronconfig1="4d45s2" electronconfig2="4d5(4G)5p" term1="a5D" term2="y5F°" J1="4" J2="5" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3798.252" aki="0.690" energy1="0.000" energy2="26320.420" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(6S)5p" term1="a7S" term2="z7P°" J1="3" J2="4" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3864.104" aki="0.624" energy1="0.000" energy2="25871.887" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(6S)5p" term1="a7S" term2="z7P°" J1="3" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="3902.953" aki="0.617" energy1="0.000" energy2="25614.367" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(6S)5p" term1="a7S" term2="z7P°" J1="3" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="80" wavelength="4069.882" aki="0.325" energy1="16783.856" energy2="41347.664" electronconfig1="4d5(4G)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(4G)5p" term1="a5G" term2="y5F°" J1="6" J2="5" /> + <spectrum intensity="90" wavelength="4188.324" aki="0.332" energy1="16784.522" energy2="40653.701" electronconfig1="4d5(4G)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(4G)5p" term1="a5G" term2="z5H°" J1="5" J2="6" /> + <spectrum intensity="90" wavelength="4411.695" aki="0.263" energy1="16784.522" energy2="39445.182" electronconfig1="4d5(4G)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(4G)5p" term1="a5G" term2="z5G°" J1="5" J2="5" /> + <spectrum intensity="250" wavelength="5506.494" aki="0.361" energy1="10768.332" energy2="28923.668" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(6S)5p" term1="a5S" term2="z5P°" J1="2" J2="3" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="5533.031" aki="0.372" energy1="10768.332" energy2="28836.592" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(6S)5p" term1="a5S" term2="z5P°" J1="2" J2="2" /> + <spectrum intensity="90" wavelength="5570.444" aki="0.330" energy1="10768.332" energy2="28715.242" electronconfig1="4d5(6S)5s" electronconfig2="4d5(6S)5p" term1="a5S" term2="z5P°" J1="2" J2="1" /> + </spectra> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="C. W. Scheele">1778</date> + <biologicalmeaning>1</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity>-72</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.16</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2896</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4912</boilingpoint> + <density>10.28</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.099</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>145</covalent> + <atomic>145</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 4d5 5s1</orbits> + <oxydation>(+2.+3.+4.+5).+6</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="91.90681" neutron="50" percentage="15.9" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="" halflife="3500" halflifeformat="years" weight="92.90681" neutron="51" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="93.905" neutron="52" percentage="9.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="-0.9133" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="94.906" neutron="53" percentage="16.5" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="95.905" neutron="54" percentage="15.7" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="-0.9133" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="96.905" neutron="55" percentage="9.4" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="97.906" neutron="56" percentage="23.7" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.357" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="" halflife="5762016" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="98.90771" neutron="57" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="99.908" neutron="58" percentage="9.6" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>43</number> + <name origin="Greek 'technetos' for artificial">Technetium</name> + <symbol>Tc</symbol> + <period>5</period> + <mass>98.9063</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="C. Perrier. E. G. Segre">1937</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3173.30" aki="0.86" energy1="0.00" energy2="31503.93" electronconfig1="4d55s2" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6S" term2="y4P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="3182.37" aki="0.39" energy1="0.00" energy2="31414.05" electronconfig1="4d55s2" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6S" term2="y4P°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="200" wavelength="3183.11" aki="0.56" energy1="0.00" energy2="31406.74" electronconfig1="4d55s2" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6S" term2="y4P°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="3466.28" aki="1.22" energy1="2572.89" energy2="31414.05" electronconfig1="4d6(5D)5s" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6D" term2="y4P°" J1="9/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3636.07" aki="1.57" energy1="2572.89" energy2="30067.29" electronconfig1="4d6(5D)5s" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6D" term2="z6F°" J1="9/2" J2="11/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="3718.86" aki="1.05" energy1="3250.91" energy2="30133.26" electronconfig1="4d6(5D)5s" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6D" term2="z6F°" J1="7/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="3984.97" aki="0.42" energy1="2572.89" energy2="27660.10" electronconfig1="4d6(5D)5s" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6D" term2="z6D°" J1="9/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="4031.63" aki="1.01" energy1="2572.89" energy2="27369.79" electronconfig1="4d6(5D)5s" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6D" term2="z6D°" J1="9/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="4095.67" aki="0.49" energy1="3250.91" energy2="27660.10" electronconfig1="4d6(5D)5s" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a6D" term2="z6D°" J1="7/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="4238.19" aki="0.38" energy1="0.00" energy2="23588.40" electronconfig1="4d55s2" electronconfig2="4d55s(7S)5s" term1="a6S" term2="z6P°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="4262.27" aki="0.40" energy1="0.00" energy2="23455.21" electronconfig1="4d55s2" electronconfig2="4d55s(7S)5s" term1="a6S" term2="z6P°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="4297.06" aki="0.42" energy1="0.00" energy2="23265.32" electronconfig1="4d55s2" electronconfig2="4d55s(7S)5s" term1="a6S" term2="z6P°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="4853.59" aki="0.49" energy1="10516.53" energy2="31114.08" electronconfig1="4d6(5D)5s" electronconfig2="4d6(5D)5p" term1="a4D" term2="z4F°" J1="7/2" J2="9/2" /> + </spectra> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity>-53</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.9</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2477</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4538</boilingpoint> + <density>11.49</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.28 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>156</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 4d6 5s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+7</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.32" spin="9/2+" magmoment="" halflife="2600000" halflifeformat="years" weight="96.90636" neutron="54" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.293" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="+5.6847" halflife="211100" halflifeformat="years" weight="98.90625" neutron="56" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>44</number> + <name origin="Ruthenia is the old name of Russia">Ruthenium</name> + <symbol>Ru</symbol> + <period>5</period> + <mass>101.07</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3436.737" aki="0.728" energy1="1190.64" energy2="4" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="30279.68" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="3498.944" aki="0.861" energy1="0.00" energy2="5" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="28571.89" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3589.220" aki="0.911" energy1="3105.49" energy2="1" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="30958.80" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3593.029" aki="0.817" energy1="2713.24" energy2="2" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="30537.06" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3596.185" aki="0.420" energy1="2091.54" energy2="3" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="29890.91" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="3726.926" aki="0.753" energy1="1190.64" energy2="4" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="28014.79" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="3728.026" aki="0.820" energy1="0.00" energy2="5" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="26816.23" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3730.432" aki="0.706" energy1="2091.54" energy2="3" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="28890.47" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="3798.899" aki="0.598" energy1="1190.64" energy2="4" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="27506.59" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="3799.353" aki="0.533" energy1="0.00" energy2="5" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="26312.83" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a5F" J2="4F)5p" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="4199.892" aki="0.399" energy1="6545.03" energy2="4" electronconfig1="4d7(a" electronconfig2="30348.45" term1="4F)5s" term2="4d7(a" J1="a3F" J2="4F)5p" /> + </spectra> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="K. Klaus">1844</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>-101</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.2</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2610</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4425</boilingpoint> + <density>12.45</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.37 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>126</covalent> + <atomic>130</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 4d7 5s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+3.+4.(+8)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="95.908" neutron="52" percentage="5.68" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="1.2" spin="5/2" magmoment="+0.687" halflife="250560" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="96.90755" neutron="53" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="97.906" neutron="54" percentage="2.22" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+0.6413" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="98.906" neutron="55" percentage="12.91" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="99.903" neutron="56" percentage="12.7" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="-0.7188" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="100.904" neutron="57" percentage="16.98" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="101.904" neutron="58" percentage="31.34" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.767" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.67" halflife="3392064" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="102.90632" neutron="59" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="103.906" neutron="60" percentage="18.27" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>45</number> + <name origin="Greek 'rhodeos' means 'red like a rose'">Rhodium</name> + <symbol>Rh</symbol> + <period>5</period> + <mass>102.90550</mass> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="3323.09" aki="0.63" energy1="1529.97" energy2="31613.78" electronconfig1="4d8(3F)5s" electronconfig2="4d8(3F)5p" term1="a4F" term2="z2G°" J1="7/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3396.82" aki="0.65" energy1="0.00" energy2="29430.86" electronconfig1="4d8(3F)5s" electronconfig2="4d8(3F)5p" term1="a4F" term2="z4F°" J1="9/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="900" wavelength="3434.89" aki="0.0" energy1="0.00" energy2="29104.71" electronconfig1="4d8(3F)5s" electronconfig2="4d8(3F)5p" term1="a4F" term2="z4G°" J1="9/2" J2="11/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="3502.52" aki="0.43" energy1="0.00" energy2="28542.69" electronconfig1="4d8(3F)5s" electronconfig2="4d8(3F)5p" term1="a4F" 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term2="z4G°" J1="7/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="4374.80" aki="0.164" energy1="5690.97" energy2="28542.69" electronconfig1="4d8(3F)5s" electronconfig2="4d8(3F)5p" term1="a2F" term2="z4G°" J1="7/2" J2="9/2" /> + </spectra> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="W. Wollaston">1803</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>-110</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.28</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2236</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3970</boilingpoint> + <density>12.41</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.46 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>135</covalent> + <atomic>134.5</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 4d8 5s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+1.(+2).+3.(+4)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="-0.08840" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="102.9055" neutron="58" percentage="100" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>46</number> + <name origin="Named after the planetoid Pallas">Palladium</name> + 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Reich. H.T. Richter">1863</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <electronaffinity>-29</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.78</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>429.78</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2350</boilingpoint> + <density>7.31</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.786</energy> + <energy>18.9</energy> + <energy>28.0</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>144</covalent> + <atomic>155</atomic> + <vdw>193</vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Kr 4d10 5s2 5p1</orbits> + <oxydation>+3.(+1.+2)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="+5.5229" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="112.90406" neutron="64" percentage="4.28" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" 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The Lanthanoids are also called the 'rare earth'">Lanthanum</name> + <symbol>La</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>138.9055</mass> + <block>f</block> + <spectra> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="3574.43" aki="0.0" energy1="0.000" energy2="27968.54" electronconfig1="5d6s2" electronconfig2="4f5d(3D°)6s" term1="2D" term2="°" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="300" wavelength="4060.33" aki="0.0" energy1="4121.572" energy2="28743.24" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="4f5d(3G°)6s" term1="4F" term2="4G°" J1="9/2" J2="11/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="4187.32" aki="0.0" energy1="0.000" energy2="23874.95" electronconfig1="5d6s2" electronconfig2="5d6s(3D)6p" term1="2D" term2="°" J1="3/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="400" wavelength="4280.27" aki="0.0" energy1="1053.164" energy2="24409.68" electronconfig1="5d6s2" electronconfig2="4f5d(1G°)6s" term1="2D" term2="°" J1="5/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="500" wavelength="4949.77" aki="0.87" energy1="0.000" energy2="20197.34" electronconfig1="5d6s2" electronconfig2="5d6s(1D)6p" term1="2D" term2="°" J1="3/2" J2="1/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="5145.42" aki="0.0" energy1="3010.002" energy2="22439.36" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="4F" term2="4D°" J1="5/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="800" wavelength="5177.31" aki="0.0" energy1="3494.526" energy2="22804.25" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="4F" term2="4D°" J1="7/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="5211.86" aki="0.0" energy1="4121.572" energy2="23303.26" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="4F" term2="4D°" J1="9/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="5234.27" aki="0.0" energy1="4121.572" energy2="23221.10" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="5d6s(3D)6p" term1="4F" term2="°" J1="9/2" J2="7/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="5455.15" aki="0.0" energy1="1053.164" energy2="19379.40" electronconfig1="5d6s2" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="2D" term2="2D°" J1="5/2" J2="5/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="700" wavelength="5501.34" aki="0.529" energy1="0.000" energy2="18172.35" electronconfig1="5d6s2" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="2D" term2="2D°" J1="3/2" J2="3/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="5791.34" aki="0.0" energy1="4121.572" energy2="21384.00" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="4F" term2="4F°" J1="9/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="1000" wavelength="6249.93" aki="0.0" energy1="4121.572" energy2="20117.38" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="4F" term2="4G°" J1="9/2" J2="11/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="600" wavelength="6394.23" aki="0.0" energy1="3494.526" energy2="19129.31" electronconfig1="5d2(3F)6s" electronconfig2="5d2(3F)6p" term1="4F" term2="4G°" J1="7/2" J2="9/2" /> + <spectrum intensity="" wavelength="" aki="" energy1="" energy2="" electronconfig1="" electronconfig2="" term1="" term2="" J1="" J2="" /> + </spectra> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="K. G. Mosander">1839</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.10</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1191</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3737</boilingpoint> + <density>6.16</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.577</energy> + <energy>11.0</energy> + <energy>19.17</energy> + <energy>49.9</energy> + <energy>61.6</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>169</covalent> + <atomic>187.0</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 5d1 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="33.6" betaminusdecay="1.04" ecpercentage="66.4" ecdecay="1.75" spin="5+" magmoment="+3.707" halflife="105000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="137.907105" neutron="81" percentage="0.0902" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="+2.778" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="138.91" neutron="82" percentage="99.9098" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="3.761" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3-" magmoment="+0.73" halflife="144987.84" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="139.90947" neutron="83" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hcp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>58</number> + <name origin="Named after the planetoid Ceres">Cerium</name> + <symbol>Ce</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>140.116</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="Jöns Jacob Berzelius. W. Hisinger. M. Klaproth">1803</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.12</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1071</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3715</boilingpoint> + <density>6.77</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.47</energy> + <energy>10.9</energy> + <energy>20.2</energy> + <energy>36.8</energy> + <energy>65.5</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>165</covalent> + <atomic>182.5</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f1 5d1 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3.+4</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="135.907" neutron="78" percentage="0.193" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="100.0" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="" halflife="32400" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="136.90777" neutron="79" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="137.90663" neutron="80" percentage="0.25" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.27" spin="3/2+" magmoment="±0.9" halflife="11892096" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="138.905" neutron="81" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="139.905" neutron="82" percentage="88.46" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.581" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="±0.97" halflife="2808086.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="140.90827" neutron="83" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="141.909" neutron="84" percentage="11.07" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>59</number> + <name origin="Greek 'prasinos didymos' for 'green twin'">Praseodymium</name> + <symbol>Pr</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>140.90765</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="K. C. Auer von Welsbach">1885</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.13</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1204</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3785</boilingpoint> + <density>6.48</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.42</energy> + <energy>10.6</energy> + <energy>21.6</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>165</covalent> + <atomic>182.8</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f3 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3.+4</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+4.3" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="140.90765" neutron="82" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="99.98" betaminusdecay="2.160" ecpercentage="0.02" ecdecay="" spin="2-" magmoment="" halflife="68832" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="141.91004" neutron="83" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>60</number> + <name origin="Greek 'neos didymos' for 'new twin'">Neodymium</name> + <symbol>Nd</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>144.24</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="C. Auer von Welsbach">1885</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.14</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1294</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3347</boilingpoint> + <density>7.00</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.49 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>164</covalent> + <atomic>182.1</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f4 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="141.907" neutron="82" percentage="27.1" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="-1.08" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="142.90981" neutron="83" percentage="12.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="1.83" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="2290000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="143.91008" neutron="84" percentage="23.8" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="-0.66" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="144.912" neutron="85" percentage="8.3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="145.913" neutron="86" percentage="17.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.91" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="0.59" halflife="948672" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="146.91610" neutron="87" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="147.916" neutron="88" percentage="5.72" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.66" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="" halflife="6192" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="148.92015" neutron="89" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="149.921" neutron="90" percentage="5.6" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>61</number> + <name origin="Named after the greek Prometheus. Prometheus stole the fire from the gods and gave it to mankind.">Promethium</name> + <symbol>Pm</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>146.9151</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="J. A. Marinsky. C. D. Coryell. L. E. Glendenin">1945</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.13</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1315</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3273</boilingpoint> + <density>7.22</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.55 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>163</covalent> + <atomic>181.0</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f5 6s2</orbits> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.224" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="+2.7" halflife="2.5" halflifeformat="years" weight="146.91513" neutron="86" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="2.46" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1-" magmoment="" halflife="465696" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="147.91747" neutron="87" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.073" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="±3.3" halflife="191160" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="148.91833" neutron="88" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="3.43" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1-" magmoment="" halflife="9720" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="149.92098" neutron="89" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>62</number> + <name origin="Named after the mineral Samarskit">Samarium</name> + <symbol>Sm</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>150.36</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="P. Lecoq de Boisbaudran">1879</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.17</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1347</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2067</boilingpoint> + <density>7.54</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.63 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>166</covalent> + <atomic>180.2</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f6 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="143.912" neutron="82" percentage="3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.65" spin="7/2-" magmoment="" halflife="29376000" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="144.91341" neutron="83" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="2.55" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="103100000" halflifeformat="years" weight="145.91340" neutron="84" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="2.31" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="-0.813" halflife="106000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="146.91489" neutron="85" percentage="14.97" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="2.00" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="12000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="147.91482" neutron="86" percentage="11.3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="1.9" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="-0.670" halflife="400000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="148.91718" neutron="87" percentage="13.83" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="149.91727" neutron="88" percentage="7.44" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.076" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="" halflife="93" halflifeformat="years" weight="150.91933" neutron="89" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="151.919" neutron="90" percentage="26" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.8" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="-0.0217" halflife="166572" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="152.92209" neutron="91" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="153.922" neutron="92" percentage="20" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>63</number> + <name origin="Named after Europe">Europium</name> + <symbol>Eu</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>151.964</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="E. A. Demarcay">1901</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.2</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1095</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1800</boilingpoint> + <density>5.25</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.67 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>185</covalent> + <atomic>204.2</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f7 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+3.464" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="150.919847" neutron="88" percentage="47.7" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+1.530" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="152.921225" neutron="90" percentage="52.23" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>64</number> + <name origin="Named after the Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin">Gadolinium</name> + <symbol>Gd</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>157.25</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="">1880</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.20</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1585</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3545</boilingpoint> + <density>7.89</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.14 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>161</covalent> + <atomic>180.2</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f7 5d1 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="2.24" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="108000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="151.91979" neutron="88" percentage="0.2" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="0.24" spin="3/2-" magmoment="" halflife="20874240" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="152.92175" neutron="89" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="153.921" neutron="90" percentage="2.15" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="-0.27" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="154.923" neutron="91" percentage="14.78" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="155.922" neutron="92" percentage="20.59" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="-0.36" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="156.924" neutron="93" percentage="15.71" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="157.924" neutron="94" percentage="24.79" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.95" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="" halflife="66816" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="158.926386" neutron="95" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="159.927" neutron="96" percentage="21.79" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>65</number> + <name origin="Named after the Swedish town of Ytterby">Terbium</name> + <symbol>Tb</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>158.92534</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="K. G. Mosander">1843</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.1</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1629</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3500</boilingpoint> + <density>8.25</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.85 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>159</covalent> + <atomic>178.2</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f9 6s2</orbits> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+1.95" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="158.925344" neutron="94" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.72" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3-" magmoment="+1.702" halflife="6246720" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="159.927165" neutron="95" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <oxydation>+3.+4</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>66</number> + <name origin="Greek 'dysprositor' for 'difficult to reach'">Dysprosium</name> + <symbol>Dy</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>162.50</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="F. E. Lecoq de Boisbaudran">1886</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>2</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.22</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1685</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2840</boilingpoint> + <density>8.56</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.93 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>159</covalent> + <atomic>177.3</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f10 6s2</orbits> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="155.92428" neutron="90" percentage="0.052" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="157.92440" neutron="92" percentage="0.090" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="159.92519" neutron="94" percentage="2.29" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="-0.4805" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="160.92693" neutron="95" percentage="18.88" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="161.92680" neutron="96" percentage="25.53" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="+0.6726" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="162.92873" neutron="97" percentage="24.97" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="163.92917" neutron="98" percentage="28.18" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.3" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="" halflife="8402.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="164.93170" neutron="98" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>67</number> + <name origin="Latin 'holmia' for the old name of Stockholm">Holmium</name> + <symbol>Ho</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>164.93032</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="J. L. Soret. P.T. Cleve">1878</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.23</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1747</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2968</boilingpoint> + <density>8.78</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.02 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>158</covalent> + <atomic>176.6</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <orbits>Xe 4f11 6s2</orbits> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="+4.173" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="164.93032" neutron="98" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.85" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0-" magmoment="0" halflife="96840" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="165.93228" neutron="99" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>68</number> + <name origin="Named ofter the Swedish town of Ytterby. Terbium and Ytterbium are also named after this town.">Erbium</name> + <symbol>Er</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>167.259</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="K. G. Mosander">1843</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.24</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1802</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3140</boilingpoint> + <density>9.05</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.10 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>157</covalent> + <atomic>175.7</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f12 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="161.929" neutron="94" percentage="0.136" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="163.929" neutron="96" percentage="1.56" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="165.93029" neutron="98" percentage="33.41" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="-0.5665" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="166.93205" neutron="99" percentage="22.94" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="167.93237" neutron="100" percentage="27.07" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="169.935" neutron="102" percentage="14.88" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>69</number> + <name origin="Named after the old name of Scandinavia. 'Thule'">Thulium</name> + <symbol>Tm</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>168.93421</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="P. T. Cleve">1879</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.25</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1818</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2223</boilingpoint> + <density>9.32</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.18 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>156</covalent> + <atomic>174.6</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f13 6s2</orbits> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="-0.2316" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="168.93421" neutron="100" percentage="100" /> + </isotopes> + <oxydation>+2.+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>70</number> + <name origin="Like Terbium and Gadolinium. this is named after the Swedish town of Ytterby">Ytterbium</name> + <symbol>Yb</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>173.04</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="J. Ch. Marignac">1878</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.1</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1092</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1469</boilingpoint> + <density>9.32</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.254 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>170</covalent> + <atomic>194</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="167.934" neutron="98" percentage="0.135" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="169.93476" neutron="100" percentage="3.03" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.4919" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="170.93632" neutron="101" percentage="14.31" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="171.93638" neutron="102" percentage="21.82" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="-0.6776" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="172.93821" neutron="103" percentage="16.13" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="173.93886" neutron="104" percentage="31.84" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.467" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="±0.3" halflife="244224" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="174.94127" neutron="105" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="175.94256" neutron="106" percentage="12.73" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>71</number> + <name origin="Named after the Roman name 'Lutetia' for Paris">Lutetium</name> + <symbol>Lu</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>174.967</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="C. Auer von Welsbach. G. Urbain">1907</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.27</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1936</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3668</boilingpoint> + <density>9.84</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.426 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>156</covalent> + <atomic>173.4</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d1 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="+2.2327" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="174.941" neutron="104" percentage="97.41" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7-" magmoment="3.19" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="175.943" neutron="105" percentage="2.59" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="+2.239" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="176.943752" neutron="106" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>72</number> + <name origin="'Hafnia' is the old name of Kopenhagen (Denmark)">Hafnium</name> + <symbol>Hf</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>178.49</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="D. Coster. G. Hevesy">1923</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2504</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4875</boilingpoint> + <density>13.31</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.0 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>144</covalent> + <atomic>156.4</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d2 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+5</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="2.55" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="2000000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="173.94004" neutron="102" percentage="0.18" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.59" spin="5/2-" magmoment="0.70" halflife="6048000" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="174.94151" neutron="103" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="175.94140" neutron="104" percentage="5.21" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="+0.7935" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="176.94322" neutron="105" percentage="18.6" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="177.94370" neutron="106" percentage="27.3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="-0.6409" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="178.94581" neutron="107" percentage="13.63" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="179.94655" neutron="108" percentage="35.1" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>73</number> + <name origin="Named after the Greek myth of Tantalos">Tantalum</name> + <symbol>Ta</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>180.9479</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="A. Ekeberg">1802</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity>-31</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.5</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>3293</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>5730</boilingpoint> + <density>16.68</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.89 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>134</covalent> + <atomic>143</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d3 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+3.+5</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="14.0" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="86.0" ecdecay="" spin="9-" magmoment="" halflife="10000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="179.947462" neutron="107" percentage="0.012" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2+" magmoment="+2.370" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="180.947992" neutron="108" percentage="99.998" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.811" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3-" magmoment="2.6" halflife="9892800" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="181.950149" neutron="109" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>74</number> + <name origin="'tung sten' means 'heavy stone' in Swedish. The old name (and thus the symbol 'W') was Wolfram. named after a mineral">Tungsten</name> + <symbol>W</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>183.84</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="C. W. Scheele">1783</date> + <biologicalmeaning>5</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity>-79</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.36</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>3695</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>5825</boilingpoint> + <density>19.26</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.98 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>130</covalent> + <atomic>137</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d4 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>(+4). +6</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="179.947" neutron="106" percentage="0.122" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.19" spin="9/2+" magmoment="" halflife="10471680" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="180.94820" neutron="107" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0+" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="181.94820" neutron="108" percentage="26.3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.1177847" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="182.950220" neutron="109" percentage="14.28" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="183.950928" neutron="110" percentage="30.7" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.432" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="" halflife="4129920" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="184.953416" neutron="111" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="185.954357" neutron="112" percentage="29.17" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.321" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="0.688" halflife="2064960" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="186.957153" neutron="113" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>75</number> + <name origin="Named after the German river Rhine (latin 'Rhenium')">Rhenium</name> + <symbol>Re</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>186.207</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="W. Noddack. I. Tacke-Noddack. O. Berg">1925</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity>-14</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.9</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>3455</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>5870</boilingpoint> + <density>21.03</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.88</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>159</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx>274.1</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+4">63</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>0.0007</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d5 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+7.+2.+4</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+3.172" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="184.952951" neutron="110" percentage="37.4" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="93.1" betaminusdecay="1.071" ecpercentage="6.9" ecdecay="" spin="1-" magmoment="+1.739" halflife="324000" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="185.954984" neutron="111" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.00251" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+3.2197" halflife="43500000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="186.955744" neutron="112" percentage="62.6" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="2.12" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1-" magmoment="+1.788" halflife="61128" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="187.958106" neutron="113" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>76</number> + <name origin="Greek for 'smell'. Its oxides smell strongly like radishes">Osmium</name> + <symbol>Os</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>190.23</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="S. Tennant">1804</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>-106</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.2</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>3300</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>5300</boilingpoint> + <density>22.61</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>8.7 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>128</covalent> + <atomic>130</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx>267.5</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+4">63</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>0.005</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d6 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+4.(+2.+3.+6.+8)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="183.953" neutron="108" percentage="0.018" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.98" spin="1/2-" magmoment="" halflife="8087040" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="184.954041" neutron="109" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="2000000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="185.953830" neutron="110" percentage="1.58" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.06465" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="186.955741" neutron="111" percentage="1.59" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="187.955860" neutron="112" percentage="13.3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.659933" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="188.958137" neutron="113" percentage="16.1" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="189.958436" neutron="114" percentage="26.4" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.313" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2-" magmoment="" halflife="13.30560" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="190.960920" neutron="115" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="191.961476" neutron="116" percentage="41" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>77</number> + <name origin="Greek 'iris' for 'rainbow'">Iridium</name> + <symbol>Ir</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>192.217</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="S. Tennant">1804</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>-151</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.20</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2720</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4700</boilingpoint> + <density>22.65</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>9.1 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>137</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx>271.4</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+4">63</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>0.001</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d7 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+1.+4.(+2.+3.+6)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.1461" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="190.960584" neutron="114" percentage="38.5" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="4.6" betaplusdecay="1.2" betaminuspercentage="95.4" betaminusdecay="1.454" ecpercentage="4.6" ecdecay="" spin="4-" magmoment="+1.880" halflife="6378998.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="191.962580" neutron="115" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.1591" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="192.962917" neutron="116" percentage="61.5" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>78</number> + <name origin="Spanish 'platina' means 'small silver'">Platinum</name> + <symbol>Pt</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>195.078</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="A. de Ulloa">1735</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>-205</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.28</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2042.1</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4100</boilingpoint> + <density>21.450</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>9.0 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>128</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw>175</vdw> + <bondxx>277.5</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+2">80</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>0.01</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d9 6s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.+4</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="3.18" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="650000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="189.959917" neutron="112" percentage="0.0127" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="2.6" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="1000000000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="191.961019" neutron="114" percentage="0.78" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="193.962655" neutron="116" percentage="32.9" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.60949" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="194.964766" neutron="117" percentage="33.8" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="195.9650" neutron="118" percentage="25.3" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.75" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="-0.51" halflife="65880" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="196.967315" neutron="119" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="197.967869" neutron="120" percentage="7.2" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>79</number> + <name origin="Latin 'aurum'. named after Aurora. the goddess of sunrise">Gold</name> + <symbol>Au</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>196.96654</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="">0</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity>-223</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.54</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1337.58</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3130</boilingpoint> + <density>19.32</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>9.225 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>144.2</covalent> + <atomic>135</atomic> + <vdw>166</vdw> + <bondxx>288.4</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+1">137</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>0.004</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s1</orbits> + <oxydation>(+1).+3</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.230" spin="3/2+" magmoment="±0.148" halflife="16078176" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="194.965013" neutron="116" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.1457" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="196.966543" neutron="118" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.372" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="2-" magmoment="+0.5934" halflife="232718.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="197.968217" neutron="119" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.453" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="+0.2715" halflife="271209.6" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="198.968740" neutron="120" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>80</number> + <name origin="Graeco-Latin 'hydrargyrum' for 'liquid silver'">Mercury</name> + <symbol>Hg</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>200.59</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="">0</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>2</group> + <electronaffinity>61</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.00</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>234.31</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>629.88</boilingpoint> + <density>13.55</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>10.437 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>160</covalent> + <atomic>150</atomic> + <vdw>155</vdw> + <bondxx>300.5</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+2">102</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>0.08</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2</orbits> + <oxydation>(+1).+2</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="195.965807" neutron="116" percentage="0.146" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="100.0" ecdecay="0.42" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.5274" halflife="230904" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="196.967187" neutron="117" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="197.966743" neutron="118" percentage="10.02" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.5058851" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="198.968254" neutron="119" percentage="16.84" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="199.968300" neutron="120" percentage="23.13" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="-0.560225" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="200.970277" neutron="121" percentage="13.22" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="201.970617" neutron="122" percentage="29.80" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.492" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="+0.8489" halflife="4027276.8" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="202.972848" neutron="123" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="203.973467" neutron="124" percentage="6.85" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>81</number> + <name origin="Greek 'tallos' for 'young twig'">Thallium</name> + <symbol>Tl</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>204.3833</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="W. Crookes">1861</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <electronaffinity>-20</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.04</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>577</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1746</boilingpoint> + <density>11.85</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.108</energy> + <energy>20.4</energy> + <energy>29.8</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>170.4</covalent> + <atomic>190</atomic> + <vdw>196</vdw> + <ionic charge="+1">150</ionic> + <bondxx>340.8</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0.7</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1</orbits> + <oxydation>+1.(+3)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="+1.622257" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="202.972320" neutron="122" percentage="29.52" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="97.43" betaminusdecay="0.763" ecpercentage="2.57" ecdecay="0.345" spin="2-" magmoment="-0.06" halflife="3.78" halflifeformat="years" weight="203.97384" neutron="123" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="+1.6382134" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="204.974401" neutron="124" percentage="70.48" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Other_Metal</family> + <crystalstructure>hdp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>82</number> + <name origin="Latin 'plumbum' for Lead">Lead</name> + <symbol>Pb</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>207.2</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="">0</date> + <biologicalmeaning>3</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity>-35</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.33</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>600.65</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2023</boilingpoint> + <density>11.34</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.416 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>147</covalent> + <atomic>180</atomic> + <vdw>202</vdw> + <bondxx>350.0</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+2">118</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>13</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2.(+4)</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0" magmoment="" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="203.97302" neutron="122" percentage="1.4" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0" magmoment="" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="205.974440" neutron="124" percentage="24.1" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2" magmoment="+0.5926" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="206.975872" neutron="125" percentage="22.1" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0" magmoment="" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="207.976627" neutron="126" percentage="52.4" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Other_Metal</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>83</number> + <name origin="The old name of Bismuth is 'Wismut'. This stood for 'white mass'">Bismuth</name> + <symbol>Bi</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>208.98038</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <date scientist="">0</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity>-91</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.02</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>544.59</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1837</boilingpoint> + <density>9.80</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>7.289 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2" magmoment="+4.11" halflife="" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="208.980347" neutron="126" percentage="100.0" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.04" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.16" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1" magmoment="-0.044" halflife="432864.0" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="209.984095" neutron="127" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <radius> + <covalent>155</covalent> + <atomic>160</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+5">74</ionic> + <ionic charge="+3">102</ionic> + <bondxx>309</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>13</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3</orbits> + <oxydation>+3.(+5)</oxydation> + <family>Other_Metal</family> + <crystalstructure>rh</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>84</number> + <name origin="Named after Poland to honor Marie Curie">Polonium</name> + <symbol>Po</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>208.9824</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="M. Sklodowska-Curie. P. Curie">1898</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity>-183</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.0</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>527</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint></boilingpoint> + <density>9.20</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>8.42 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="99.74" alphadecay="4.976" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="0.26" ecdecay="" spin="1/2-" magmoment="+0.77" halflife="102" halflifeformat="years" weight="208.9824" neutron="125" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.407" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="11955686.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="209.982848" neutron="126" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="7.594" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="" halflife="0.516" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="210.986627" neutron="127" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="0.000000299" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="211.9888" neutron="128" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="0.0001643" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="213.9952" neutron="130" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="99.9998" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="0.0002" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2+" magmoment="" halflife="0.001781" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="214.9994" neutron="131" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="6.906" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="0.145" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="216.001889" neutron="132" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="99.98" alphadecay="6.114" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="0.02" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="186" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="218.0089" neutron="134" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <radius> + <covalent>167.5</covalent> + <atomic>190</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx>334.5</bondxx> + <ionic charge="+6">97</ionic> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4</orbits> + <oxydation>(+2).+4.(+6)</oxydation> + <family>Metalloids</family> + <crystalstructure>mono</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>85</number> + <name origin="Greek 'astator' for 'changing'">Astatine</name> + <symbol>At</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>209.9871</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>3</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="D.R. Corson. K.R. McKenzie. E. Segre">1940</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity>-270</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>2.2</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>575</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>610</boilingpoint> + <density></density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>9.5 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="0.18" alphadecay="5.63" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="99.82" ecdecay="3.98" spin="5+" magmoment="" halflife="29160" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="209.987126" neutron="125" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="41.7" alphadecay="5.981" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="58.3" ecdecay="0.784" spin="9/2-" magmoment="" halflife="25970.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="210.987469" neutron="126" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2-" magmoment="" halflife="0.0001" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="214.99864" neutron="130" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1-" magmoment="" halflife="0.0003" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="216.0024" neutron="131" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="99.99" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="0.01" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="9/2-" magmoment="" halflife="1938" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="217.00471" neutron="133" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="99.9" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="0.1" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="2-" magmoment="" halflife="1.6" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="118.00868" neutron="134" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic>127</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5</orbits> + <oxydation>-1.(1.3.5.7)</oxydation> + <family>Halogene</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>86</number> + <name origin="Named after Radium. It ends with 'on' to make it clear that it is a noble gas">Radon</name> + <symbol>Rn</symbol> + <period>6</period> + <mass>222.0176</mass> + <block>p</block> + <acidicbehaviour>1</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="E. Dorn">1898</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity>41</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity></electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>202</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>211.4</boilingpoint> + <density>9.23</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>10.748 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>145</covalent> + <atomic>120</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <orbits>Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6</orbits> + <oxydation>2</oxydation> + <family>Noblegas</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>87</number> + <name origin="Named after France to honor Marguerite Perey">Francium</name> + <symbol>Fr</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>223.0197</mass> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="M. Perey">1939</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity>-44</electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>0.7</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>300</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>950</boilingpoint> + <density></density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>4.0 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>270</covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+1">180</ionic> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance></abundance> + <orbits>Rn 7s1</orbits> + <oxydation>+1</oxydation> + <family>Alkali_Earth</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>88</number> + <name origin="Latin 'radius' for 'beam', as it is radioactive">Radium</name> + <symbol>Ra</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>226.0254</mass> + <block>s</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="M. Sklodowska-Curie. P. Curie">1898</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>2</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>0.89</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>973</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>1413</boilingpoint> + <density>5.50</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.279</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>223</covalent> + <atomic>215</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+2">143</ionic> + <bondxx>445.8</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <orbits>Rn 7s2</orbits> + <oxydation>+2</oxydation> + <family>Alkaline_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>bcc</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>89</number> + <name origin="Greek 'aktis' for 'beam' - actinium is radioactive">Actinium</name> + <symbol>Ac</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>227.0278</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="A.L. Debierne">1899</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.1</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1324</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3470</boilingpoint> + <density>10.07</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.9 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>187.8</covalent> + <atomic>195</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">118</ionic> + <bondxx>375.6</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <orbits>Rn 6d1 7s2</orbits> + <oxydation>(+2).+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>90</number> + <name origin="Named after the German god of thunder: Thor">Thorium</name> + <symbol>Th</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>232.0381</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="J. J. Berzelius">1828</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>2028</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>5060</boilingpoint> + <density>11.72</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.95 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="6.145" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2+" magmoment="" halflife="1617235.2" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="227.02770" neutron="137" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.52" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="1.9131" halflifeformat="years" weight="228.02872" neutron="138" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.17" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+0.46" halflife="7340" halflifeformat="years" weight="229.03176" neutron="139" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.77" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="75380" halflifeformat="years" weight="230.03313" neutron="140" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.389" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="" halflife="91872" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="231.03630" neutron="141" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.081" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="14000000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="232.03805" neutron="142" percentage="100" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.27" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="1338" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="234.036593" neutron="144" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic>179.8</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+4">100</ionic> + <bondxx>359.5</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>12</abundance> + <oxydation>+3.+4</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 6d2 7s2</orbits> + <crystalstructure>ccp</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>91</number> + <name origin="Greek 'protos' for 'ancester'. Protactinium is before Actinium in the periodic table.">Protactinium</name> + <symbol>Pa</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>231.03588</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="O. Hahn. L. Meitern. W. Wollaston">1917</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.5</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1845</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4300</boilingpoint> + <density>15.37</density> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic>180.6</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+4">98</ionic> + <ionic charge="+5">89</ionic> + <ionic charge="+3">113</ionic> + <bondxx>321.2</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>12</abundance> + <oxydation>+4.+5</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.148" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="±2.01" halflife="32760" halflifeformat="years" weight="231.03588" neutron="140" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.34" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="+3.5" halflife="113184" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="232.03857" neutron="141" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.572" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="3/2-" magmoment="+3.5" halflife="2329948.8" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="233.04024" neutron="142" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f2 6d1 7s2</orbits> + <crystalstructure>own</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>92</number> + <name origin="Greek 'ouranos' for 'heaven'. Named after the planet Uranus">Uranium</name> + <symbol>U</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>238.02891</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="M. M. Klaproth">1789</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.38</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1408</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4407</boilingpoint> + <density>18.97</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.08 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.41" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="73.6" halflifeformat="years" weight="232.03713" neutron="140" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.91" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="+0.55" halflife="159200" halflifeformat="years" weight="233.03963" neutron="141" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.856" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="245000" halflifeformat="years" weight="234.04095" neutron="142" percentage="0.005" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.6793" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="7/2-" magmoment="-0.35" halflife="703800000" halflifeformat="years" weight="235.04392" neutron="143" percentage="0.7200" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.569" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="23415000" halflifeformat="years" weight="236.04556" neutron="144" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.52" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="" halflife="583200" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="237.04872" neutron="145" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.039" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="4468000000" halflifeformat="years" weight="238.05078" neutron="146" percentage="99.2748" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.5" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="50760" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="240.05659" neutron="148" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <radius> + <covalent>138.5</covalent> + <atomic>175</atomic> + <vdw>186</vdw> + <ionic charge="+4">97</ionic> + <ionic charge="+6">80</ionic> + <ionic charge="+6">73</ionic> + <bondxx>277</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>2.3</abundance> + <oxydation>+3.+4.+5.+6.+7</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f3 6d1 7s2</orbits> + <crystalstructure>own</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>93</number> + <name origin="Named after the planet Neptune.">Neptunium</name> + <symbol>Np</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>237.0482</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="E. M. McMillan. P. Aberson">1940</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.36</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>912</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>4175</boilingpoint> + <density>20.48</density> + <ionisationenergy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>131</covalent> + <atomic>175</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+4">95</ionic> + <bondxx>262</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <oxydation>+4.+3.+5.+7</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.96" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="" halflife="2140000" halflifeformat="years" weight="237.04817" neutron="144" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="1.29" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="2+" magmoment="" halflife="182908.8" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="238.05094" neutron="145" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.72" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="" halflife="203472" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="239.05293" neutron="146" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f4 6d1 7s2</orbits> + <crystalstructure>own</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>94</number> + <name origin="Named after the planet Pluto.">Plutonium</name> + <symbol>Pu</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>244.0642</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="G.T. Seaborg. E.M. McMillan. J.W. Kennedy. A.C. Wahl">1940</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.28</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>913</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>3505</boilingpoint> + <density>19.74</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>5.8 </energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>151</covalent> + <atomic>175</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+4">80</ionic> + <bondxx>302.6</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <oxydation>+3.+4.+5.+6.+7</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.87" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="2.87" halflifeformat="years" weight="236.04603" neutron="142" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="0.004" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="99.996" ecdecay="0.22" spin="7/2-" magmoment="" halflife="3905280" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="237.04841" neutron="143" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.59" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="0" halflife="87.74" halflifeformat="years" weight="238.04955" neutron="144" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.24" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="1/2+" magmoment="+0.203" halflife="24119" halflifeformat="years" weight="239.05216" neutron="145" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.26" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="6563" halflifeformat="years" weight="240.05381" neutron="146" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="100.0" betaminusdecay="0.02" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2+" magmoment="-0.683" halflife="14.35" halflifeformat="years" weight="241.05685" neutron="147" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="4.983" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="0+" magmoment="" halflife="373300" halflifeformat="years" weight="242.05874" neutron="148" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f6 7s2</orbits> + <crystalstructure>own</crystalstructure> + </element> + <element> + <number>95</number> + <name origin="Named after America.">Americium</name> + <symbol>Am</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>243.0614</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="G.T. Seaborg. L.O. Morgan. R.A. James. A. Ghiors">1945</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1449</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint>2880</boilingpoint> + <density>13.67</density> + <ionisationenergy> + <energy>6.0</energy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent>184</covalent> + <atomic>175</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">100</ionic> + <bondxx>345.0</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <oxydation>+2.+3.+4.+5.+6</oxydation> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.637" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="+1.61" halflife="432.7" halflifeformat="years" weight="241.05682" neutron="146" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="82.7" betaminusdecay="0.67" ecpercentage="17.3" ecdecay="0.73" spin="1-" magmoment="" halflife="57672" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="242.05954" neutron="147" percentage="" /> + <isotope alphapercentage="100.0" alphadecay="5.439" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="5/2-" magmoment="" halflife="7380" halflifeformat="years" weight="243.06137" neutron="148" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f7 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>96</number> + <name origin="Named after Marie Curie.">Curium</name> + <symbol>Cm</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>247.0703</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="G. T. Seaborg. R. A. James. A. Ghiors">1944</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">98</ionic> + <bondxx>347.7</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <meltingpoint>1620</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint></boilingpoint> + <density>13.51</density> + <oxydation>+3.+4</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f7 6d1 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>97</number> + <name origin="Named after the town Berkeley where it was discovered.">Berkelium</name> + <symbol>Bk</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>247.0703</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">98</ionic> + <bondxx>339.8</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <date scientist="G. T. Seaborg. A. Ghiors. S.G. Thompson">1949</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1258</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint></boilingpoint> + <density>13.25</density> + <oxydation>+3.+4</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f9 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>98</number> + <name origin="Named after the US-State of California.">Californium</name> + <symbol>Cf</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>251.0796</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="G. T. Seaborg. A Ghiors. S. G. Thompson">1950</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>2</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">98</ionic> + <bondxx>337.7</bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1172</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint></boilingpoint> + <density>15.1</density> + <oxydation>+3.+4</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f10 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>99</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist Albert Einstein.">Einsteinium</name> + <symbol>Es</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>252.0829</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="G. T. Seaborg et al.">1952</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>3</group> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic>186</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">98</ionic> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="40780800" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="153" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1130</meltingpoint> + <oxydation>+2.+3.+4</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f11 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>100</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist Enrico Fermi.">Fermium</name> + <symbol>Fm</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>257.0951</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="G. T. Seaborg et al.">1953</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic>190</atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">97</ionic> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="9115200" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="157" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1800</meltingpoint> + <oxydation>+2.+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f12 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>101</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist D.I. Mendeleev.">Mendelevium</name> + <symbol>Md</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>258.0986</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="G. T. Seaborg et al.">1955</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">96</ionic> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="4449600" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="157" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <meltingpoint>1100</meltingpoint> + <oxydation>+2.+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f13 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>102</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist Alfred Nobel.">Nobelium</name> + <symbol>No</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>259.1009</mass> + <block>f</block> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+2">113</ionic> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1958</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1100</meltingpoint> + <oxydation>+2.+3.+4</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f14 7s2</orbits> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="3480" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="259.1009" neutron="157" percentage="100" /> + </isotopes> + </element> + <element> + <number>103</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist Ernest Orlando Lawrence.">Lawrencium</name> + <symbol>Lr</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>262.110</mass> + <block>f</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1961</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity>1.3</electronegativity> + <meltingpoint>1900</meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint></boilingpoint> + <density></density> + <ionisationenergy> + </ionisationenergy> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="12960" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="262.110" neutron="159" percentage="100" /> + </isotopes> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <ionic charge="+3">94</ionic> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <family>Rare_Earth</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f14 7s2 7p1</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>104</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist Ernest Rutherford">Rutherfordium</name> + <symbol>Rf</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>261.1089</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1964</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>4</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity></electronegativity> + <meltingpoint></meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint></boilingpoint> + <density></density> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="66" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="157" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <ionisationenergy> + </ionisationenergy> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <oxydation>+3</oxydation> + <family>Transition</family> + <orbits>Rn 5f14 6d2 7s2</orbits> + </element> + <element> + <number>105</number> + <name origin="Named after the science-town Dubna in Russia">Dubnium</name> + <symbol>Db</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>262.1144</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1967</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>5</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <electronegativity></electronegativity> + <meltingpoint></meltingpoint> + <boilingpoint></boilingpoint> + <density></density> + <ionisationenergy> + </ionisationenergy> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="34" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="157" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <orbits>Rn 5f14 6d3 7s2</orbits> + <family>Transition</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>106</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist G. Theodore Seaborg.">Seaborgium</name> + <symbol>Sg</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>263.1186</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1974</date> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="20" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="160" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <group>6</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <family>Transition</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>107</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist Niels Bohr.">Bohrium</name> + <symbol>Bh</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>262.1231</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1981</date> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="0.4" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="157" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <group>7</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <family>Transition</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>108</number> + <name origin="Latin 'hassia' for the German county Hessen. In Hessen. a lot elements have been discovered.">Hassium</name> + <symbol>Hs</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>265.1306</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>2</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1984</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="9.3" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="161" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <family>Transition</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>109</number> + <name origin="Named after the scientist Lise Meitner.">Meitnerium</name> + <symbol>Mt</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>266.1378</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <date scientist="">1982</date> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="0.7" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="159" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <family>Transition</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>110</number> + <name origin="Named after the German city Darmstadt where many elements have been discovered.">Darmstadtium</name> + <symbol>Ds</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>271</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1994</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="0.001" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="161" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <group>8</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <family>Transition</family> + </element> + <element> + <number>111</number> + <name origin="Named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen.">Roentgenium</name> + <symbol>Rg</symbol> + <period>7</period> + <mass>272</mass> + <block>d</block> + <acidicbehaviour>0</acidicbehaviour> + <artificial>1</artificial> + <radioactive>1</radioactive> + <date scientist="">1994</date> + <biologicalmeaning>0</biologicalmeaning> + <radius> + <covalent></covalent> + <atomic></atomic> + <vdw></vdw> + <bondxx></bondxx> + </radius> + <abundance>0</abundance> + <isotopes> + <isotope alphapercentage="" alphadecay="" betapluspercentage="" betaplusdecay="" betaminuspercentage="" betaminusdecay="" ecpercentage="" ecdecay="" spin="" magmoment="" halflife="0.0015" halflifeformat="seconds" weight="" neutron="161" percentage="" /> + </isotopes> + <group>1</group> + <electronaffinity></electronaffinity> + <family>Transition</family> + </element> +</kalzium> |