1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198
6199
6200
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6217
6218
6219
6220
6221
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226
6227
6228
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6241
6242
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255
6256
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270
6271
6272
6273
6274
6275
6276
6277
6278
6279
6280
6281
6282
6283
6284
6285
6286
6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299
6300
6301
6302
6303
6304
6305
6306
6307
6308
6309
6310
6311
6312
6313
6314
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328
6329
6330
6331
6332
6333
6334
6335
6336
6337
6338
6339
6340
6341
6342
6343
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351
6352
6353
6354
6355
6356
6357
6358
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366
6367
6368
6369
6370
6371
6372
6373
6374
6375
6376
6377
6378
6379
6380
6381
6382
6383
6384
6385
6386
6387
6388
6389
6390
6391
6392
6393
6394
6395
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506
6507
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513
6514
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535
6536
6537
6538
6539
6540
6541
6542
6543
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550
6551
6552
6553
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560
6561
6562
6563
6564
6565
6566
6567
6568
6569
6570
6571
6572
6573
6574
6575
6576
6577
6578
6579
6580
6581
6582
6583
6584
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591
6592
6593
6594
6595
6596
6597
6598
6599
6600
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612
6613
6614
6615
6616
6617
6618
6619
6620
6621
6622
6623
6624
6625
6626
6627
6628
6629
6630
6631
6632
6633
6634
6635
6636
6637
6638
6639
6640
6641
6642
6643
6644
6645
6646
6647
6648
6649
6650
6651
6652
6653
6654
6655
6656
6657
6658
6659
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666
6667
6668
6669
6670
6671
6672
6673
6674
6675
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680
6681
6682
6683
6684
6685
6686
6687
6688
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703
6704
6705
6706
6707
6708
6709
6710
6711
6712
6713
6714
6715
6716
6717
6718
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740
6741
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747
6748
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770
6771
6772
6773
6774
6775
6776
6777
6778
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790
6791
6792
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800
6801
6802
6803
6804
6805
6806
6807
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812
6813
6814
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827
6828
6829
6830
6831
6832
6833
6834
6835
6836
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842
6843
6844
6845
6846
6847
6848
6849
6850
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855
6856
6857
6858
6859
6860
6861
6862
6863
6864
6865
6866
6867
6868
6869
6870
6871
6872
6873
6874
6875
6876
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881
6882
6883
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888
6889
6890
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895
6896
6897
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903
6904
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911
6912
6913
6914
6915
6916
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952
6953
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989
6990
6991
6992
6993
6994
6995
6996
6997
6998
6999
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016
7017
7018
7019
7020
7021
7022
7023
7024
7025
7026
7027
7028
7029
7030
7031
7032
7033
7034
7035
7036
7037
7038
7039
7040
7041
7042
7043
7044
7045
7046
7047
7048
7049
7050
7051
7052
7053
7054
7055
7056
7057
7058
7059
7060
7061
7062
7063
7064
7065
7066
7067
7068
7069
7070
7071
7072
7073
7074
7075
7076
7077
7078
7079
7080
7081
7082
7083
7084
7085
7086
7087
7088
7089
7090
7091
7092
7093
7094
7095
7096
7097
7098
7099
7100
7101
7102
7103
7104
7105
7106
7107
7108
7109
7110
7111
7112
7113
7114
7115
7116
7117
7118
7119
7120
7121
7122
7123
7124
7125
7126
7127
7128
7129
7130
7131
7132
7133
7134
7135
7136
7137
7138
7139
7140
7141
7142
7143
7144
7145
7146
7147
7148
7149
7150
7151
7152
7153
7154
7155
7156
7157
7158
7159
7160
7161
7162
7163
7164
7165
7166
7167
7168
7169
7170
7171
7172
7173
7174
7175
7176
7177
7178
7179
7180
7181
7182
7183
7184
7185
7186
7187
7188
7189
7190
7191
7192
7193
7194
7195
7196
7197
7198
7199
7200
7201
7202
7203
7204
7205
7206
7207
7208
7209
7210
7211
7212
7213
7214
7215
7216
7217
7218
7219
7220
7221
7222
7223
7224
7225
7226
7227
7228
7229
7230
7231
7232
7233
7234
7235
7236
7237
7238
7239
7240
7241
7242
7243
7244
7245
7246
7247
7248
7249
7250
7251
7252
7253
7254
7255
7256
7257
7258
7259
7260
7261
7262
7263
7264
7265
7266
7267
7268
7269
7270
7271
7272
7273
7274
7275
7276
7277
7278
7279
7280
7281
7282
7283
7284
7285
7286
7287
7288
7289
7290
7291
7292
7293
7294
7295
7296
7297
7298
7299
7300
7301
7302
7303
7304
7305
7306
7307
7308
7309
7310
7311
7312
7313
7314
7315
7316
7317
7318
7319
7320
7321
7322
7323
7324
7325
7326
7327
7328
7329
7330
7331
7332
7333
7334
7335
7336
7337
7338
7339
7340
7341
7342
7343
7344
7345
7346
7347
7348
7349
7350
7351
7352
7353
7354
7355
7356
7357
7358
7359
7360
7361
7362
7363
7364
7365
7366
7367
7368
7369
7370
7371
7372
7373
7374
7375
7376
7377
7378
7379
7380
7381
7382
7383
7384
7385
7386
7387
7388
7389
7390
7391
7392
7393
7394
7395
7396
7397
7398
7399
7400
7401
7402
7403
7404
7405
7406
7407
7408
7409
7410
7411
7412
7413
7414
7415
7416
7417
7418
7419
7420
7421
7422
7423
7424
7425
7426
7427
7428
7429
7430
7431
7432
7433
7434
7435
7436
7437
7438
7439
7440
7441
7442
7443
7444
7445
7446
7447
7448
7449
7450
7451
7452
7453
7454
7455
7456
7457
7458
7459
7460
7461
7462
7463
7464
7465
7466
7467
7468
7469
7470
7471
7472
7473
7474
7475
7476
7477
7478
7479
7480
7481
7482
7483
7484
7485
7486
7487
7488
7489
7490
7491
7492
7493
7494
7495
7496
7497
7498
7499
7500
7501
7502
7503
7504
7505
7506
7507
7508
7509
7510
7511
7512
7513
7514
7515
7516
7517
7518
7519
7520
7521
7522
7523
7524
7525
7526
7527
7528
7529
7530
7531
7532
7533
7534
7535
7536
7537
7538
7539
7540
7541
7542
7543
7544
7545
7546
7547
7548
7549
7550
7551
7552
7553
7554
7555
7556
7557
7558
7559
7560
7561
7562
7563
7564
7565
7566
7567
7568
7569
7570
7571
7572
7573
7574
7575
7576
7577
7578
7579
7580
7581
7582
7583
7584
7585
7586
7587
7588
7589
7590
7591
7592
7593
7594
7595
7596
7597
7598
7599
7600
7601
7602
7603
7604
7605
7606
7607
7608
7609
7610
7611
7612
7613
7614
7615
7616
7617
7618
7619
7620
7621
7622
7623
7624
7625
7626
7627
7628
7629
7630
7631
7632
7633
7634
7635
7636
7637
7638
7639
7640
7641
7642
7643
7644
7645
7646
7647
7648
7649
7650
7651
7652
7653
7654
7655
7656
7657
7658
7659
7660
7661
7662
7663
7664
7665
7666
7667
7668
7669
7670
7671
7672
7673
7674
7675
7676
7677
7678
7679
7680
7681
7682
7683
7684
7685
7686
7687
7688
7689
7690
7691
7692
7693
7694
7695
7696
7697
7698
7699
7700
7701
7702
7703
7704
7705
7706
7707
7708
7709
7710
7711
7712
7713
7714
7715
7716
7717
7718
7719
7720
7721
7722
7723
7724
7725
7726
7727
7728
7729
7730
7731
7732
7733
7734
7735
7736
7737
7738
7739
7740
7741
7742
7743
7744
7745
7746
7747
7748
7749
7750
7751
7752
7753
7754
7755
7756
7757
7758
7759
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767
7768
7769
7770
7771
7772
7773
7774
7775
7776
7777
7778
7779
7780
7781
7782
7783
7784
7785
7786
7787
7788
7789
7790
7791
7792
7793
7794
7795
7796
7797
7798
7799
7800
7801
7802
7803
7804
7805
7806
7807
7808
7809
7810
7811
7812
7813
7814
7815
7816
7817
7818
7819
7820
7821
7822
7823
7824
7825
7826
7827
7828
7829
7830
7831
7832
7833
7834
7835
7836
7837
7838
7839
7840
7841
7842
7843
7844
7845
7846
7847
7848
7849
7850
7851
7852
7853
7854
7855
7856
7857
7858
7859
7860
7861
7862
7863
7864
7865
7866
7867
7868
7869
7870
7871
7872
7873
7874
7875
7876
7877
7878
7879
7880
7881
7882
7883
7884
7885
7886
7887
7888
7889
7890
7891
7892
7893
7894
7895
7896
7897
7898
7899
7900
7901
7902
7903
7904
7905
7906
7907
7908
7909
7910
7911
7912
7913
7914
7915
7916
7917
7918
7919
7920
7921
7922
7923
7924
7925
7926
7927
7928
7929
7930
7931
7932
7933
7934
7935
7936
7937
7938
7939
7940
7941
7942
7943
7944
7945
7946
7947
7948
7949
7950
7951
7952
7953
7954
7955
7956
7957
7958
7959
7960
7961
7962
7963
7964
7965
7966
7967
7968
7969
7970
7971
7972
7973
7974
7975
7976
7977
7978
7979
7980
7981
7982
7983
7984
7985
7986
7987
7988
7989
7990
7991
7992
7993
7994
7995
7996
7997
7998
7999
8000
8001
8002
8003
8004
8005
8006
8007
8008
8009
8010
8011
8012
8013
8014
8015
8016
8017
8018
8019
8020
8021
8022
8023
8024
8025
8026
8027
8028
8029
8030
8031
8032
8033
8034
8035
8036
8037
8038
8039
8040
8041
8042
8043
8044
8045
8046
8047
8048
8049
8050
8051
8052
8053
8054
8055
8056
8057
8058
8059
8060
8061
8062
8063
8064
8065
8066
8067
8068
8069
8070
8071
8072
8073
8074
8075
8076
8077
8078
8079
8080
8081
8082
8083
8084
8085
8086
8087
8088
8089
8090
8091
8092
8093
8094
8095
8096
8097
8098
8099
8100
8101
8102
8103
8104
8105
8106
8107
8108
8109
8110
8111
8112
8113
8114
8115
8116
8117
8118
8119
8120
8121
8122
8123
8124
8125
8126
8127
8128
8129
8130
8131
8132
8133
8134
8135
8136
8137
8138
8139
8140
8141
8142
8143
8144
8145
8146
8147
8148
8149
8150
8151
8152
8153
8154
8155
8156
8157
8158
8159
8160
8161
8162
8163
8164
8165
8166
8167
8168
8169
8170
8171
8172
8173
8174
8175
8176
8177
8178
8179
8180
8181
8182
8183
8184
8185
8186
8187
8188
8189
8190
8191
8192
8193
8194
8195
8196
8197
8198
8199
8200
8201
8202
8203
8204
8205
8206
8207
8208
8209
8210
8211
8212
8213
8214
8215
8216
8217
8218
8219
8220
8221
8222
8223
8224
8225
8226
8227
8228
8229
8230
8231
8232
8233
8234
8235
8236
8237
8238
8239
8240
8241
8242
8243
8244
8245
8246
8247
8248
8249
8250
8251
8252
8253
8254
8255
8256
8257
8258
8259
8260
8261
8262
8263
8264
8265
8266
8267
8268
8269
8270
8271
8272
8273
8274
8275
8276
8277
8278
8279
8280
8281
8282
8283
8284
8285
8286
8287
8288
8289
8290
8291
8292
8293
8294
8295
8296
8297
8298
8299
8300
8301
8302
8303
8304
8305
8306
8307
8308
8309
8310
8311
8312
8313
8314
8315
8316
8317
8318
8319
8320
8321
8322
8323
8324
8325
8326
8327
8328
8329
8330
8331
8332
8333
8334
8335
8336
8337
8338
8339
8340
8341
8342
8343
8344
8345
8346
8347
8348
8349
8350
8351
8352
8353
8354
8355
8356
8357
8358
8359
8360
8361
8362
8363
8364
8365
8366
8367
8368
8369
8370
8371
8372
8373
8374
8375
8376
8377
8378
8379
8380
8381
8382
8383
8384
8385
8386
8387
8388
8389
8390
8391
8392
8393
8394
8395
8396
8397
8398
8399
8400
8401
8402
8403
8404
8405
8406
8407
8408
8409
8410
8411
8412
8413
8414
8415
8416
8417
8418
8419
8420
8421
8422
8423
8424
8425
8426
8427
8428
8429
8430
8431
8432
8433
8434
8435
8436
8437
8438
8439
8440
8441
8442
8443
8444
8445
8446
8447
8448
8449
8450
8451
8452
8453
8454
8455
8456
8457
8458
8459
8460
8461
8462
8463
8464
8465
8466
8467
8468
8469
8470
8471
8472
8473
8474
8475
8476
8477
8478
8479
8480
8481
8482
8483
8484
8485
8486
8487
8488
8489
8490
8491
8492
8493
8494
8495
8496
8497
8498
8499
8500
8501
8502
8503
8504
8505
8506
8507
8508
8509
8510
8511
8512
8513
8514
8515
8516
8517
8518
8519
8520
8521
8522
8523
8524
8525
8526
8527
8528
8529
8530
8531
8532
8533
8534
8535
8536
8537
8538
8539
8540
8541
8542
8543
8544
8545
8546
8547
8548
8549
8550
8551
8552
8553
8554
8555
8556
8557
8558
8559
8560
8561
8562
8563
8564
8565
8566
8567
8568
8569
8570
8571
8572
8573
8574
8575
8576
8577
8578
8579
8580
8581
8582
8583
8584
8585
8586
8587
8588
8589
8590
8591
8592
8593
8594
8595
8596
8597
8598
8599
8600
8601
8602
8603
8604
8605
8606
8607
8608
8609
8610
8611
8612
8613
8614
8615
8616
8617
8618
8619
8620
8621
8622
8623
8624
8625
8626
8627
8628
8629
8630
8631
8632
8633
8634
8635
8636
8637
8638
8639
8640
8641
8642
8643
8644
8645
8646
8647
8648
8649
8650
8651
8652
8653
8654
8655
8656
8657
8658
8659
8660
8661
8662
8663
8664
8665
8666
8667
8668
8669
8670
8671
8672
8673
8674
8675
8676
8677
8678
8679
8680
8681
8682
8683
8684
8685
8686
8687
8688
8689
8690
8691
8692
8693
8694
8695
8696
8697
8698
8699
8700
8701
8702
8703
8704
8705
8706
8707
8708
8709
8710
8711
8712
8713
8714
8715
8716
8717
8718
8719
8720
8721
8722
8723
8724
8725
8726
8727
8728
8729
8730
8731
8732
8733
8734
8735
8736
8737
8738
8739
8740
8741
8742
8743
8744
8745
8746
8747
8748
8749
8750
8751
8752
8753
8754
8755
8756
8757
8758
8759
8760
8761
8762
8763
8764
8765
8766
8767
8768
8769
8770
8771
8772
8773
8774
8775
8776
8777
8778
8779
8780
8781
8782
8783
8784
8785
8786
8787
8788
8789
8790
8791
8792
8793
8794
8795
8796
8797
8798
8799
8800
8801
8802
8803
8804
8805
8806
8807
8808
8809
8810
8811
8812
8813
8814
8815
8816
8817
8818
8819
8820
8821
8822
8823
8824
8825
8826
8827
8828
8829
8830
8831
8832
8833
8834
8835
8836
8837
8838
8839
8840
8841
8842
8843
8844
8845
8846
8847
8848
8849
8850
8851
8852
8853
8854
8855
8856
8857
8858
8859
8860
8861
8862
8863
8864
8865
8866
8867
8868
8869
8870
8871
8872
8873
8874
8875
8876
8877
8878
8879
8880
8881
8882
8883
8884
8885
8886
8887
8888
8889
8890
8891
8892
8893
8894
8895
8896
8897
8898
8899
8900
8901
8902
8903
8904
8905
8906
8907
8908
8909
8910
8911
8912
8913
8914
8915
8916
8917
8918
8919
8920
8921
8922
8923
8924
8925
8926
8927
8928
8929
8930
8931
8932
8933
8934
8935
8936
8937
8938
8939
8940
8941
8942
8943
8944
8945
8946
8947
8948
8949
8950
8951
8952
8953
8954
8955
8956
8957
8958
8959
8960
8961
8962
8963
8964
8965
8966
8967
8968
8969
8970
8971
8972
8973
8974
8975
8976
8977
8978
8979
8980
8981
8982
8983
8984
8985
8986
8987
8988
8989
8990
8991
8992
8993
8994
8995
8996
8997
8998
8999
9000
9001
9002
9003
9004
9005
9006
9007
9008
9009
9010
9011
9012
9013
9014
9015
9016
9017
9018
9019
9020
9021
9022
9023
9024
9025
9026
9027
9028
9029
9030
9031
9032
9033
9034
9035
9036
9037
9038
9039
9040
9041
9042
9043
9044
9045
9046
9047
9048
9049
9050
9051
9052
9053
9054
9055
9056
9057
9058
9059
9060
9061
9062
9063
9064
9065
9066
9067
9068
9069
9070
9071
9072
9073
9074
9075
9076
9077
9078
9079
9080
9081
9082
9083
9084
9085
9086
9087
9088
9089
9090
9091
9092
9093
9094
9095
9096
9097
9098
9099
9100
9101
9102
9103
9104
9105
9106
9107
9108
9109
9110
9111
9112
9113
9114
9115
9116
9117
9118
9119
9120
9121
9122
9123
9124
9125
9126
9127
9128
9129
9130
9131
9132
9133
9134
9135
9136
9137
9138
9139
9140
9141
9142
9143
9144
9145
9146
9147
9148
9149
9150
9151
9152
9153
9154
9155
9156
9157
9158
9159
9160
9161
9162
9163
9164
9165
9166
9167
9168
9169
9170
9171
9172
9173
9174
9175
9176
9177
9178
9179
9180
9181
9182
9183
9184
9185
9186
9187
9188
9189
9190
9191
9192
9193
9194
9195
9196
9197
9198
9199
9200
9201
9202
9203
9204
9205
9206
9207
9208
9209
9210
9211
9212
9213
9214
9215
9216
9217
9218
9219
9220
9221
9222
9223
9224
9225
9226
9227
9228
9229
9230
9231
9232
9233
9234
9235
9236
9237
9238
9239
9240
9241
9242
9243
9244
9245
9246
9247
9248
9249
9250
9251
9252
9253
9254
9255
9256
9257
9258
9259
9260
9261
9262
9263
9264
9265
9266
9267
9268
9269
9270
9271
9272
9273
9274
9275
9276
9277
9278
9279
9280
9281
9282
9283
9284
9285
9286
9287
9288
9289
9290
9291
9292
9293
9294
9295
9296
9297
9298
9299
9300
9301
9302
9303
9304
9305
9306
9307
9308
9309
9310
9311
9312
9313
9314
9315
9316
9317
9318
9319
9320
9321
9322
9323
9324
9325
9326
9327
9328
9329
9330
9331
9332
9333
9334
9335
9336
9337
9338
9339
9340
9341
9342
9343
9344
9345
9346
9347
9348
9349
9350
9351
9352
9353
9354
9355
9356
9357
9358
9359
9360
9361
9362
9363
9364
9365
9366
9367
9368
9369
9370
9371
9372
9373
9374
9375
9376
9377
9378
9379
9380
9381
9382
9383
9384
9385
9386
9387
9388
9389
9390
9391
9392
9393
9394
9395
9396
9397
9398
9399
9400
9401
9402
9403
9404
9405
9406
9407
9408
9409
9410
9411
9412
9413
9414
9415
9416
9417
9418
9419
9420
9421
9422
9423
9424
9425
9426
9427
9428
9429
9430
9431
9432
9433
9434
9435
9436
9437
9438
9439
9440
9441
9442
9443
9444
9445
9446
9447
9448
9449
9450
9451
9452
9453
9454
9455
9456
9457
9458
9459
9460
9461
9462
9463
9464
9465
9466
9467
9468
9469
9470
9471
9472
9473
9474
9475
9476
9477
9478
9479
9480
9481
9482
9483
9484
9485
9486
9487
9488
9489
9490
9491
9492
9493
9494
9495
9496
9497
9498
9499
9500
9501
9502
9503
9504
9505
9506
9507
9508
9509
9510
9511
9512
9513
9514
9515
9516
9517
9518
9519
9520
9521
9522
9523
9524
9525
9526
9527
9528
9529
9530
9531
9532
9533
9534
9535
9536
9537
9538
9539
9540
9541
9542
9543
9544
9545
9546
9547
9548
9549
9550
9551
9552
9553
9554
9555
9556
9557
9558
9559
9560
9561
9562
9563
9564
9565
9566
9567
9568
9569
9570
9571
9572
9573
9574
9575
9576
9577
9578
9579
9580
9581
9582
9583
9584
9585
9586
9587
9588
9589
9590
9591
9592
9593
9594
9595
9596
9597
9598
9599
9600
9601
9602
9603
9604
9605
9606
9607
9608
9609
9610
9611
9612
9613
9614
9615
9616
9617
9618
9619
9620
9621
9622
9623
9624
9625
9626
9627
9628
9629
9630
9631
9632
9633
9634
9635
9636
9637
9638
9639
9640
9641
9642
9643
9644
9645
9646
9647
9648
9649
9650
9651
9652
9653
9654
9655
9656
9657
9658
9659
9660
9661
9662
9663
9664
9665
9666
9667
9668
9669
9670
9671
9672
9673
9674
9675
9676
9677
9678
9679
9680
9681
9682
9683
9684
9685
9686
9687
9688
9689
9690
9691
9692
9693
9694
9695
9696
9697
9698
9699
9700
9701
9702
9703
9704
9705
9706
9707
9708
9709
9710
9711
9712
9713
9714
9715
9716
9717
9718
9719
9720
9721
9722
9723
9724
9725
9726
9727
9728
9729
9730
9731
9732
9733
9734
9735
9736
9737
9738
9739
9740
9741
9742
9743
9744
9745
9746
9747
9748
9749
9750
9751
9752
9753
9754
9755
9756
9757
9758
9759
9760
9761
9762
9763
9764
9765
9766
9767
9768
9769
9770
9771
9772
9773
9774
9775
9776
9777
9778
9779
9780
9781
9782
9783
9784
9785
9786
9787
9788
9789
9790
9791
9792
9793
9794
9795
9796
9797
9798
9799
9800
9801
9802
9803
9804
9805
9806
9807
9808
9809
9810
9811
9812
9813
9814
9815
9816
9817
9818
9819
9820
9821
9822
9823
9824
9825
9826
9827
9828
9829
9830
9831
9832
9833
9834
9835
9836
9837
9838
9839
9840
9841
9842
9843
9844
9845
9846
9847
9848
9849
9850
9851
9852
9853
9854
9855
9856
9857
9858
9859
9860
9861
9862
9863
9864
9865
9866
9867
9868
9869
9870
9871
9872
9873
9874
9875
9876
9877
9878
9879
9880
9881
9882
9883
9884
9885
9886
9887
9888
9889
9890
9891
9892
9893
9894
9895
9896
9897
9898
9899
9900
9901
9902
9903
9904
9905
9906
9907
9908
9909
9910
9911
9912
9913
9914
9915
9916
9917
9918
9919
9920
9921
9922
9923
9924
9925
9926
9927
9928
9929
9930
9931
9932
9933
9934
9935
9936
9937
9938
9939
9940
9941
9942
9943
9944
9945
9946
9947
9948
9949
9950
9951
9952
9953
9954
9955
9956
9957
9958
9959
9960
9961
9962
9963
9964
9965
9966
9967
9968
9969
9970
9971
9972
9973
9974
9975
9976
9977
9978
9979
9980
9981
9982
9983
9984
9985
9986
9987
9988
9989
9990
9991
9992
9993
9994
9995
9996
9997
9998
9999
10000
10001
10002
10003
10004
10005
10006
10007
10008
10009
10010
10011
10012
10013
10014
10015
10016
10017
10018
10019
10020
10021
10022
10023
10024
10025
10026
10027
10028
10029
10030
10031
10032
10033
10034
10035
10036
10037
10038
10039
10040
10041
10042
10043
10044
10045
10046
10047
10048
10049
10050
10051
10052
10053
10054
10055
10056
10057
10058
10059
10060
10061
10062
10063
10064
10065
10066
10067
10068
10069
10070
10071
10072
10073
10074
10075
10076
10077
10078
10079
10080
10081
10082
10083
10084
10085
10086
10087
10088
10089
10090
10091
10092
10093
10094
10095
10096
10097
10098
10099
10100
10101
10102
10103
10104
10105
10106
10107
10108
10109
10110
10111
10112
10113
10114
10115
10116
10117
10118
10119
10120
10121
10122
10123
10124
10125
10126
10127
10128
10129
10130
10131
10132
10133
10134
10135
10136
10137
10138
10139
10140
10141
10142
10143
10144
10145
10146
10147
10148
10149
10150
10151
10152
10153
10154
10155
10156
10157
10158
10159
10160
10161
10162
10163
10164
10165
10166
10167
10168
10169
10170
10171
10172
10173
10174
10175
10176
10177
10178
10179
10180
10181
10182
10183
10184
10185
10186
10187
10188
10189
10190
10191
10192
10193
10194
10195
10196
10197
10198
10199
10200
10201
10202
10203
10204
10205
10206
10207
10208
10209
10210
10211
10212
10213
10214
10215
10216
10217
10218
10219
10220
10221
10222
10223
10224
10225
10226
10227
10228
10229
10230
10231
10232
10233
10234
10235
10236
10237
10238
10239
10240
10241
10242
10243
10244
10245
10246
10247
10248
10249
10250
10251
10252
10253
10254
10255
10256
10257
10258
10259
10260
10261
10262
10263
10264
10265
10266
10267
10268
10269
10270
10271
10272
10273
10274
10275
10276
10277
10278
10279
10280
10281
10282
10283
10284
10285
10286
10287
10288
10289
10290
10291
10292
10293
10294
10295
10296
10297
10298
10299
10300
10301
10302
10303
10304
10305
10306
10307
10308
10309
10310
10311
10312
10313
10314
10315
10316
10317
10318
10319
10320
10321
10322
10323
10324
10325
10326
10327
10328
10329
10330
10331
10332
10333
10334
10335
10336
10337
10338
10339
10340
10341
10342
10343
10344
10345
10346
10347
10348
10349
10350
10351
10352
10353
10354
10355
10356
10357
10358
10359
10360
10361
10362
10363
10364
10365
10366
10367
10368
10369
10370
10371
10372
10373
10374
10375
10376
10377
10378
10379
10380
10381
10382
10383
10384
10385
10386
10387
10388
10389
10390
10391
10392
10393
10394
10395
10396
10397
10398
10399
10400
10401
10402
10403
10404
10405
10406
10407
10408
10409
10410
10411
10412
10413
10414
10415
10416
10417
10418
10419
10420
10421
10422
10423
10424
10425
10426
10427
10428
10429
10430
10431
10432
10433
10434
10435
10436
10437
10438
10439
10440
10441
10442
10443
10444
10445
10446
10447
10448
10449
10450
10451
10452
10453
10454
10455
10456
10457
10458
10459
10460
10461
10462
10463
10464
10465
10466
10467
10468
10469
10470
10471
10472
10473
10474
10475
10476
10477
10478
10479
10480
10481
10482
10483
10484
10485
10486
10487
10488
10489
10490
10491
10492
10493
10494
10495
10496
10497
10498
10499
10500
10501
10502
10503
10504
10505
10506
10507
10508
10509
10510
10511
10512
10513
10514
10515
10516
10517
10518
10519
10520
10521
10522
10523
10524
10525
10526
10527
10528
10529
10530
10531
10532
10533
10534
10535
10536
10537
10538
10539
10540
10541
10542
10543
10544
10545
10546
10547
10548
10549
10550
10551
10552
10553
10554
10555
10556
10557
10558
10559
10560
10561
10562
10563
10564
10565
10566
10567
10568
10569
10570
10571
10572
10573
10574
10575
10576
10577
10578
10579
10580
10581
10582
10583
10584
10585
10586
10587
10588
10589
10590
10591
10592
10593
10594
10595
10596
10597
10598
10599
10600
10601
10602
10603
10604
10605
10606
10607
10608
10609
10610
10611
10612
10613
10614
10615
10616
10617
10618
10619
10620
10621
10622
10623
10624
10625
10626
10627
10628
10629
10630
10631
10632
10633
10634
10635
10636
10637
10638
10639
10640
10641
10642
10643
10644
10645
10646
10647
10648
10649
10650
10651
10652
10653
10654
10655
10656
10657
10658
10659
10660
10661
10662
10663
10664
10665
10666
10667
10668
10669
10670
10671
10672
10673
10674
10675
10676
10677
10678
10679
10680
10681
10682
10683
10684
10685
10686
10687
10688
10689
10690
10691
10692
10693
10694
10695
10696
10697
10698
10699
10700
10701
10702
10703
10704
10705
10706
10707
10708
10709
10710
10711
10712
10713
10714
10715
10716
10717
10718
10719
10720
10721
10722
10723
10724
10725
10726
10727
10728
10729
10730
10731
10732
10733
10734
10735
10736
10737
10738
10739
10740
10741
10742
10743
10744
10745
10746
10747
10748
10749
10750
10751
10752
10753
10754
10755
10756
10757
10758
10759
10760
10761
10762
10763
10764
10765
10766
10767
10768
10769
10770
10771
10772
10773
10774
10775
10776
10777
10778
10779
10780
10781
10782
10783
10784
10785
10786
10787
10788
10789
10790
10791
10792
10793
10794
10795
10796
10797
10798
10799
10800
10801
10802
10803
10804
10805
10806
10807
10808
10809
10810
10811
10812
10813
10814
10815
10816
10817
10818
10819
10820
10821
10822
10823
10824
10825
10826
10827
10828
10829
10830
10831
10832
10833
10834
10835
10836
10837
10838
10839
10840
10841
10842
10843
10844
10845
10846
10847
10848
10849
10850
10851
10852
10853
10854
10855
10856
10857
10858
10859
10860
10861
10862
10863
10864
10865
10866
10867
10868
10869
10870
10871
10872
10873
10874
10875
10876
10877
10878
10879
10880
10881
10882
10883
10884
10885
10886
10887
10888
10889
10890
10891
10892
10893
10894
10895
10896
10897
10898
10899
10900
10901
10902
10903
10904
10905
10906
10907
10908
10909
10910
10911
10912
10913
10914
10915
10916
10917
10918
10919
10920
10921
10922
10923
10924
10925
10926
10927
10928
10929
10930
10931
10932
10933
10934
10935
10936
10937
10938
10939
10940
10941
10942
10943
10944
10945
10946
10947
10948
10949
10950
10951
10952
10953
10954
10955
10956
10957
10958
10959
10960
10961
10962
10963
10964
10965
10966
10967
10968
10969
10970
10971
10972
10973
10974
10975
10976
10977
10978
10979
10980
10981
10982
10983
10984
10985
10986
10987
10988
10989
10990
10991
10992
10993
10994
10995
10996
10997
10998
10999
11000
11001
11002
11003
11004
11005
11006
11007
11008
11009
11010
11011
11012
11013
11014
11015
11016
11017
11018
11019
11020
11021
11022
11023
11024
11025
11026
11027
11028
11029
11030
11031
11032
11033
11034
11035
11036
11037
11038
11039
11040
11041
11042
11043
11044
11045
11046
11047
11048
11049
11050
11051
11052
11053
11054
11055
11056
11057
11058
11059
11060
11061
11062
11063
11064
11065
11066
11067
11068
11069
11070
11071
11072
11073
11074
11075
11076
11077
11078
11079
11080
11081
11082
11083
11084
11085
11086
11087
11088
11089
11090
11091
11092
11093
11094
11095
11096
11097
11098
11099
11100
11101
11102
11103
11104
11105
11106
11107
11108
11109
11110
11111
11112
11113
11114
11115
11116
11117
11118
11119
11120
11121
11122
11123
11124
11125
11126
11127
11128
11129
11130
11131
11132
11133
11134
11135
11136
11137
11138
11139
11140
11141
11142
11143
11144
11145
11146
11147
11148
11149
11150
11151
11152
11153
11154
11155
11156
11157
11158
11159
11160
11161
11162
11163
11164
11165
11166
11167
11168
11169
11170
11171
11172
11173
11174
11175
11176
11177
11178
11179
11180
11181
11182
11183
11184
11185
11186
11187
11188
11189
11190
11191
11192
11193
11194
11195
11196
11197
11198
11199
11200
11201
11202
11203
11204
11205
11206
11207
11208
11209
11210
11211
11212
11213
11214
11215
11216
11217
11218
11219
11220
11221
11222
11223
11224
11225
11226
11227
11228
11229
11230
11231
11232
11233
11234
11235
11236
11237
11238
11239
11240
11241
11242
11243
11244
11245
11246
11247
11248
11249
11250
11251
11252
11253
11254
11255
11256
11257
11258
11259
11260
11261
11262
11263
11264
11265
11266
11267
11268
11269
11270
11271
11272
11273
11274
11275
11276
11277
11278
11279
11280
11281
11282
11283
11284
11285
11286
11287
11288
11289
11290
11291
11292
11293
11294
11295
11296
11297
11298
11299
11300
11301
11302
11303
11304
11305
11306
11307
11308
11309
11310
11311
11312
11313
11314
11315
11316
11317
11318
11319
11320
11321
11322
11323
11324
11325
11326
11327
11328
11329
11330
11331
11332
11333
11334
11335
11336
11337
11338
11339
11340
11341
11342
11343
11344
11345
11346
11347
11348
11349
11350
11351
11352
11353
11354
11355
11356
11357
11358
11359
11360
11361
11362
11363
11364
11365
11366
11367
11368
11369
11370
11371
11372
11373
11374
11375
11376
11377
11378
11379
11380
11381
11382
11383
11384
11385
11386
11387
11388
11389
11390
11391
11392
11393
11394
11395
11396
11397
11398
11399
11400
11401
11402
11403
11404
11405
11406
11407
11408
11409
11410
11411
11412
11413
11414
11415
11416
11417
11418
11419
11420
11421
11422
11423
11424
11425
11426
11427
11428
11429
11430
11431
11432
11433
11434
11435
11436
11437
11438
11439
11440
11441
11442
11443
11444
11445
11446
11447
11448
11449
11450
11451
11452
11453
11454
11455
11456
11457
11458
11459
11460
11461
11462
11463
11464
11465
11466
11467
11468
11469
11470
11471
11472
11473
11474
11475
11476
11477
11478
11479
11480
11481
11482
11483
11484
11485
11486
11487
11488
11489
11490
11491
11492
11493
11494
11495
11496
11497
11498
11499
11500
11501
11502
11503
11504
11505
11506
11507
11508
11509
11510
11511
11512
11513
11514
11515
11516
11517
11518
11519
11520
11521
11522
11523
11524
11525
11526
11527
11528
11529
11530
11531
11532
11533
11534
11535
11536
11537
11538
11539
11540
11541
11542
11543
11544
11545
11546
11547
11548
11549
11550
11551
11552
11553
11554
11555
11556
11557
11558
11559
11560
11561
11562
11563
11564
11565
11566
11567
11568
11569
11570
11571
11572
11573
11574
11575
11576
11577
11578
11579
11580
11581
11582
11583
11584
11585
11586
11587
11588
11589
11590
11591
11592
11593
11594
11595
11596
11597
11598
11599
11600
11601
11602
11603
11604
11605
11606
11607
11608
11609
11610
11611
11612
11613
11614
11615
11616
11617
11618
11619
11620
11621
11622
11623
11624
11625
11626
11627
11628
11629
11630
11631
11632
11633
11634
11635
11636
11637
11638
11639
11640
11641
11642
11643
11644
11645
11646
11647
11648
11649
11650
11651
11652
11653
11654
11655
11656
11657
11658
11659
11660
11661
11662
11663
11664
11665
11666
11667
11668
11669
11670
11671
11672
11673
11674
11675
11676
11677
11678
11679
11680
11681
11682
11683
11684
11685
11686
11687
11688
11689
11690
11691
11692
11693
11694
11695
11696
11697
11698
11699
11700
11701
11702
11703
11704
11705
11706
11707
11708
11709
11710
11711
11712
11713
11714
11715
11716
11717
11718
11719
11720
11721
11722
11723
11724
11725
11726
11727
11728
11729
11730
11731
11732
11733
11734
11735
11736
11737
11738
11739
11740
11741
11742
11743
11744
11745
11746
11747
11748
11749
11750
11751
11752
11753
11754
11755
11756
11757
11758
11759
11760
11761
11762
11763
11764
11765
11766
11767
11768
11769
11770
11771
11772
11773
11774
11775
11776
11777
11778
11779
11780
11781
11782
11783
11784
11785
11786
11787
11788
11789
11790
11791
11792
11793
11794
11795
11796
11797
11798
11799
11800
11801
11802
11803
11804
11805
11806
11807
11808
11809
11810
11811
11812
11813
11814
11815
11816
11817
11818
11819
11820
11821
11822
11823
11824
11825
11826
11827
11828
11829
11830
11831
11832
11833
11834
11835
11836
11837
11838
11839
11840
11841
11842
11843
11844
11845
11846
11847
11848
11849
11850
11851
11852
11853
11854
11855
11856
11857
11858
11859
11860
11861
11862
11863
11864
11865
11866
11867
11868
11869
11870
11871
11872
11873
11874
11875
11876
11877
11878
11879
11880
11881
11882
11883
11884
11885
11886
11887
11888
11889
11890
11891
11892
11893
11894
11895
11896
11897
11898
11899
11900
11901
11902
11903
11904
11905
11906
11907
11908
11909
11910
11911
11912
11913
11914
11915
11916
11917
11918
11919
11920
11921
11922
11923
11924
11925
11926
11927
11928
11929
11930
11931
11932
11933
11934
11935
11936
11937
11938
11939
11940
11941
11942
11943
11944
11945
11946
11947
11948
11949
11950
11951
11952
11953
11954
11955
11956
11957
11958
11959
11960
11961
11962
11963
11964
11965
11966
11967
11968
11969
11970
11971
11972
11973
11974
11975
11976
11977
11978
11979
11980
11981
11982
11983
11984
11985
11986
11987
11988
11989
11990
11991
11992
11993
11994
11995
11996
11997
11998
11999
12000
12001
12002
12003
12004
12005
12006
12007
12008
12009
12010
12011
12012
12013
12014
12015
12016
12017
12018
12019
12020
12021
12022
12023
12024
12025
12026
12027
12028
12029
12030
12031
12032
12033
12034
12035
12036
12037
12038
12039
12040
12041
12042
12043
12044
12045
12046
12047
12048
12049
12050
12051
12052
12053
12054
12055
12056
12057
12058
12059
12060
12061
12062
12063
12064
12065
12066
12067
12068
12069
12070
12071
12072
12073
12074
12075
12076
12077
12078
12079
12080
12081
12082
12083
12084
12085
12086
12087
12088
12089
12090
12091
12092
12093
12094
12095
12096
12097
12098
12099
12100
12101
12102
12103
12104
12105
12106
12107
12108
12109
12110
12111
12112
12113
12114
12115
12116
12117
12118
12119
12120
12121
12122
12123
12124
12125
12126
12127
12128
12129
12130
12131
12132
12133
12134
12135
12136
12137
12138
12139
12140
12141
12142
12143
12144
12145
12146
12147
12148
12149
12150
12151
12152
12153
12154
12155
12156
12157
12158
12159
12160
12161
12162
12163
12164
12165
12166
12167
12168
12169
12170
12171
12172
12173
12174
12175
12176
12177
12178
12179
12180
12181
12182
12183
12184
12185
12186
12187
12188
12189
12190
12191
12192
12193
12194
12195
12196
12197
12198
12199
12200
12201
12202
12203
12204
12205
12206
12207
12208
12209
12210
12211
12212
12213
12214
12215
12216
12217
12218
12219
12220
12221
12222
12223
12224
12225
12226
12227
12228
12229
12230
12231
12232
12233
12234
12235
12236
12237
12238
12239
12240
12241
12242
12243
12244
12245
12246
12247
12248
12249
12250
12251
12252
12253
12254
12255
12256
12257
12258
12259
12260
12261
12262
12263
12264
12265
12266
12267
12268
12269
12270
12271
12272
12273
12274
12275
12276
12277
12278
12279
12280
12281
12282
12283
12284
12285
12286
12287
12288
12289
12290
12291
12292
12293
12294
12295
12296
12297
12298
12299
12300
12301
12302
12303
12304
12305
12306
12307
12308
12309
12310
12311
12312
12313
12314
12315
12316
12317
12318
12319
12320
12321
12322
12323
12324
12325
12326
12327
12328
12329
12330
12331
12332
12333
12334
12335
12336
12337
12338
12339
12340
12341
12342
12343
12344
12345
12346
12347
12348
12349
12350
12351
12352
12353
12354
12355
12356
12357
12358
12359
12360
12361
12362
12363
12364
12365
12366
12367
12368
12369
12370
12371
12372
12373
12374
12375
12376
12377
12378
12379
12380
12381
12382
12383
12384
12385
12386
12387
12388
12389
12390
12391
12392
12393
12394
12395
12396
12397
12398
12399
12400
12401
12402
12403
12404
12405
12406
12407
12408
12409
12410
12411
12412
12413
12414
12415
12416
12417
12418
12419
12420
12421
12422
12423
12424
12425
12426
12427
12428
12429
12430
12431
12432
12433
12434
12435
12436
12437
12438
12439
12440
12441
12442
12443
12444
12445
12446
12447
12448
12449
12450
12451
12452
12453
12454
12455
12456
12457
12458
12459
12460
12461
12462
12463
12464
12465
12466
12467
12468
12469
12470
12471
12472
12473
12474
12475
12476
12477
12478
12479
12480
12481
12482
12483
12484
12485
12486
12487
12488
12489
12490
12491
12492
12493
12494
12495
12496
12497
12498
12499
12500
12501
12502
12503
12504
12505
12506
12507
12508
12509
12510
12511
12512
12513
12514
12515
12516
12517
12518
12519
12520
12521
12522
12523
12524
12525
12526
12527
12528
12529
12530
12531
12532
12533
12534
12535
12536
12537
12538
12539
12540
12541
12542
12543
12544
12545
12546
12547
12548
12549
12550
12551
12552
12553
12554
12555
12556
12557
12558
12559
12560
12561
12562
12563
12564
12565
12566
12567
12568
12569
12570
12571
12572
12573
12574
12575
12576
12577
12578
12579
12580
12581
12582
12583
12584
12585
12586
12587
12588
12589
12590
12591
12592
12593
12594
12595
12596
12597
12598
12599
12600
12601
12602
12603
12604
12605
12606
12607
12608
12609
12610
12611
12612
12613
12614
12615
12616
12617
12618
12619
12620
12621
12622
12623
12624
12625
12626
12627
12628
12629
12630
12631
12632
12633
12634
12635
12636
12637
12638
12639
12640
12641
12642
12643
12644
12645
12646
12647
12648
12649
12650
12651
12652
12653
12654
12655
12656
12657
12658
12659
12660
12661
12662
12663
12664
12665
12666
12667
12668
12669
12670
12671
12672
12673
12674
12675
12676
12677
12678
12679
12680
12681
12682
12683
12684
12685
12686
12687
12688
12689
12690
12691
12692
12693
12694
12695
12696
12697
12698
12699
12700
12701
12702
12703
12704
12705
12706
12707
12708
12709
12710
12711
12712
12713
12714
12715
12716
12717
12718
12719
12720
12721
12722
12723
12724
12725
12726
12727
12728
12729
12730
12731
12732
12733
12734
12735
12736
12737
12738
12739
12740
12741
12742
12743
12744
12745
12746
12747
12748
12749
12750
12751
12752
12753
12754
12755
12756
12757
12758
12759
12760
12761
12762
12763
12764
12765
12766
12767
12768
12769
12770
12771
12772
12773
12774
12775
12776
12777
12778
12779
12780
12781
12782
12783
12784
12785
12786
12787
12788
12789
12790
12791
12792
12793
12794
12795
12796
12797
12798
12799
12800
12801
12802
12803
12804
12805
12806
12807
12808
12809
12810
12811
12812
12813
12814
12815
12816
12817
12818
12819
12820
12821
12822
12823
12824
12825
12826
12827
12828
12829
12830
12831
12832
12833
12834
12835
12836
12837
12838
12839
12840
12841
12842
12843
12844
12845
12846
12847
12848
12849
12850
12851
12852
12853
12854
12855
12856
12857
12858
12859
12860
12861
12862
12863
12864
12865
12866
12867
12868
12869
12870
12871
12872
12873
12874
12875
12876
12877
12878
12879
12880
12881
12882
12883
12884
12885
12886
12887
12888
12889
12890
12891
12892
12893
12894
12895
12896
12897
12898
12899
12900
12901
12902
12903
12904
12905
12906
12907
12908
12909
12910
12911
12912
12913
12914
12915
12916
12917
12918
12919
12920
12921
12922
12923
12924
12925
12926
12927
12928
12929
12930
12931
12932
12933
12934
12935
12936
12937
12938
12939
12940
12941
12942
12943
12944
12945
12946
12947
12948
12949
12950
12951
12952
12953
12954
12955
12956
12957
12958
12959
12960
12961
12962
12963
12964
12965
12966
12967
12968
12969
12970
12971
12972
12973
12974
12975
12976
12977
12978
12979
12980
12981
12982
12983
12984
12985
12986
12987
12988
12989
12990
12991
12992
12993
12994
12995
12996
12997
12998
12999
13000
13001
13002
13003
13004
13005
13006
13007
13008
13009
13010
13011
13012
13013
13014
13015
13016
13017
13018
13019
13020
13021
13022
13023
13024
13025
13026
13027
13028
13029
13030
13031
13032
13033
13034
13035
13036
13037
13038
13039
13040
13041
13042
13043
13044
13045
13046
13047
13048
13049
13050
13051
13052
13053
13054
13055
13056
13057
13058
13059
13060
13061
13062
13063
13064
13065
13066
13067
13068
13069
13070
13071
13072
13073
13074
13075
13076
13077
13078
13079
13080
13081
13082
13083
13084
13085
13086
13087
13088
13089
13090
13091
13092
13093
13094
13095
13096
13097
13098
13099
13100
13101
13102
13103
13104
13105
13106
13107
13108
13109
13110
13111
13112
13113
13114
13115
13116
13117
13118
13119
13120
13121
13122
13123
13124
13125
13126
13127
13128
13129
13130
13131
13132
13133
13134
13135
13136
13137
13138
13139
13140
13141
13142
13143
13144
13145
13146
13147
13148
13149
13150
13151
13152
13153
13154
13155
13156
13157
13158
13159
13160
13161
13162
13163
13164
13165
13166
13167
13168
13169
13170
13171
13172
13173
13174
13175
13176
13177
13178
13179
13180
13181
13182
13183
13184
13185
13186
13187
13188
13189
13190
13191
13192
13193
13194
13195
13196
13197
13198
13199
13200
13201
13202
13203
13204
13205
13206
13207
13208
13209
13210
13211
13212
13213
13214
13215
13216
13217
13218
13219
13220
13221
13222
13223
13224
13225
13226
13227
13228
13229
13230
13231
13232
13233
13234
13235
13236
13237
13238
13239
13240
13241
13242
13243
13244
13245
13246
13247
13248
13249
13250
13251
13252
13253
13254
13255
13256
13257
13258
13259
13260
13261
13262
13263
13264
13265
13266
13267
13268
13269
13270
13271
13272
13273
13274
13275
13276
13277
13278
13279
13280
13281
13282
13283
13284
13285
13286
13287
13288
13289
13290
13291
13292
13293
13294
13295
13296
13297
13298
13299
13300
13301
13302
13303
13304
13305
13306
13307
13308
13309
13310
13311
13312
13313
13314
13315
13316
13317
13318
13319
13320
13321
13322
13323
13324
13325
13326
13327
13328
13329
13330
13331
13332
13333
13334
13335
13336
13337
13338
13339
13340
13341
13342
13343
13344
13345
13346
13347
13348
13349
13350
13351
13352
13353
13354
13355
13356
13357
13358
13359
13360
13361
13362
13363
13364
13365
13366
13367
13368
13369
13370
13371
13372
13373
13374
13375
13376
13377
13378
13379
13380
13381
13382
13383
13384
13385
13386
13387
13388
13389
13390
13391
13392
13393
13394
13395
13396
13397
13398
13399
13400
13401
13402
13403
13404
13405
13406
13407
13408
13409
13410
13411
13412
13413
13414
13415
13416
13417
13418
13419
13420
13421
13422
13423
13424
13425
13426
13427
13428
13429
13430
13431
13432
13433
13434
13435
13436
13437
13438
13439
13440
13441
13442
13443
13444
13445
13446
13447
13448
13449
13450
13451
13452
13453
13454
13455
13456
13457
13458
13459
13460
13461
13462
13463
13464
13465
13466
13467
13468
13469
13470
13471
13472
13473
13474
13475
13476
13477
13478
13479
13480
13481
13482
13483
13484
13485
13486
13487
13488
13489
13490
13491
13492
13493
13494
13495
13496
13497
13498
13499
13500
13501
13502
13503
13504
13505
13506
13507
13508
13509
13510
13511
13512
13513
13514
13515
13516
13517
13518
13519
13520
13521
13522
13523
13524
13525
13526
13527
13528
13529
13530
13531
13532
13533
13534
13535
13536
13537
13538
13539
13540
13541
13542
13543
13544
13545
13546
13547
13548
13549
13550
13551
13552
13553
13554
13555
13556
13557
13558
13559
13560
13561
13562
13563
13564
13565
13566
13567
13568
13569
13570
13571
13572
13573
13574
13575
13576
13577
13578
13579
13580
13581
13582
13583
13584
13585
13586
13587
13588
13589
13590
13591
13592
13593
13594
13595
13596
13597
13598
13599
13600
13601
13602
13603
13604
13605
13606
13607
13608
13609
13610
13611
13612
13613
13614
13615
13616
13617
13618
13619
13620
13621
13622
13623
13624
13625
13626
13627
13628
13629
13630
13631
13632
13633
13634
13635
13636
13637
13638
13639
13640
13641
13642
13643
13644
13645
13646
13647
13648
13649
13650
13651
13652
13653
13654
13655
13656
13657
13658
13659
13660
13661
13662
13663
13664
13665
13666
13667
13668
13669
13670
13671
13672
13673
13674
13675
13676
13677
13678
13679
13680
13681
13682
13683
13684
13685
13686
13687
13688
13689
13690
13691
13692
13693
13694
13695
13696
13697
13698
13699
13700
13701
13702
13703
13704
13705
13706
13707
13708
13709
13710
13711
13712
13713
13714
13715
13716
13717
13718
13719
13720
13721
13722
13723
13724
13725
13726
13727
13728
13729
13730
13731
13732
13733
13734
13735
13736
13737
13738
13739
13740
13741
13742
13743
13744
13745
13746
13747
13748
13749
13750
13751
13752
13753
13754
13755
13756
13757
13758
13759
13760
13761
13762
13763
13764
13765
13766
13767
13768
13769
13770
13771
13772
13773
13774
13775
13776
13777
13778
13779
13780
13781
13782
13783
13784
13785
13786
13787
13788
13789
13790
13791
13792
13793
13794
13795
13796
13797
13798
13799
13800
13801
13802
13803
13804
13805
13806
13807
13808
13809
13810
13811
13812
13813
13814
13815
13816
13817
13818
13819
13820
13821
13822
13823
13824
13825
13826
13827
13828
13829
13830
13831
13832
13833
13834
13835
13836
13837
13838
13839
13840
13841
13842
13843
13844
13845
13846
13847
13848
13849
13850
13851
13852
13853
13854
13855
13856
13857
13858
13859
13860
13861
13862
13863
13864
13865
13866
13867
13868
13869
13870
13871
13872
13873
13874
13875
13876
13877
13878
13879
13880
13881
13882
13883
13884
13885
13886
13887
13888
13889
13890
13891
13892
13893
13894
13895
13896
13897
13898
13899
13900
13901
13902
13903
13904
13905
13906
13907
13908
13909
13910
13911
13912
13913
13914
13915
13916
13917
13918
13919
13920
13921
13922
13923
13924
13925
13926
13927
13928
13929
13930
13931
13932
13933
13934
13935
13936
13937
13938
13939
13940
13941
13942
13943
13944
13945
13946
13947
13948
13949
13950
13951
13952
13953
13954
13955
13956
13957
13958
13959
13960
13961
13962
13963
13964
13965
13966
13967
13968
13969
13970
13971
13972
13973
13974
13975
13976
13977
13978
13979
13980
13981
13982
13983
13984
13985
13986
13987
13988
13989
13990
13991
13992
13993
13994
13995
13996
13997
13998
13999
14000
14001
14002
14003
14004
14005
14006
14007
14008
14009
14010
14011
14012
14013
14014
14015
14016
14017
14018
14019
14020
14021
14022
14023
14024
14025
14026
14027
14028
14029
14030
14031
14032
14033
14034
14035
14036
14037
14038
14039
14040
14041
14042
14043
14044
14045
14046
14047
14048
14049
14050
14051
14052
14053
14054
14055
14056
14057
14058
14059
14060
14061
14062
14063
14064
14065
14066
14067
14068
14069
14070
14071
14072
14073
14074
14075
14076
14077
14078
14079
14080
14081
14082
14083
14084
14085
14086
14087
14088
14089
14090
14091
14092
14093
14094
14095
14096
14097
14098
14099
14100
14101
14102
14103
14104
14105
14106
14107
14108
14109
14110
14111
14112
14113
14114
14115
14116
14117
14118
14119
14120
14121
14122
14123
14124
14125
14126
14127
14128
14129
14130
14131
14132
14133
14134
14135
14136
14137
14138
14139
14140
14141
14142
14143
14144
14145
14146
14147
14148
14149
14150
14151
14152
14153
14154
14155
14156
14157
14158
14159
14160
14161
14162
14163
14164
14165
14166
14167
14168
14169
14170
14171
14172
14173
14174
14175
14176
14177
14178
14179
14180
14181
14182
14183
14184
14185
14186
14187
14188
14189
14190
14191
14192
14193
14194
14195
14196
14197
14198
14199
14200
14201
14202
14203
14204
14205
14206
14207
14208
14209
14210
14211
14212
14213
14214
14215
14216
14217
14218
14219
14220
14221
14222
14223
14224
14225
14226
14227
14228
14229
14230
14231
14232
14233
14234
14235
14236
14237
14238
14239
14240
14241
14242
14243
14244
14245
14246
14247
14248
14249
14250
14251
14252
14253
14254
14255
14256
14257
14258
14259
14260
14261
14262
14263
14264
14265
14266
14267
14268
14269
14270
14271
14272
14273
14274
14275
14276
14277
14278
14279
14280
14281
14282
14283
14284
14285
14286
14287
14288
14289
14290
14291
14292
14293
14294
14295
14296
14297
14298
14299
14300
14301
14302
14303
14304
14305
14306
14307
14308
14309
14310
14311
14312
14313
14314
14315
14316
14317
14318
14319
14320
14321
14322
14323
14324
14325
14326
14327
14328
14329
14330
14331
14332
14333
14334
14335
14336
14337
14338
14339
14340
14341
14342
14343
14344
14345
14346
14347
14348
14349
14350
14351
14352
14353
14354
14355
14356
14357
14358
14359
14360
14361
14362
14363
14364
14365
14366
14367
14368
14369
14370
14371
14372
14373
14374
14375
14376
14377
14378
14379
14380
14381
14382
14383
14384
14385
14386
14387
14388
14389
14390
14391
14392
14393
14394
14395
14396
14397
14398
14399
14400
14401
14402
14403
14404
14405
14406
14407
14408
14409
14410
14411
14412
14413
14414
14415
14416
14417
14418
14419
14420
14421
14422
14423
14424
14425
14426
14427
14428
14429
14430
14431
14432
14433
14434
14435
14436
14437
14438
14439
14440
14441
14442
14443
14444
14445
14446
14447
14448
14449
14450
14451
14452
14453
14454
14455
14456
14457
14458
14459
14460
14461
14462
14463
14464
14465
14466
14467
14468
14469
14470
14471
14472
14473
14474
14475
14476
14477
14478
14479
14480
14481
14482
14483
14484
14485
14486
14487
14488
14489
14490
14491
14492
14493
14494
14495
14496
14497
14498
14499
14500
14501
14502
14503
14504
14505
14506
14507
14508
14509
14510
14511
14512
14513
14514
14515
14516
14517
14518
14519
14520
14521
14522
14523
14524
14525
14526
14527
14528
14529
14530
14531
14532
14533
14534
14535
14536
14537
14538
14539
14540
14541
14542
14543
14544
14545
14546
14547
14548
14549
14550
14551
14552
14553
14554
14555
14556
14557
14558
14559
14560
14561
14562
14563
14564
14565
14566
14567
14568
14569
14570
14571
14572
14573
14574
14575
14576
14577
14578
14579
14580
14581
14582
14583
14584
14585
14586
14587
14588
14589
14590
14591
14592
14593
14594
14595
14596
14597
14598
14599
14600
14601
14602
14603
14604
14605
14606
14607
14608
14609
14610
14611
14612
14613
14614
14615
14616
14617
14618
14619
14620
14621
14622
14623
14624
14625
14626
14627
14628
14629
14630
14631
14632
14633
14634
14635
14636
14637
14638
14639
14640
14641
14642
14643
14644
14645
14646
14647
14648
14649
14650
14651
14652
14653
14654
14655
14656
14657
14658
14659
14660
14661
14662
14663
14664
14665
14666
14667
14668
14669
14670
14671
14672
14673
14674
14675
14676
14677
14678
14679
14680
14681
14682
14683
14684
14685
14686
14687
14688
14689
14690
14691
14692
14693
14694
14695
14696
14697
14698
14699
14700
14701
14702
14703
14704
14705
14706
14707
14708
14709
14710
14711
14712
14713
14714
14715
14716
14717
14718
14719
14720
14721
14722
14723
14724
14725
14726
14727
14728
14729
14730
14731
14732
14733
14734
14735
14736
14737
14738
14739
14740
14741
14742
14743
14744
14745
14746
14747
14748
14749
14750
14751
14752
14753
14754
14755
14756
14757
14758
14759
14760
14761
14762
14763
14764
14765
14766
14767
14768
14769
14770
14771
14772
14773
14774
14775
14776
14777
14778
14779
14780
14781
14782
14783
14784
14785
14786
14787
14788
14789
14790
14791
14792
14793
14794
14795
14796
14797
14798
14799
14800
14801
14802
14803
14804
14805
14806
14807
14808
14809
14810
14811
14812
14813
14814
14815
14816
14817
14818
14819
14820
14821
14822
14823
14824
14825
14826
14827
14828
14829
14830
14831
14832
14833
14834
14835
14836
14837
14838
14839
14840
14841
14842
14843
14844
14845
14846
14847
14848
14849
14850
14851
14852
14853
14854
14855
14856
14857
14858
14859
14860
14861
14862
14863
14864
14865
14866
14867
14868
14869
14870
14871
14872
14873
14874
14875
14876
14877
14878
14879
14880
14881
14882
14883
14884
14885
14886
14887
14888
14889
14890
14891
14892
14893
14894
14895
14896
14897
14898
14899
14900
14901
14902
14903
14904
14905
14906
14907
14908
14909
14910
14911
14912
14913
14914
14915
14916
14917
14918
14919
14920
14921
14922
14923
14924
14925
14926
14927
14928
14929
14930
14931
14932
14933
14934
14935
14936
14937
14938
14939
14940
14941
14942
14943
14944
14945
14946
14947
14948
14949
14950
14951
14952
14953
14954
14955
14956
14957
14958
14959
14960
14961
14962
14963
14964
14965
14966
14967
14968
14969
14970
14971
14972
14973
14974
14975
14976
14977
14978
14979
14980
14981
14982
14983
14984
14985
14986
14987
14988
14989
14990
14991
14992
14993
14994
14995
14996
14997
14998
14999
15000
15001
15002
15003
15004
15005
15006
15007
15008
15009
15010
15011
15012
15013
15014
15015
15016
15017
15018
15019
15020
15021
15022
15023
15024
15025
15026
15027
15028
15029
15030
15031
15032
15033
15034
15035
15036
15037
15038
15039
15040
15041
15042
15043
15044
15045
15046
15047
15048
15049
15050
15051
15052
15053
15054
15055
15056
15057
15058
15059
15060
15061
15062
15063
15064
15065
15066
15067
15068
15069
15070
15071
15072
15073
15074
15075
15076
15077
15078
15079
15080
15081
15082
15083
15084
15085
15086
15087
15088
15089
15090
15091
15092
15093
15094
15095
15096
15097
15098
15099
15100
15101
15102
15103
15104
15105
15106
15107
15108
15109
15110
15111
15112
15113
15114
15115
15116
15117
15118
15119
15120
15121
15122
15123
15124
15125
15126
15127
15128
15129
15130
15131
15132
15133
15134
15135
15136
15137
15138
15139
15140
15141
15142
15143
15144
15145
15146
15147
15148
15149
15150
15151
15152
15153
15154
15155
15156
15157
15158
15159
15160
15161
15162
15163
15164
15165
15166
15167
15168
15169
15170
15171
15172
15173
15174
15175
15176
15177
15178
15179
15180
15181
15182
15183
15184
15185
15186
15187
15188
15189
15190
15191
15192
15193
15194
15195
15196
15197
15198
15199
15200
15201
15202
15203
15204
15205
15206
15207
15208
15209
15210
15211
15212
15213
15214
15215
15216
15217
15218
15219
15220
15221
15222
15223
15224
15225
15226
15227
15228
15229
15230
15231
15232
15233
15234
15235
15236
15237
15238
15239
15240
15241
15242
15243
15244
15245
15246
15247
15248
15249
15250
15251
15252
15253
15254
15255
15256
15257
15258
15259
15260
15261
15262
15263
15264
15265
15266
15267
15268
15269
15270
15271
15272
15273
15274
15275
15276
15277
15278
15279
15280
15281
15282
15283
15284
15285
15286
15287
15288
15289
15290
15291
15292
15293
15294
15295
15296
15297
15298
15299
15300
15301
15302
15303
15304
15305
15306
15307
15308
15309
15310
15311
15312
15313
15314
15315
15316
15317
15318
15319
15320
15321
15322
15323
15324
15325
15326
15327
15328
15329
15330
15331
15332
15333
15334
15335
15336
15337
15338
15339
15340
15341
15342
15343
15344
15345
15346
15347
15348
15349
15350
15351
15352
15353
15354
15355
15356
15357
15358
15359
15360
15361
15362
15363
15364
15365
15366
15367
15368
15369
15370
15371
15372
15373
15374
15375
15376
15377
15378
15379
15380
15381
15382
15383
15384
15385
15386
15387
15388
15389
15390
15391
15392
15393
15394
15395
15396
15397
15398
15399
15400
15401
15402
15403
15404
15405
15406
15407
15408
15409
15410
15411
15412
15413
15414
15415
15416
15417
15418
15419
15420
15421
15422
15423
15424
15425
15426
15427
15428
15429
15430
15431
15432
15433
15434
15435
15436
15437
15438
15439
15440
15441
15442
15443
15444
15445
15446
15447
15448
15449
15450
15451
15452
15453
15454
15455
15456
15457
15458
15459
15460
15461
15462
15463
15464
15465
15466
15467
15468
15469
15470
15471
15472
15473
15474
15475
15476
15477
15478
15479
15480
15481
15482
15483
15484
15485
15486
15487
15488
15489
15490
15491
15492
15493
15494
15495
15496
15497
15498
15499
15500
15501
15502
15503
15504
15505
15506
15507
15508
15509
15510
15511
15512
15513
15514
15515
15516
15517
15518
15519
15520
15521
15522
15523
15524
15525
15526
15527
15528
15529
15530
15531
15532
15533
15534
15535
15536
15537
15538
15539
15540
15541
15542
15543
15544
15545
15546
15547
15548
15549
15550
15551
15552
15553
15554
15555
15556
15557
15558
15559
15560
15561
15562
15563
15564
15565
15566
15567
15568
15569
15570
15571
15572
15573
15574
15575
15576
15577
15578
15579
15580
15581
15582
15583
15584
15585
15586
15587
15588
15589
15590
15591
15592
15593
15594
15595
15596
15597
15598
15599
15600
15601
15602
15603
15604
15605
15606
15607
15608
15609
15610
15611
15612
15613
15614
15615
15616
15617
15618
15619
15620
15621
15622
15623
15624
15625
15626
15627
15628
15629
15630
15631
15632
15633
15634
15635
15636
15637
15638
15639
15640
15641
15642
15643
15644
15645
15646
15647
15648
15649
15650
15651
15652
15653
15654
15655
15656
15657
15658
15659
15660
15661
15662
15663
15664
15665
15666
15667
15668
15669
15670
15671
15672
15673
15674
15675
15676
15677
15678
15679
15680
15681
15682
15683
15684
15685
15686
15687
15688
15689
15690
15691
15692
15693
15694
15695
15696
15697
15698
15699
15700
15701
15702
15703
15704
15705
15706
15707
15708
15709
15710
15711
15712
15713
15714
15715
15716
15717
15718
15719
15720
15721
15722
15723
15724
15725
15726
15727
15728
15729
15730
15731
15732
15733
15734
15735
15736
15737
15738
15739
15740
15741
15742
15743
15744
15745
15746
15747
15748
15749
15750
15751
15752
15753
15754
15755
15756
15757
15758
15759
15760
15761
15762
15763
15764
15765
15766
15767
15768
15769
15770
15771
15772
15773
15774
15775
15776
15777
15778
15779
15780
15781
15782
15783
15784
15785
15786
15787
15788
15789
15790
15791
15792
15793
15794
15795
15796
15797
15798
15799
15800
15801
15802
15803
15804
15805
15806
15807
15808
15809
15810
15811
15812
15813
15814
15815
15816
15817
15818
15819
15820
15821
15822
15823
15824
15825
15826
15827
15828
15829
15830
15831
15832
15833
15834
15835
15836
15837
15838
15839
15840
15841
15842
15843
15844
15845
15846
15847
15848
15849
15850
15851
15852
15853
15854
15855
15856
15857
15858
15859
15860
15861
15862
15863
15864
15865
15866
15867
15868
15869
15870
15871
15872
15873
15874
15875
15876
15877
15878
15879
15880
15881
15882
15883
15884
15885
15886
15887
15888
15889
15890
15891
15892
15893
15894
15895
15896
15897
15898
15899
15900
15901
15902
15903
15904
15905
15906
15907
15908
15909
15910
15911
15912
15913
15914
15915
15916
15917
15918
15919
15920
15921
15922
15923
15924
15925
15926
15927
15928
15929
15930
15931
15932
15933
15934
15935
15936
15937
15938
15939
15940
15941
15942
15943
15944
15945
15946
15947
15948
15949
15950
15951
15952
15953
15954
15955
15956
15957
15958
15959
15960
15961
15962
15963
15964
15965
15966
15967
15968
15969
15970
15971
15972
15973
15974
15975
15976
15977
15978
15979
15980
15981
15982
15983
15984
15985
15986
15987
15988
15989
15990
15991
15992
15993
15994
15995
15996
15997
15998
15999
16000
16001
16002
16003
16004
16005
16006
16007
16008
16009
16010
16011
16012
16013
16014
16015
16016
16017
16018
16019
16020
16021
16022
16023
16024
16025
16026
16027
16028
16029
16030
16031
16032
16033
16034
16035
16036
16037
16038
16039
16040
16041
16042
16043
16044
16045
16046
16047
16048
16049
16050
16051
16052
16053
16054
16055
16056
16057
16058
16059
16060
16061
16062
16063
16064
16065
16066
16067
16068
16069
16070
16071
16072
16073
16074
16075
16076
16077
16078
16079
16080
16081
16082
16083
16084
16085
16086
16087
16088
16089
16090
16091
16092
16093
16094
16095
16096
16097
16098
16099
16100
16101
16102
16103
16104
16105
16106
16107
16108
16109
16110
16111
16112
16113
16114
16115
16116
16117
16118
16119
16120
16121
16122
16123
16124
16125
16126
16127
16128
16129
16130
16131
16132
16133
16134
16135
16136
16137
16138
16139
16140
16141
16142
16143
16144
16145
16146
16147
16148
16149
16150
16151
16152
16153
16154
16155
16156
16157
16158
16159
16160
16161
16162
16163
16164
16165
16166
16167
16168
16169
16170
16171
16172
16173
16174
16175
16176
16177
16178
16179
16180
16181
16182
16183
16184
16185
16186
16187
16188
16189
16190
16191
16192
16193
16194
16195
16196
16197
16198
16199
16200
16201
16202
16203
16204
16205
16206
16207
16208
16209
16210
16211
16212
16213
16214
16215
16216
16217
16218
16219
16220
16221
16222
16223
16224
16225
16226
16227
16228
16229
16230
16231
16232
16233
16234
16235
16236
16237
16238
16239
16240
16241
16242
16243
16244
16245
16246
16247
16248
16249
16250
16251
16252
16253
16254
16255
16256
16257
16258
16259
16260
16261
16262
16263
16264
16265
16266
16267
16268
16269
16270
16271
16272
16273
16274
16275
16276
16277
16278
16279
16280
16281
16282
16283
16284
16285
16286
16287
16288
16289
16290
16291
16292
16293
16294
16295
16296
16297
16298
16299
16300
16301
16302
16303
16304
16305
16306
16307
16308
16309
16310
16311
16312
16313
16314
16315
16316
16317
16318
16319
16320
16321
16322
16323
16324
16325
16326
16327
16328
16329
16330
16331
16332
16333
16334
16335
16336
16337
16338
16339
16340
16341
16342
16343
16344
16345
16346
16347
16348
16349
16350
16351
16352
16353
16354
16355
16356
16357
16358
16359
16360
16361
16362
16363
16364
16365
16366
16367
16368
16369
16370
16371
16372
16373
16374
16375
16376
16377
16378
16379
16380
16381
16382
16383
16384
16385
16386
16387
16388
16389
16390
16391
16392
16393
16394
16395
16396
16397
16398
16399
16400
16401
16402
16403
16404
16405
16406
16407
16408
16409
16410
16411
16412
16413
16414
16415
16416
16417
16418
16419
16420
16421
16422
16423
16424
16425
16426
16427
16428
16429
16430
16431
16432
16433
16434
16435
16436
16437
16438
16439
16440
16441
16442
16443
16444
16445
16446
16447
16448
16449
16450
16451
16452
16453
16454
16455
16456
16457
16458
16459
16460
16461
16462
16463
16464
16465
16466
16467
16468
16469
16470
16471
16472
16473
16474
16475
16476
16477
16478
16479
16480
16481
16482
16483
16484
16485
16486
16487
16488
16489
16490
16491
16492
16493
16494
16495
16496
16497
16498
16499
16500
16501
16502
16503
16504
16505
16506
16507
16508
16509
16510
16511
16512
16513
16514
16515
16516
16517
16518
16519
16520
16521
16522
16523
16524
16525
16526
16527
16528
16529
16530
16531
16532
16533
16534
16535
16536
16537
16538
16539
16540
16541
16542
16543
16544
16545
16546
16547
16548
16549
16550
16551
16552
16553
16554
16555
16556
16557
16558
16559
16560
16561
16562
16563
16564
16565
16566
16567
16568
16569
16570
16571
16572
16573
16574
16575
16576
16577
16578
16579
16580
16581
16582
16583
16584
16585
16586
16587
16588
16589
16590
16591
16592
16593
16594
16595
16596
16597
16598
16599
16600
16601
16602
16603
16604
16605
16606
16607
16608
16609
16610
16611
16612
16613
16614
16615
16616
16617
16618
16619
16620
16621
16622
16623
16624
16625
16626
16627
16628
16629
16630
16631
16632
16633
16634
16635
16636
16637
16638
16639
16640
16641
16642
16643
16644
16645
16646
16647
16648
16649
16650
16651
16652
16653
16654
16655
16656
16657
16658
16659
16660
16661
16662
16663
16664
16665
16666
16667
16668
16669
16670
16671
16672
16673
16674
16675
16676
16677
16678
16679
16680
16681
16682
16683
16684
16685
16686
16687
16688
16689
16690
16691
16692
16693
16694
16695
16696
16697
16698
16699
16700
16701
16702
16703
16704
16705
16706
16707
16708
16709
16710
16711
16712
16713
16714
16715
16716
16717
16718
16719
16720
16721
16722
16723
16724
16725
16726
16727
16728
16729
16730
16731
16732
16733
16734
16735
16736
16737
16738
16739
16740
16741
16742
16743
16744
16745
16746
16747
16748
16749
16750
16751
16752
16753
16754
16755
16756
16757
16758
16759
16760
16761
16762
16763
16764
16765
16766
16767
16768
16769
16770
16771
16772
16773
16774
16775
16776
16777
16778
16779
16780
16781
16782
16783
16784
16785
16786
16787
16788
16789
16790
16791
16792
16793
16794
16795
16796
16797
16798
16799
16800
16801
16802
16803
16804
16805
16806
16807
16808
16809
16810
16811
16812
16813
16814
16815
16816
16817
16818
16819
16820
16821
16822
16823
16824
16825
16826
16827
16828
16829
16830
16831
16832
16833
16834
16835
16836
16837
16838
16839
16840
16841
16842
16843
16844
16845
16846
16847
16848
16849
16850
16851
16852
16853
16854
16855
16856
16857
16858
16859
16860
16861
16862
16863
16864
16865
16866
16867
16868
16869
16870
16871
16872
16873
16874
16875
16876
16877
16878
16879
16880
16881
16882
16883
16884
16885
16886
16887
16888
16889
16890
16891
16892
16893
16894
16895
16896
16897
16898
16899
16900
16901
16902
16903
16904
16905
16906
16907
16908
16909
16910
16911
16912
16913
16914
16915
16916
16917
16918
16919
16920
16921
16922
16923
16924
16925
16926
16927
16928
16929
16930
16931
16932
16933
16934
16935
16936
16937
16938
16939
16940
16941
16942
16943
16944
16945
16946
16947
16948
16949
16950
16951
16952
16953
16954
16955
16956
16957
16958
16959
16960
16961
16962
16963
16964
16965
16966
16967
16968
16969
16970
16971
16972
16973
16974
16975
16976
16977
16978
16979
16980
16981
16982
16983
16984
16985
16986
16987
16988
16989
16990
16991
16992
16993
16994
16995
16996
16997
16998
16999
17000
17001
17002
17003
17004
17005
17006
17007
17008
17009
17010
17011
17012
17013
17014
17015
17016
17017
17018
17019
17020
17021
17022
17023
17024
17025
17026
17027
17028
17029
17030
17031
17032
17033
17034
17035
17036
17037
17038
17039
17040
17041
17042
17043
17044
17045
17046
17047
17048
17049
17050
17051
17052
17053
17054
17055
17056
17057
17058
17059
17060
17061
17062
17063
17064
17065
17066
17067
17068
17069
17070
17071
17072
17073
17074
17075
17076
17077
17078
17079
17080
17081
17082
17083
17084
17085
17086
17087
17088
17089
17090
17091
17092
17093
17094
17095
17096
17097
17098
17099
17100
17101
17102
17103
17104
17105
17106
17107
17108
17109
17110
17111
17112
17113
17114
17115
17116
17117
17118
17119
17120
17121
17122
17123
17124
17125
17126
17127
17128
17129
17130
17131
17132
17133
17134
17135
17136
17137
17138
17139
17140
17141
17142
17143
17144
17145
17146
17147
17148
17149
17150
17151
17152
17153
17154
17155
17156
17157
17158
17159
17160
17161
17162
17163
17164
17165
17166
17167
17168
17169
17170
17171
17172
17173
17174
17175
17176
17177
17178
17179
17180
17181
17182
17183
17184
17185
17186
17187
17188
17189
17190
17191
17192
17193
17194
17195
17196
17197
17198
17199
17200
17201
17202
17203
17204
17205
17206
17207
17208
17209
17210
17211
17212
17213
17214
17215
17216
17217
17218
17219
17220
17221
17222
17223
17224
17225
17226
17227
17228
17229
17230
17231
17232
17233
17234
17235
17236
17237
17238
17239
17240
17241
17242
17243
17244
17245
17246
17247
17248
17249
17250
17251
17252
17253
17254
17255
17256
17257
17258
17259
17260
17261
17262
17263
17264
17265
17266
17267
17268
17269
17270
17271
17272
17273
17274
17275
17276
17277
17278
17279
17280
17281
17282
17283
17284
17285
17286
17287
17288
17289
17290
17291
17292
17293
17294
17295
17296
17297
17298
17299
17300
17301
17302
17303
17304
17305
17306
17307
17308
17309
17310
17311
17312
17313
17314
17315
17316
17317
17318
17319
17320
17321
17322
17323
17324
17325
17326
17327
17328
17329
17330
17331
17332
17333
17334
17335
17336
17337
17338
17339
17340
17341
17342
17343
17344
17345
17346
17347
17348
17349
17350
17351
17352
17353
17354
17355
17356
17357
17358
17359
17360
17361
17362
17363
17364
17365
17366
17367
17368
17369
17370
17371
17372
17373
17374
17375
17376
17377
17378
17379
17380
17381
17382
17383
17384
17385
17386
17387
17388
17389
17390
17391
17392
17393
17394
17395
17396
17397
17398
17399
17400
17401
17402
17403
17404
17405
17406
17407
17408
17409
17410
17411
17412
17413
17414
17415
17416
17417
17418
17419
17420
17421
17422
17423
17424
17425
17426
17427
17428
17429
17430
17431
17432
17433
17434
17435
17436
17437
17438
17439
17440
17441
17442
17443
17444
17445
17446
17447
17448
17449
17450
17451
17452
17453
17454
17455
17456
17457
17458
17459
17460
17461
17462
17463
17464
17465
17466
17467
17468
17469
17470
17471
17472
17473
17474
17475
17476
17477
17478
17479
17480
17481
17482
17483
17484
17485
17486
17487
17488
17489
17490
17491
17492
17493
17494
17495
17496
17497
17498
17499
17500
17501
17502
17503
17504
17505
17506
17507
17508
17509
17510
17511
17512
17513
17514
17515
17516
17517
17518
17519
17520
17521
17522
17523
17524
17525
17526
17527
17528
17529
17530
17531
17532
17533
17534
17535
17536
17537
17538
17539
17540
17541
17542
17543
17544
17545
17546
17547
17548
17549
17550
17551
17552
17553
17554
17555
17556
17557
17558
17559
17560
17561
17562
17563
17564
17565
17566
17567
17568
17569
17570
17571
17572
17573
17574
17575
17576
17577
17578
17579
17580
17581
17582
|
Copyright (C) 2002-2009 Karl J. Runge <runge@karlrunge.com>
All rights reserved.
x11vnc README file Date: Fri Jun 19 10:41:53 EDT 2009
The following information is taken from these URLs:
http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html
http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html
...
they contain the most up to date info.
=======================================================================
http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html:
_________________________________________________________________
x11vnc: a VNC server for real X displays
(to [1]FAQ) (to [2]Downloads) (to [3]Building) (to
[4]Beta Test) (to [5]Donations) [6][PayPal]
x11vnc allows one to view remotely and interact with real X displays
(i.e. a display corresponding to a physical monitor, keyboard, and
mouse) with any VNC viewer. In this way it plays the role for Unix/X11
that WinVNC plays for Windows.
It has built-in [7]SSL/TLS encryption and RSA authentication,
including VeNCrypt; UNIX [8]account and password login support;
server-side [9]scaling; [10]single port HTTPS/HTTP and VNC;
[11]Zeroconf service advertising; and TightVNC and UltraVNC
[12]file-transfer. It has also been extended to work with non-X
devices: [13]webcams and TV tuner capture devices, [14]embedded Linux
systems such as Qtopia Core, and natively on [15]Mac OS X Aqua/Quartz.
More features are described [16]here.
It also provides an encrypted [17]Terminal Services mode ([18]-create,
[19]-svc, or [20]-xdmsvc options) based on Unix usernames and Unix
passwords where the user does not need to memorize his VNC
display/port number. Normally a virtual X session (Xvfb) is created,
but it also works with X sessions on physical hardware. See also the
[21]tsvnc terminal services mode of the SSVNC viewer.
I wrote x11vnc back in 2002 because x0rfbserver was basically
impossible to build on Solaris and had poor performance. The primary
x0rfbserver build problems centered around esoteric C++ toolkits.
x11vnc is written in plain C and needs only standard libraries and so
should work on nearly all Unixes. I also added some enhancements to
improve the interactive response, add many features, and etc.
This page including the [22]FAQ contains much information [23][*];
solutions to many problems; and interesting applications, but
nevertheless please feel free to [24]contact me if you have problems
or questions (and if I save you time by giving you some of my time,
please consider a [25]paypal donation.) Please check the [26]FAQ
first; I realize this page is massive, but you can often use your
browser's find-in-page action using a keyword to find the answer to
your problem or question.
Please help [27]beta test the new performance speedup feature using
[28]viewer-side pixel caching "ncache". Let me know how it goes;
thanks.
SSVNC: An x11vnc side-project provides an [29]Enhanced TightVNC
Viewer package (SSVNC) for Unix, Windows, and Mac OS X with automatic
SSL and/or SSH tunnelling support, SSL Certificate creation, saved
connection profiles, and built-in Proxy support. And for the Unix
viewer: NewFBSize, ZRLE, Viewer-side Scaling, cursor alphablending,
and low color modes. Also on Unix the UltraVNC File Transfer, Text
Chat, Single Window, Server Input, and 1/n Scaling extensions are
supported along with UltraVNC DSM encryption. This bundle could be
placed on, say, a USB memory stick for SSL/SSH VNC viewing from nearly
any networked computer. Please help test out some recently added
features: automatic service tunnelling via SSH for: CUPS and SMB
Printing, ESD/ARTSD Audio, and SMB (Windows/Samba) filesystem
mounting; Port Knocking; and the sshvnc/tsvnc modes.
_________________________________________________________________
Announcements:
Important: If you created any permanent SSL certificates (e.g. via
"[30]x11vnc -ssl SAVE ...") on a Debian or Ubuntu system from Sept.
2006 through May 2008, then those keys are likely extremely weak and
can be easily cracked. The certificate files should be deleted and
recreated on a non-Debian system or an updated one. See
[31]http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1571 for details. The same
applies to SSH keys (not used by x11vnc directly, but many people use
[32]SSH tunnels for VNC access.)
FAQ moved: The huge [33]FAQ has finally been moved to its own page. If
you are trying to follow someone's link to an FAQ once on this page it
is now a broken link. Try inserting the string "faq.html", e.g.:
from: http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/#faq-singleclick
to: http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-singleclick
Apologies for the inconvenience, unfortunately it is not possible to
automatically redirect to the new page since the '#' anchor is not
sent to the webserver.
_________________________________________________________________
Background:
VNC (Virtual Network Computing) is a very useful network graphics
protocol (applications running on one computer but displaying their
windows on another) in the spirit of X, however, unlike X, the
viewing-end is very simple and maintains no state. It is a remote
framebuffer (RFB) protocol.
Some VNC links:
* [34]http://www.realvnc.com
* [35]http://www.tightvnc.com
* [36]http://www.ultravnc.com/
* [37]http://www.testplant.com/products/vine_server/OS_X
For Unix, the traditional VNC implementation includes a "virtual" X11
server Xvnc (usually launched via the vncserver command) that is not
associated with a physical display, but provides a "fake" one X11
clients (xterm, firefox, etc.) can attach to. A remote user then
connects to Xvnc via the VNC client vncviewer from anywhere on the
network to view and interact with the whole virtual X11 desktop.
The VNC protocol is in most cases better suited for remote connections
with low bandwidth and high latency than is the X11 protocol because
it involves far fewer "roundtrips" (an exception is the [38]cached
pixmap data on the viewing-end provided by X.) Also, with no state
maintained the viewing-end can crash, be rebooted, or relocated and
the applications and desktop continue running. Not so with X11.
So the standard Xvnc/vncserver program is very useful, I use it for
things like:
* Desktop conferencing with other users (e.g. codereviews.)
* Long running apps/tasks I want to be able to view from many
places.
* Motif, GNOME, and similar applications that would yield very poor
performance over a high latency link.
However, sometimes one wants to connect to a real X11 display (i.e.
one attached to a physical monitor, keyboard, and mouse: a Workstation
or a SunRay session) from far away. Maybe you want to close down an
application cleanly rather than using kill, or want to work a bit in
an already running application, or would like to help a distant
colleague solve a problem with their desktop, or would just like to
work out on the deck for a while. This is where x11vnc is useful.
_________________________________________________________________
How to use x11vnc:
In this basic example let's assume the remote machine with the X
display you wish to view is "far-away.east:0" and the workstation you
are presently working at is "sitting-here.west".
Step 0. Download x11vnc ([39]see below) and have it available to run
on far-away.east (on some linux distros it is as easy as "apt-get
install x11vnc", "emerge x11vnc", etc.) Similarly, have a VNC viewer
(e.g. vncviewer) ready to run on sitting-here.west. We recommend
[40]TightVNC Viewers (see also [41]our SSVNC viewer.)
Step 1. By some means log in to far-away.east and get a command shell
running there. You can use ssh, or even rlogin, telnet, or any other
method to do this. We do this because the x11vnc process needs to be
run on the same machine the X server process is running on (otherwise
things would be extremely slow.)
Step 2. In that far-away.east shell (with command prompt "far-away>"
in this example) run x11vnc directed at the far-away.east X session
display:
far-away> x11vnc -display :0
You could have also set the environment variable DISPLAY=:0 instead of
using "-display :0". This step attaches x11vnc to the far-away.east:0
X display (i.e. no viewer clients yet.)
Common Gotcha: To get X11 permissions right, you may also need to set
the XAUTHORITY environment variable (or use the [42]-auth option) to
point to the correct MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE file (e.g.
/home/joe/.Xauthority.) If x11vnc does not have the authority to
connect to the display it exits immediately. More on how to fix this
[43]below.
If you suspect an X11 permissions problem do this simple test: while
sitting at the physical X display open a terminal window
(gnome-terminal, xterm, etc.) You should be able to run x11vnc
successfully in that terminal without any need for command line
options. If that works OK then you know X11 permissions are the only
thing preventing it from working when you try to start x11vnc via a
remote shell. Then fix this with the tips [44]below.
Note as of Feb/2007 you can also try the [45]-find option instead of
"-display ..." and see if that finds your display and Xauthority. (End
of Common Gotcha)
When x11vnc starts up there will then be much chatter printed out (use
"-q" to quiet it), until it finally says something like:
.
.
13/05/2004 14:59:54 Autoprobing selected port 5900
13/05/2004 14:59:54 screen setup finished.
13/05/2004 14:59:54
13/05/2004 14:59:54 The VNC desktop is far-away:0
PORT=5900
which means all is OK, and we are ready for the final step.
Step 3. At the place where you are sitting (sitting-here.west in this
example) you now want to run a VNC viewer program. There are VNC
viewers for Unix, Windows, MacOS, Java-enabled web browsers, and even
for PDA's like the Palm Pilot! You can use any of them to connect to
x11vnc (see the above VNC links under "Background:" on how to obtain a
viewer for your platform or see [46]this FAQ. For Solaris, vncviewer
is available in the [47]Companion CD package SFWvnc.)
In this example we'll use the Unix vncviewer program on sitting-here
by typing the following command in a second terminal window:
sitting-here> vncviewer far-away.east:0
That should pop up a viewer window on sitting-here.west showing and
allowing interaction with the far-away.east:0 X11 desktop. Pretty
nifty! When finished, exit the viewer: the remote x11vnc process will
shutdown automatically (or you can use the [48]-forever option to have
it wait for additional viewer connections.)
Common Gotcha: Nowadays there will likely be a host-level [49]firewall
on the x11vnc side that is blocking remote access to the VNC port
(e.g. 5900.) You will either have to open up that port (or a range of
ports) in your firewall administration tool, or try the [50]SSH
tunnelling method below (even still the firewall must allow in the SSH
port, 22.)
Shortcut: Of course if you left x11vnc running on far-away.east:0 in a
terminal window with the [51]-forever option or as a [52]service,
you'd only have to do Step 3 as you moved around. Be sure to use a VNC
[53]Password or [54]other measures if you do that.
Super Shortcut: Here is a potentially very easy way to get all of it
working.
* Have x11vnc (0.9.3 or later) available to run on the remote host
(i.e. in $PATH.)
* Download and unpack a [55]SSVNC bundle (1.0.19 or later, e.g.
[56]ssvnc_no_windows-1.0.19.tar.gz) on the Viewer-side machine.
* Start the SSVNC Terminal Services mode GUI: ./ssvnc/bin/tsvnc
* Enter your remote username@hostname (e.g. fred@far-away.east) in
the "VNC Terminal Server" entry.
* Click "Connect".
That will do an SSH to username@hostname and start up x11vnc and then
connect a VNC Viewer through the SSH [57]encrypted tunnel.
There are a number of things assumed here, first that you are able to
SSH into the remote host; i.e. that you have a Unix account there and
the SSH server is running. On Unix and MacOS X it is assumed that the
ssh client command is available on the local machine (on Windows a
plink binary is included in the SSVNC bundle.) Finally, it is assumed
that you are already logged into an X session on the remote machine,
e.g. your workstation (otherwise, a virtual X server, e.g. Xvfb, will
be [58]started for you.)
In some cases the remote SSH server will not run commands with the
same $PATH that you normally have in your shell there. In this case
click on Options -> Advanced -> X11VNC Options, and type in the
location of the x11vnc binary under "Full Path". (End of Super
Shortcut)
Desktop Sharing: The above more or less assumed nobody was sitting at
the workstation display "far-away.east:0". This is often the case: a
user wants to access her workstation remotely. Another usage pattern
has the user sitting at "far-away.east:0" and invites one or more
other people to view and interact with his desktop. Perhaps the user
gives a demo or presentation this way (using the telephone for vocal
communication.) A "Remote Help Desk" mode would be similar: a
technician connects remotely to the user's desktop to interactively
solve a problem the user is having.
For these cases it should be obvious how it is done. The above steps
will work, but more easily the user sitting at far-away.east:0 simply
starts up x11vnc from a terminal window, after which the guests would
start their VNC viewers. For this usage mode the "[59]-connect
host1,host2" option may be of use to automatically connect to the
vncviewers in "-listen" mode on the list of hosts.
_________________________________________________________________
Tunnelling x11vnc via SSH:
The above example had no security or privacy at all. When logging into
remote machines (certainly when going over the internet) it is best to
use ssh, or use a VPN (for a VPN, Virtual Private Network, the above
example should be pretty safe.)
For x11vnc one can tunnel the VNC protocol through an encrypted ssh
channel. It would look something like running the following commands:
sitting-here> ssh -t -L 5900:localhost:5900 far-away.east 'x11vnc -localhost
-display :0'
(you will likely have to provide passwords/passphrases to login from
sitting-here into your far-away.east Unix account; we assume you have
a login account on far-away.east and it is running the SSH server)
And then in another terminal window on sitting-here run the command:
sitting-here> vncviewer -encodings "copyrect tight zrle hextile" localhost:0
Note: The -encodings option is very important: vncviewer will often
default to "raw" encoding if it thinks the connection is to the local
machine, and so vncviewer gets tricked this way by the ssh
redirection. "raw" encoding will be extremely slow over a networked
link, so you need to force the issue with -encodings "copyrect tight
...". Nowadays, not all viewers use the -encodings option, try
"-PreferredEncoding=ZRLE" (although the newer viewers seem to
autodetect well when to use raw or not.)
Note that "x11vnc -localhost ..." limits incoming vncviewer
connections to only those from the same machine. This is very natural
for ssh tunnelling (the redirection appears to come from the same
machine.) Use of a [60]VNC password is also strongly recommended.
Note also the -t we used above (force allocate pseudoterminal), it
actually seems to improve interactive typing response via VNC!
You may want to add the -C option to ssh to enable compression. The
VNC compression is not perfect, and so this may help a bit. However,
over a fast LAN you probably don't want to enable SSH compression
because it can slow things down. Try both and see which is faster.
If your username is different on the remote machine use something
like: "fred@far-away.east" in the above ssh command line.
Some VNC viewers will do the ssh tunnelling for you automatically, the
TightVNC Unix vncviewer does this when the "-via far-away.east" option
is supplied to it (this requires x11vnc to be already running on
far-away.east or having it started by [61]inetd(8).) See the 3rd
script example [62]below for more info.
SSVNC: You may also want to look at the [63]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer
(ssvnc) bundles because they contain scripts and GUIs to automatically
set up SSH tunnels (e.g. the GUI, "ssvnc", does it automatically and
so does this command: "ssvnc_cmd -ssh user@far-away.east:0") and can
even start up x11vnc as well.
The [64]Terminal Services mode of SSVNC is perhaps the easiest way to
use x11vnc. You just need to have x11vnc available in $PATH on the
remote side (and can SSH to the host), and then on the viewer-side you
type something like:
tsvnc fred@far-away.east
everything else is done automatically for you. Normally this will
start a virtual Terminal Services X session (RAM-only), but if you
already have a real X session up on the physical hardware it will find
that one for you.
Gateways: If the machine you SSH into is not the same machine with
the X display you wish to view (e.g. your company provides incoming
SSH access to a gateway machine), then you need to change the above
to, e.g.: "-L 5900:OtherHost:5900":
sitting-here> ssh -t -L 5900:OtherHost:5900 gateway.east
Where gateway.east is the internet hostname (or IP) of the gateway
machine (SSH server.) 'OtherHost' might be, e.g., freds-pc or
192.168.2.33 (it is OK for these to be private hostnames or private IP
addresses, the host in -L is relative to the remote server side.)
Once logged in, you'll need to do a second login (ssh, rsh, etc.) to
the workstation machine 'OtherHost' and then start up x11vnc on it (if
it isn't already running.) (The "[65]-connect gateway:59xx" option may
be another alternative here with the viewer already in -listen mode.)
For an automatic way to use a gateway and have all the network traffic
encrypted (including inside the firewall) see [66]Chaining SSH's.
These gateway access modes also can be done automatically for you via
the "Proxy/Gateway" setting in [67]SSVNC (including the Chaining SSH's
case, "Double Proxy".)
Firewalls/Routers:
A lot of people have inexpensive devices for home or office that act
as a Firewall and Router to the machines inside on a private LAN. One
can usually configure the Firewall/Router from inside the LAN via a
web browser.
Often having a Firewall/Router sitting between the vncviewer and
x11vnc will make it impossible for the viewer to connect to x11vnc.
One thing that can be done is to redirect a port on the
Firewall/Router to, say, the SSH port (22) on an inside machine (how
to do this depends on your particular Firewall/Router, often the
router config URL is http://192.168.100.1 See [68]www.portforward.com
for more info.) This way you reach these computers from anywhere on
the Internet and use x11vnc to view X sessions running on them.
Suppose you configured the Firewall/Router to redirect these ports to
two internal machines:
Port 12300 -> 192.168.1.3, Port 22 (SSH)
Port 12301 -> 192.168.1.4, Port 22 (SSH)
(where 192.168.1.3 is "jills-pc" and 192.168.1.4 is "freds-pc".) Then
the ssh's would look something like:
sitting-here> ssh -t -p 12300 -L 5900:localhost:5900 jill@far-away.east 'x11v
nc -localhost -display :0'
sitting-here> ssh -t -p 12301 -L 5900:localhost:5900 fred@far-away.east 'x11v
nc -localhost -display :0'
Where far-away.east means the hostname (or IP) that the
Router/Firewall is using (for home setups this is usually the IP
gotten from your ISP via DHCP, the site [69]http://www.whatismyip.com/
is a convenient way to determine what it is.)
It is a good idea to add some obscurity to accessing your system via
SSH by using some high random port (e.g. 12300 in the above example.)
If you can't remember it, or are otherwise not worried about port
scanners detecting the presence of your SSH server and there is just
one internal PC involved you could map 22:
Port 22 -> 192.168.1.3, Port 22 (SSH)
Again, this SSH gateway access can be done automatically for you via
the "Proxy/Gateway" setting in [70]SSVNC. And under the "Remote SSH
Command" setting you can enter the x11vnc -localhost -display :0.
Host-Level-Firewalls: even with the hardware Firewall/Router problem
solved via a port redirection, most PC systems have their own Host
level "firewalls" enabled to protect users from themselves. I.e. the
system itself blocks all incoming connections. So you will need to see
what is needed to configure it to allow in the port (e.g. 22) that you
desire. E.g. Yast, Firestarter, iptables(1), etc..
VNC Ports and Firewalls: The above discussion was for configuring the
Firewall/Router to let in port 22 (SSH), but the same thing can be
done for the default VNC port 5900:
Port 5900 -> 192.168.1.3, Port 5900 (VNC)
Port 5901 -> 192.168.1.4, Port 5900 (VNC)
(where 192.168.1.3 is "jills-pc" and 192.168.1.4 is "freds-pc".) This
could be used for normal, unencrypted connections and also for [71]SSL
encrypted ones.
The the VNC displays to enter in the VNC viewer would be, say,
"far-away.east:0" to reach jills-pc and "far-away.east:1" to reach
freds-pc. We assume above that x11vnc is using port 5900 (and any
Host-Level-firewalls on jills-pc has been configured to let that port
in.)
For a home system one likely does not have a hostname and would have
to use the IP address, say, "24.56.78.93:0". E.g.:
vncviewer 24.56.78.93:0
The IP address would need to be communicated to the person running the
VNC Viewer. The site [72]http://www.whatismyip.com/ can help here.
_________________________________________________________________
Scripts to automate ssh tunneling: As discussed below, there may be
some problems with port 5900 being available. If that happens, the
above port and display numbers may change a bit (e.g. -> 5901 and :1).
However, if you "know" port 5900 will be free on the local and remote
machines, you can easily automate the above two steps by using the
x11vnc option [73]-bg (forks into background after connection to the
display is set up) or using the -f option of ssh. Some example scripts
are shown below. Feel free to try the ssh -C to enable its compression
and see if that speeds things up noticeably.
_________________________________________________________________
#1. A simple example script, assuming no problems with port 5900 being
taken on the local or remote sides, looks like:
#!/bin/sh
# usage: x11vnc_ssh <host>:<xdisplay>
# e.g.: x11vnc_ssh snoopy.peanuts.com:0
# (user@host:N also works)
host=`echo $1 | awk -F: '{print $1}'`
disp=`echo $1 | awk -F: '{print $2}'`
if [ "x$disp" = "x" ]; then disp=0; fi
cmd="x11vnc -display :$disp -localhost -rfbauth .vnc/passwd"
enc="copyrect tight zrle hextile zlib corre rre raw"
ssh -f -t -L 5900:localhost:5900 $host "$cmd"
for i in 1 2 3
do
sleep 2
if vncviewer -encodings "$enc" :0; then break; fi
done
See also rx11vnc.pl below.
_________________________________________________________________
#2. Another method is to start the VNC viewer in listen mode
"vncviewer -listen" and have x11vnc initiate a reverse connection
using the [74]-connect option:
#!/bin/sh
# usage: x11vnc_ssh <host>:<xdisplay>
# e.g.: x11vnc_ssh snoopy.peanuts.com:0
# (user@host:N also works)
host=`echo $1 | awk -F: '{print $1}'`
disp=`echo $1 | awk -F: '{print $2}'`
if [ "x$disp" = "x" ]; then disp=0; fi
cmd="x11vnc -display :$disp -localhost -connect localhost" # <== note new opt
ion
enc="copyrect tight zrle hextile zlib corre rre raw"
vncviewer -encodings "$enc" -listen &
pid=$!
ssh -t -R 5500:localhost:5500 $host "$cmd"
kill $pid
Note the use of the ssh option "-R" instead of "-L" to set up a remote
port redirection.
_________________________________________________________________
#3. A third way is specific to the TightVNC vncviewer special option
-via for gateways. The only tricky part is we need to start up x11vnc
and give it some time (5 seconds in this example) to start listening
for connections (so we cannot use the TightVNC default setting for
VNC_VIA_CMD):
#!/bin/sh
# usage: x11vnc_ssh <host>:<xdisplay>
# e.g.: x11vnc_ssh snoopy.peanuts.com:0
host=`echo $1 | awk -F: '{print $1}'`
disp=`echo $1 | awk -F: '{print $2}'`
if [ "x$disp" = "x" ]; then disp=0; fi
VNC_VIA_CMD="ssh -f -t -L %L:%H:%R %G x11vnc -localhost -rfbport 5900 -display
:$disp; sleep 5"
export VNC_VIA_CMD
vncviewer -via $host localhost:0 # must be TightVNC vncviewer.
Of course if you already have the x11vnc running waiting for
connections (or have it started out of [75]inetd(8)), you can simply
use the TightVNC "vncviewer -via gateway host:port" in its default
mode to provide secure ssh tunnelling.
_________________________________________________________________
VNC password file: Also note in the #1. example script that the
[76]option "-rfbauth .vnc/passwd" provides additional protection by
requiring a VNC password for every VNC viewer that connects. The
vncpasswd or storepasswd programs, or the x11vnc [77]-storepasswd
option can be used to create the password file. x11vnc also has the
slightly less secure [78]-passwdfile and "-passwd XXXXX" [79]options
to specify passwords.
Very Important: It is up to YOU to tell x11vnc to use password
protection (-rfbauth or -passwdfile), it will NOT do it for you
automatically or force you to (use [80]-usepw if you want to be forced
to.) The same goes for encrypting the channel between the viewer and
x11vnc: it is up to you to use ssh, stunnel, [81]-ssl mode, a VPN,
etc. (use the [82]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC) GUI if you want to
be forced to use SSL or SSH.) For additional safety, also look into
the -allow and -localhost [83]options and building x11vnc with
[84]tcp_wrappers support to limit host access.
_________________________________________________________________
Tunnelling x11vnc via SSL/TLS:
One can also encrypt the VNC traffic using an SSL/TLS tunnel such as
[85]stunnel (also [86]stunnel.mirt.net) or using the built-in
(Mar/2006) [87]-ssl openssl mode. A SSL-enabled Java applet VNC Viewer
is also provided in the x11vnc package (and https can be used to
download it.)
Although not as ubiquitous as ssh, SSL tunnelling still provides a
useful alternative. See [88]this FAQ on -ssl and -stunnel modes for
details and examples.
The [89]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC) bundles contain some
convenient utilities to automatically set up an SSL tunnel from the
viewer-side (i.e. to connect to "x11vnc -ssl ...".) And many other
enhancements too.
_________________________________________________________________
Downloading x11vnc:
x11vnc is a contributed program to the [90]LibVNCServer project at
SourceForge.net. I use libvncserver for all of the VNC aspects; I
couldn't have done without it. The full source code may be found and
downloaded (either file-release tarball or CVS tree) from the above
link. As of Mar 2009, the [91]x11vnc-0.9.7.tar.gz source package is
released (recommended download). The [92]x11vnc 0.9.7 release notes.
The x11vnc package is the subset of the libvncserver package needed to
build the x11vnc program. Also, you can get a copy of my latest,
bleeding edge [93]x11vnc-0.9.8.tar.gz tarball to build the most up to
date one.
Precompiled Binaries/Packages: See the [94]FAQ below for information
about where you might obtain a precompiled x11vnc binary from 3rd
parties and some ones I create.
VNC Viewers: To obtain VNC viewers for the viewing side (Windows, Mac
OS, or Unix) try these links:
* [95]http://www.tightvnc.com/download.html
* [96]http://www.realvnc.com/download-free.html
* [97]http://sourceforge.net/projects/cotvnc/
* [98]http://www.ultravnc.com/
* [99]Our Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC)
[ssvnc.gif]
More tools: Here is a ssh/rsh wrapper script rx11vnc that attempts to
automatically do the above Steps 1-3 for you (provided you have
ssh/rsh login permission on the machine x11vnc is to be run on.) The
above example would be: "rx11vnc far-away.east:0" typed into a shell
on sitting-here.west. Also included is an experimental script
rx11vnc.pl that attempts to tunnel the vnc traffic through an ssh port
redirection (and does not assume port 5900 is free.) Have a look at
them to see what they do and customize as needed:
* [100]rx11vnc wrapper script
* [101]rx11vnc.pl wrapper script to tunnel traffic thru ssh
_________________________________________________________________
Building x11vnc:
Make sure you have all the needed [102]build/compile/development
packages installed (e.g. Linux distributions foolishly don't install
them by default.)
If your OS has libjpeg.so and libz.so in standard locations you can
build as follows (example given for the 0.9.7 release of x11vnc:
replace with the version you downloaded):
(un-tar the x11vnc+libvncserver tarball)
# gzip -dc x11vnc-0.9.7.tar.gz | tar -xvf -
(cd to the source directory)
# cd x11vnc-0.9.7
(run configure and then run make)
# ./configure
# make
(if all went OK, copy x11vnc to the desired destination, e.g. $HOME/bin)
# cp ./x11vnc/x11vnc $HOME/bin
Or do make install, it will probably install to /usr/local/bin (run
./configure --help for information on customizing your configuration,
e.g. --prefix=/my/place.) You can now run it via typing "x11vnc",
"x11vnc -help | more", "x11vnc -forever -shared -display :0", etc.
Note: Currently gcc is recommended to build libvncserver. In some
cases it will build with non-gcc compilers, but the resulting binary
sometimes fails to run properly. For Solaris pre-built gcc binaries
are at [103]http://www.sunfreeware.com/. Some Solaris pre-built x11vnc
binaries are [104]here.
However, one user reports it does work fine when built with Sun Studio
10, so YMMV. In fact, here is a little build script to do this on
Solaris 10:
#!/bin/sh
PATH=/usr/ccs/bin:/opt/SUNWspro/bin:$PATH; export PATH
CC='cc' \
CFLAGS='-xO4' \
LDFLAGS='-L/usr/sfw/lib -L/usr/X11/lib -R/usr/sfw/lib -R/usr/X11/lib' \
CPPFLAGS='-I /usr/sfw/include -I/usr/X11/include' \
./configure
MAKE="make -e"
AM_CFLAGS=""
export MAKE AM_CFLAGS
$MAKE
In general you can use the "make -e" trick if you don't like
libvncserver's choice of AM_CFLAGS. See the [105]build scripts below
for more ideas. Scripts similar to the above have been shown to work
with vendor C compilers on HP-UX (ccom: HP92453-01) and Tru64 (Compaq
C V6.5-011.)
You can find information on [106]Misc. Build problems here.
_________________________________________________________________
Building on Solaris, FreeBSD, etc: Depending on your version of
Solaris or other Unix OS the jpeg and/or zlib libraries may be in
non-standard places (e.g. /usr/local, /usr/sfw, /opt/sfw, etc.)
Note: If configure cannot find these two libraries then TightVNC and
ZRLE encoding support will be disabled, and you don't want that!!! The
TightVNC encoding gives very good compression and performance, it even
makes a noticeable difference over a fast LAN.
Shortcuts: On Solaris 10 you can pick up almost everything just by
insuring that your PATH has /usr/sfw/bin (for gcc) and /usr/ccs/bin
(for other build tools), e.g.:
env PATH=/usr/sfw/bin:/usr/ccs/bin:$PATH sh -c './configure; make'
(The only thing this misses is /usr/X11/lib/libXrandr.so.2, which is
for the little used -xrandr option, see the script below to pick it up
as well.)
libjpeg is included in Solaris 9 and later (/usr/sfw/include and
/usr/sfw/lib), and zlib in Solaris 8 and later (/usr/include and
/usr/lib.) So on Solaris 9 you can pick up everything with something
like this:
env PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/ccs/bin:$PATH sh -c './configure --with-jpeg=/us
r/sfw; make'
assuming your gcc is in /usr/local/bin and x11vnc 0.7.1 or later.
These are getting pretty long, see those assignments split up in the
build script below.
If your system does not have these libraries at all you can get the
source for the libraries to build them: libjpeg is available at
[107]ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/ and zlib at
[108]http://www.gzip.org/zlib/. See also
[109]http://www.sunfreeware.com/ for Solaris binary packages of these
libraries as well as for gcc. Normally they will install into
/usr/local but you can install them anywhere with the
--prefix=/path/to/anywhere, etc.
Here is a build script that indicates one way to pass the library
locations information to the libvncserver configuration via the
CPPFLAGS and LDFLAGS environment variables.
---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8
<---
#!/bin/sh
# Build script for Solaris, etc, with gcc, libjpeg and libz in
# non-standard locations.
# set to get your gcc, etc:
#
PATH=/path/to/gcc/bin:/usr/ccs/bin:/usr/sfw/bin:$PATH
JPEG=/path/to/jpeg # set to maybe "/usr/local", "/usr/sfw", or "/opt/sfw"
ZLIB=/path/to/zlib # set to maybe "/usr/local", "/usr/sfw", or "/opt/sfw"
# Below we assume headers in $JPEG/include and $ZLIB/include and the
# shared libraries are in $JPEG/lib and $ZLIB/lib. If your situation
# is different change the locations in the two lines below.
#
CPPFLAGS="-I $JPEG/include -I $ZLIB/include"
LDFLAGS="-L$JPEG/lib -R $JPEG/lib -L$ZLIB/lib -R $ZLIB/lib"
# These two lines may not be needed on more recent Solaris releases:
#
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I /usr/openwin/include"
LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -L/usr/openwin/lib -R /usr/openwin/lib"
# These are for libXrandr.so on Solaris 10:
#
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I /usr/X11/include"
LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -L/usr/X11/lib -R /usr/X11/lib"
# Everything needs to built with _REENTRANT for thread safe errno:
#
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -D_REENTRANT"
export PATH CPPFLAGS LDFLAGS
./configure
make
ls -l ./x11vnc/x11vnc
---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8<---8
<---
Then do make install or copy the x11vnc binary to your desired
destination.
BTW, To run a shell script, just cut-and-paste the above into a file,
say "myscript", then modify the "/path/to/..." items to correspond to
your system/environment, and then type: "sh myscript" to run it.
Note that on Solaris make is /usr/ccs/bin/make, so that is why the
above puts /usr/ccs/bin in PATH. Other important build utilities are
there too: ld, ar, etc. Also, it is probably a bad idea to have
/usr/ucb in your PATH while building.
Starting with the 0.7.1 x11vnc release the "configure --with-jpeg=DIR
--with-zlib=DIR" options are handy if you want to avoid making a
script.
If you need to link OpenSSL libssl.a on Solaris see this [110]method.
If you need to build on Solaris 2.5.1 or earlier or other older Unix
OS's, see [111]this workaround FAQ.
Building on FreeBSD, OpenBSD, ...: The jpeg libraries seem to be in
/usr/local or /usr/pkg on these OS's. You won't need the openwin stuff
in the above script (but you may need /usr/X11R6/....) Also starting
with the 0.7.1 x11vnc release, this usually works:
./configure --with-jpeg=/usr/local
make
Building on HP-UX: For jpeg and zlib you will need to do the same
sort of thing as described above for Solaris. You set CPPFLAGS and
LDFLAGS to find them (see below for an example.) You do not need to do
any of the above /usr/openwin stuff. Also, HP-UX does not seem to
support -R, so get rid of the -R items in LDFLAGS. Because of this, at
runtime you may need to set LD_LIBRARY_PATH or SHLIB_PATH to indicate
the directory paths so the libraries can be found. It is a good idea
to have static archives, e.g. libz.a and libjpeg.a for the nonstandard
libraries so that they get bolted into the x11vnc binary (and so won't
get "lost".)
Here is what we recently did to build x11vnc 0.7.2 on HP-UX 11.11
./configure --with-jpeg=$HOME/hpux/jpeg --with-zlib=$HOME/hpux/zlib
make
Where we had static archives (libjpeg.a, libz.a) only and header files
in the $HOME/hpux/... directories as discussed for the build script.
On HP-UX 11.23 and 11.31 we have had problems compiling with gcc.
"/usr/include/rpc/auth.h:87: error: field 'syncaddr' has incomplete
type". As a workaround for x11vnc 0.9.4 and later set your CPPFLAGS to
include:
CPPFLAGS="-DIGNORE_GETSPNAM"
export CPPFLAGS
This disables a very rare usage mode for -unixpw_nis by not trying
getspnam(3).
Using HP-UX's C compiler on 11.23 and 11.31 we have some severe
compiler errors that have not been worked around yet. If you need to
do this, contact me and I will give you a drastic recipe that will
produce a working binary.
Building on AIX: AIX: one user had to add the "X11.adt" package to
AIX 4.3.3 and 5.2 to get build header files like XShm.h, etc. You may
also want to make sure that /usr/lpp/X11/include, etc is being picked
up by the configure and make.
Building on Mac OS X: There is now [112]native Mac OS X support for
x11vnc by using the raw framebuffer feature. This mode does not use or
need X11 at all. To build you may need to disable X11:
./configure --without-x ...
make
However, if your system has the Mac OS X build package for X11 apps
you will not need to supply the "--without-x" option (in this case the
resulting x11vnc would be able to export both the native Mac OS X
display and windows displayed in the XDarwin X server.) Be sure to
include the ./configure option to find libjpeg on your system.
OpenSSL: Starting with version 0.8.3 x11vnc can now be built with
[113]SSL/TLS support. For this to be enabled the libssl.so library
needs to be available at build time. So you may need to have
additional CPPFLAGS and LDFLAGS items if your libssl.so is in a
non-standard place. As of x11vnc 0.9.4 there is also the
--with-ssl=DIR configure option.
On Solaris using static archives libssl.a and libcrypto.a instead of
.so shared libraries (e.g. from www.sunfreeware.com), we found we
needed to also set LDFLAGS as follows to get the configure to work:
env LDFLAGS='-lsocket -ldl' ./configure --with-ssl=/path/to/openssl ...
make
_________________________________________________________________
Beta Testing:
I don't have any formal beta-testers for the releases of x11vnc, so
I'd appreciate any additional testing very much.
Thanks to those who suggested features and helped beta test x11vnc
0.9.7 released in Mar 2009!
Please help test and debug the 0.9.8 version for release sometime in
Summer 2009.
The version 0.9.8 beta tarball is kept here:
[114]x11vnc-0.9.8.tar.gz
There are also some Linux, Solaris, Mac OS X, and other OS test
binaries [115]here. Please kick the tires and report bugs, performance
regressions, undesired behavior, etc. to [116]me.
To aid testing of the [117]built-in SSL/TLS support for x11vnc, a
number of VNC Viewer packages for Unix, Mac OS X, and Windows have
been created that provide SSL Support for the TightVNC Viewer (this is
done by [118]wrapper scripts and a GUI that starts [119]STUNNEL.) It
should be pretty convenient for automatic SSL and SSH connections. It
is described in detail at and can be downloaded from the [120]Enhanced
TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC) page. The SSVNC Unix viewer also supports
x11vnc's symmetric key [121]encryption ciphers (see the 'UltraVNC DSM
Encryption Plugin' settings panel.)
Here are some features that will appear in the 0.9.8 release:
* Stability improvements to [122]-threads mode. Running x11vnc this
way is more reliable now. Threaded operation sometimes gives
better interactive response and faster updates: try it out. The
threaded mode now supports multiple VNC viewers using the same VNC
encoding. The threaded mode can also yield a performance
enhancement in the many client case (e.g. class-room broadcast.)
We have tested with 30 to 50 simultaneous clients. See also
[123]-reflect.
For simultaneous clients: the ZRLE encoding is thread safe on all
platforms, and the Tight and Zlib encodings are currently only
thread safe on Linux where thread local storage, __thread, is
used. If your non-Linux system and compiler support __thread one
can supply -DTLS=__thread to enable it. When there is only one
connected client, all encodings are safe on all platforms. Note
that some features (e.g. scroll detection and -ncache) may be
disabled or run with reduced functionality in -threads mode.
* Automatically tries to work around an [124]Xorg server bug
involving infinitely repeating keys when turning off key
repeating. Use [125]-repeat if the automatic workaround fails.
* Improved reliability of the Single Port SSL VNC and HTTPS java
viewer applet delivery mechanism.
* The [126]-clip mode works under [127]-rawfb.
Here are some features that appeared in the 0.9.7 release:
* Support for polling Linux Virtual Terminals (also called virtual
consoles) directly instead of using /dev/fb. The option to use is,
for example, "-rawfb vt2" for Virtual Terminal 2, etc. In this
case the special file /dev/vcsa2 is used to retrieve vt2's current
text. Text and colors are shown, but no graphics.
* Support for less than 8 bits per pixel framebuffers (e.g. 4 or 1
bpp) in the [128]-rawfb mode.
* The SSL enabled UltraVNC Java viewer applet now has a [Home] entry
in the "drives" drop down menu. This menu can be configured with
the ftpDropDown applet parameter. All of the applet parameters are
documented in classes/ssl/README.
* Experimental support for [129]VirtualGL's [130]TurboVNC (an
enhanced TightVNC for fast LAN high framerate usage.)
* The CUPS Terminal Services helper mode has been improved.
* Improvements to the [131]-ncache_cr that allows smooth opaque
window motions using the 'copyrect' encoding when using
[132]-ncache mode.
* The [133]-rmflag option enables a way to indicate to other
processes x11vnc has exited.
* Reverse connections using anonymous Diffie Hellman SSL encryption
now work.
Here are some features that appeared in the 0.9.6 release:
* Support for [134]VeNCrypt SSL/TLS encrypted connections. It is
enabled by default in the [135]-ssl mode. VNC Viewers like
vinagre, gvncviewer/gtk-vnc, the vencrypt package, and others
support this encryption mode. It can also be used with the
[136]-unixpw option to enable Unix username and password
authentication (VeNCrypt's "*Plain" modes.) A similar but older
VNC security type "ANONTLS" (used by vino) is supported as well.
See the [137]-vencrypt and [138]-anontls options for additional
control. The difference between x11vnc's normal -ssl mode and
VeNCrypt is that the former wraps the entire VNC connection in SSL
(like HTTPS does for HTTP, i.e. "vncs://") while VeNCrypt switches
on the SSL/TLS at a certain point during the VNC handshake. Use
[139]-sslonly to disable both VeNCrypt and ANONTLS (vino.)
* The "[140]-ssl ANON" option enables Anonymous Diffie-Hellman (ADH)
key exchange for x11vnc's normal SSL/TLS operation. Note that
Anonymous Diffie-Hellman uses encryption for privacy, but provides
no authentication and so is susceptible to Man-In-The-Middle
attacks (and so we do not recommend it: we prefer you use "-ssl
SAVE", etc. and have the VNC viewer verify the cert.) The ANONTLS
mode (vino) only supports ADH. VeNCrypt mode supports both ADH and
regular X509 SSL certificates modes. For these ADH is enabled by
default. See [141]-vencrypt and [142]-anontls for how to disable
ADH.
* For x11vnc's SSL/TLS modes, one can now specify a Certificate
Revocation List (CRL) with the [143]-sslCRL option. This will only
be useful for wide deployments: say a company-wide x11vnc SSL
access deployment using a central Certificate Authority (CA) via
[144]-sslGenCA and [145]-sslGenCert. This way if a user has his
laptop lost or stolen, you only have to revoke his key instead of
creating a new Certificate Authority and redeploying new keys to
all users.
* The default SSL/TLS mode, "[146]-ssl" (no pem file parameter
supplied), is now the same as "-ssl SAVE" and will save the
generated self-signed cert in "~/.vnc/certs/server.pem".
Previously "-ssl" would create a temporary self-signed cert that
was discarded when x11vnc exited. The reason for the change is to
at least give the chance for the VNC Viewer side (e.g. SSVNC) to
remember the cert to authenticate subsequent connections to the
same x11vnc server. Use "-ssl TMP" to regain the previous
behavior. Use "-ssl SAVE_NOPROMPT" to avoid being prompted about
using passphrase when the certificate is created.
* The option [147]-http_oneport enables single-port HTTP connections
via the Java VNC Viewer. So, for example, the web browser URL
"http://myhost.org:5900" works the same as
"http://myhost.org:5800", but with the convenience of only
involving one port instead of two. This works for both unencrypted
connections and for SSH tunnels (see [148]-httpsredir if the
tunnel port differs.) Note that HTTPS single-port operation in
[149]-ssl SSL encrypted mode has been available since x11vnc
version 0.8.3.
* For the [150]-avahi/[151]-zeroconf Service Advertizing mode, if
x11vnc was not compiled with the avahi-client library, then an
external helper program, either avahi-publish(1) (on Unix) or
dns-sd(1) (on Mac OS X), is used instead.
* The "[152]-rfbport PROMPT" option will prompt the user via the GUI
to select the VNC port (e.g. 5901) to listen on, and a few other
basic settings. This enables a handy GUI mode for naive users:
x11vnc -gui tray=setpass -rfbport PROMPT -logfile $HOME/.x11vnc.log.%VNCDISP
LAY
suitable for putting in a launcher or menu, e.g.
[153]x11vnc.desktop. The [154]-logfile expansion is new too. In
the GUI, the tray=setpass Properties panel has been improved.
* The [155]-solid solid background color option now works for the
Mac OS X console.
* The [156]-reopen option instructs x11vnc to try to reopen the X
display if it is prematurely closed by, say, the display manager
(e.g. [157]GDM.)
Here are some features that appeared in the 0.9.5 release:
* Symmetric key [158]encryption ciphers. ARC4, AES-128, AES-256,
blowfish, and 3des are supported. Salt and initialization vector
seeding is provided. These compliment the more widely used SSL and
SSH encryption access methods. [159]SSVNC also supports these
encryption modes.
* Scaling differently along the X- and Y-directions. E.g.
"[160]-scale 1280x1024" or "-scale 0.8x0.75" Also,
"[161]-geometry WxH" is an alias for "-scale WxH"
* By having SSVNC version 1.0.21 or later available in your $PATH,
the [162]-chatwindow option allows a UltraVNC Text Chat window to
appear on the local X11 console/display (this way the remote
viewer can chat with the person at the physical display; e.g.
helpdesk mode.) This also works on the Mac OS X console if the
Xquartz X11 server (enabled by default on leopard) is running for
the chatwindow.
* The HTTP Java viewer applet jar, classes/VncViewer.jar, has been
updated with an improved implementation based on the code used by
the classes/ssl applets.
Here are some features that appeared in the 0.9.4 release:
* Improvements to the [163]-find and [164]-create X session finding
or creating modes: new desktop types and service redirection
options. Personal cupsd daemon and SSH port redirection helper for
use with [165]SSVNC's Terminal Services feature.
* Reverse VNC connections via [166]-connect work in the [167]-find,
[168]-create and related [169]-display WAIT:... modes.
* Reverse VNC connections (either normal or SSL) can use a Web Proxy
or a SOCKS proxy, or a SSH connection, or even a CGI URL to make
the outgoing connection. See: [170]-proxy. Forward connections can
also use: [171]-ssh.
* Reverse VNC connections via the [172]UltraVNC repeater proxy
(either normal or SSL) are supported. Use either the
"[173]-connect repeater=ID:NNNN+host:port" or "[174]-connect
repeater://host:port+ID:NNNN" notation. The [175]SSVNC VNC viewer
also supports the UltraVNC repeater.
* Support for indexed colormaps (PseudoColor) with depths other than
8 (from 1 to 16 now work) for non-standard hardware. Option
"[176]-advertise_truecolor" to handle some workaround in this
mode.
* Support for the ZYWRLE encoding, this is the RealVNC ZRLE encoding
extended to do motion video and photo regions more efficiently by
way of a Wavelet based transformation.
* The [177]-finddpy and [178]-listdpy utilities help to debug and
configure the [179]-find, [180]-create, and [181]-display WAIT:...
modes.
* Some automatic detection of screen resizes are handled even if the
[182]-xrandr option is not supplied.
* The [183]-autoport options gives more control over the VNC port
x11vnc chooses.
* The [184]-ping secs can be used to help keep idle connections
alive.
* Pasting of the selection/clipboard into remote applications (e.g.
Java) has been improved.
* Fixed a bug if a client disconnects during the 'speed-estimation'
phase.
* To unset Caps_Lock, Num_Lock and raise all keys in the X server
use [185]-clear_all.
* Usage with dvorak keyboards has been improved. See also:
[186]-xkb.
* The [187]Java Viewer applet source code is now included in the
x11vnc-0.9.*.tar.gz tarball. This means you can now build the Java
viewer applet jar files from source. If you stopped shipping the
Java viewer applet jar files due to lack of source code, you can
start again.
Here are some features that appeared in the 0.9.3 release:
* [188]Viewer-side pixmap caching. A large area of pixels (at least
2-3 times as big as the framebuffer itself; the bigger the
better... default is 10X) is placed below the framebuffer to act
as a buffer/cache area for pixel data. The VNC CopyRect encoding
is used to move it around, so any viewer can take advantage of it.
Until we start modifying viewers you will be able to see the cache
area if you scroll down (this makes it easier to debug!) For
testing the default is "-ncache 10". The unix Enhanced TightVNC
Viewer [189]ssvnc has a nice [190]-ycrop option to help hide the
pixel cache area from view.
Here are some features that appeared in the 0.9.2 release:
* Building with no OpenSSL libssl available (or with --without-ssl)
has been fixed.
* One can configure x11vnc via "./configure
--with-system-libvncserver" to use a system installed libvncserver
library instead of the one bundled in the release tarball.
* If UltraVNC file transfer or chat is detected, then VNC clients
are "pinged" more often to prevent these side channels from
becoming serviced too infrequently.
* In [191]-unixpw mode in the username and password dialog no text
will be echoed if the first character sent is "Escape". This
enables a convenience feature in SSVNC to send the username and
password automatically.
Here are some features that appeared in the 0.9.1 release:
* The [192]UltraVNC Java viewer has been enhanced to support SSL (as
the TightVNC viewer had been previously.) The UltraVNC Java
supports ultravnc filetransfer, and so can be used as a VNC viewer
on Unix that supports ultravnc filetransfer. It is in the
classes/ssl/UltraViewerSSL.jar file (that is pointed to by
ultra.vnc.) The signed applet SignedUltraViewerSSL.jar version
(pointed to by ultrasigned.vnc) will be needed to access the local
drive if you are using it for file transfer via a Web browser.
Some other bugs in the UltraVNC Java viewer were fixed and a few
improvements to the UI made.
* A new Unix username login mode for VNC Viewers authenticated via a
Client SSL Certificate: "[193]-users sslpeer=". The emailAddress
subject field is inspected for username@hostname and then acts as
though "-users +username" has been supplied. This way the Unix
username is identified by (i.e. simply extracted from) the Client
SSL Certificate. This could be useful with [194]-find,
[195]-create and [196]-svc modes if you are also have set up and
use VNC Client SSL Certificate authentication.
* For external display finding/creating programs (e.g. WAIT:cmd=...)
if the VNC Viewer is authenticated via a Client SSL Certificate,
then that Certificate is available in the environment variable
RFB_SSL_CLIENT_CERT.
Here are some features that appeared in the 0.9 release:
* [197]VNC Service advertising via mDNS / ZeroConf / BonJour with
the [198]Avahi client library. Enable via "[199]-avahi" or
"[200]-zeroconf".
* Implementations of UltraVNC's TextChat, SingleWindow, and
ServerInput extensions (requires ultravnc viewer or [201]ssvnc
Unix viewer.) They toggle the selection of a single window
([202]-id), and disable (friendly) user input and viewing (monitor
blank) at the VNC server.
* Short aliases "[203]-find", "[204]-create", "[205]-svc", and
"[206]-xdmsvc" for commonly used FINDCREATEDISPLAY usage modes.
* Reverse VNC connections (viewer listening) now work in SSL
([207]-ssl) mode.
* New options to control the Monitor power state and keyboard/mouse
grabbing: [208]-forcedpms, [209]-clientdpms, [210]-noserverdpms,
and [211]-grabalways.
* A simple way to emulate inetd(8) to some degree via the
"[212]-loopbg" option.
* Monitor the accuracy of XDAMAGE and apply "[213]-noxdamage" if it
is not working well. OpenGL applications like like [214]beryl and
MythTv have been shown to make XDAMAGE not work properly.
* For Java SSL connections involving a router/firewall port
redirection, an option [215]-httpsredir to spare the user from
needing to include &PORT=NNN in the browser URL.
Here are some features that appeared in the 0.8.4 release:
* Native [216]Mac OS X Aqua/Quartz support. (i.e. OSXvnc
alternative; some activities are faster)
* A [217]new login mode: "-display WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY
-unixpw ..." that will Create a new X session (either virtual or
real and with or without a display manager, e.g. kdm) for the user
if it cannot find the user's X session display via the FINDDISPLAY
method. See the [218]-svc and the [219]-xdmsvc aliases.
* x11vnc can act as a VNC [220]reflector/repeater using the
"[221]-reflect host:N" option. Instead of polling an X display,
the remote VNC Server host:N is connected to and re-exported via
VNC. This is intended for use in broadcasting a display to many
(e.g. > 16; classroom or large demo) VNC viewers where bandwidth
and other resources are conserved by spreading the load over a
number of repeaters.
* Wireframe copyrect detection for local user activity (e.g. someone
sitting at the physical display moving windows) Use
[222]-nowireframelocal to disable.
* The "[223]-N" option couples the VNC Display number to the X
Display number. E.g. if your X DISPLAY is :2 then the VNC display
will be :2 (i.e. using port 5902.) If that port is taken x11vnc
will exit.
* Option [224]-nodpms to avoid problems with programs like KDE's
kdesktop_lock that keep restarting the screen saver every few
seconds.
* To automatically fix the common mouse motion problem on XINERAMA
(multi-headed) displays, the [225]-xwarppointer option is enabled
by default when XINERAMA is active.
If you have a Mac please try out the native Mac OS X support, build
with "./configure --without-x", or download a binary mentioned above,
(even if you don't plan on ever using it in this mode!), and let me
know how it went. Thanks.
Here are some features that appeared in the 0.8.3 release:
* The [226]-ssl option provides SSL encryption and authentication
natively via the [227]www.openssl.org library. One can use from a
simple self-signed certificate server certificate up to full CA
and client certificate authentication schemes.
* Similar to -ssl, the [228]-stunnel option starts up a SSL tunnel
server stunnel (that must be installed separately on the system:
[229]www.stunnel.org [230]stunnel.mirt.net ) to allow only
encrypted SSL connections from the network.
* The [231]-sslverify option allows for authenticating VNC clients
via their certificates in either -ssl or -stunnel modes.
* Certificate creation and management tools are provide in the
[232]-sslGenCert, [233]-sslGenCA, and [234]related options.
* An SSL enabled Java applet VNC Viewer applet is provided by x11vnc
in classes/ssl/VncViewer.jar. In addition to normal HTTP, the
applet may be loaded into the web browser via HTTPS (HTTP over
SSL.) (one can use the VNC port, e.g. https://host:5900/, or also
the separate [235]-https port option.) A wrapper shell script
[236]ss_vncviewer is also provided that sets up a stunnel
client-side tunnel on Unix systems. See [237]Enhanced TightVNC
Viewer (SSVNC) for other SSL/SSH viewer possibilities.
* The [238]-unixpw option supports Unix username and password
authentication (a simpler variant is the [239]-unixpw_nis option
that works in environments where the encrypted passwords are
readable, e.g. NIS.) The [240]-ssl or [241]-localhost +
[242]-stunnel options are enforced in this mode to prevent
password sniffing. As a convenience, these requirements are lifted
if a SSH tunnel can be deduced (but -localhost still applies.)
* Coupling [243]-unixpw with "[244]-display WAIT:cmd=FINDDISPLAY" or
"-display WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY" provides a way to allow a
user to login with their UNIX password and have their display
connected to [245]automatically. See the [246]-svc and the
[247]-xdmsvc aliases.
* Hooks are provided in the [248]-unixpw_cmd and "[249]-passwdfile
cmd:,custom:..." options to allow you to supply your own
authentication and password lookup programs.
* x11vnc can be configured and built to not depend on X11 libraries
"./configure --without-x" for [250]-rawfb only operation (e.g.
embedded linux console devices.)
* The [251]-rotate option enables you to rotate or reflect the
screen before exporting via VNC. This is intended for use on
handhelds and other devices where the rotation orientation is not
"natural".
* The "[252]-ultrafilexfer" alias is provided and improved UltraVNC
filetransfer rates have been achieved.
* Under the "[253]-connect_or_exit host" option x11vnc will exit
immediately unless the reverse connection to host succeeds. The
"-rfbport 0" option disables TCP listening for connections (useful
for this mode.)
* The "[254]-rawfb rand" and "-rawfb none" options are useful for
testing automation scripts, etc., without requiring a full
desktop.
* Reduced spewing of information at startup, use "[255]-verbose"
(also "-v") to turn it back on for debugging or if you are going
to send me a problem report.
Here are some [256]Previous Release Notes
_________________________________________________________________
Some Notes:
Both a client and a server: It is sometimes confusing to people that
x11vnc is both a client and a server at the same time. It is an X
client because it connects to the running X server to do the screen
polls. Think of it as a rather efficient "screenshot" program running
continuously. It is a server in the sense that it is a VNC server that
VNC viewers on the network can connect to and view the screen
framebuffer it manages.
When trying to debug problems, remember to think of both roles. E.g.
"how is x11vnc connecting to the X server?", "how is the vncviewer
connecting to x11vnc?", "what permits/restricts the connection?". Both
links may have reachability, permission, and other issues.
Network performance: Whether you are using Xvnc or x11vnc it is
always a good idea to have a solid background color instead of a
pretty background image. Each and every re-exposure of the background
must be resent over the network: better to have that background be a
solid color that compresses very well compared to a photo image. (This
is one place where the X protocol has an advantage over the VNC
protocol.) I suggest using xsetroot, dtstyle or similar utility to set
a solid background while using x11vnc. You can turn the pretty
background image back on when you are using the display directly.
Update: As of Feb/2005 x11vnc has the [257]-solid [color] option that
works on recent GNOME, KDE, and CDE and also on classic X (background
image is on the root window.) Update: As of Oct/2007 x11vnc has the
[258]-ncache option that does a reasonable job caching the background
(and other) pixmap data on the viewer side.
I also find the [259]TightVNC encoding gives the best response for my
usage (Unix <-> Unix over cable modem.) One needs a tightvnc-aware
vncviewer to take advantage of this encoding.
TCP port issues: Notice the lines
18/07/2003 14:36:31 Autoprobing selected port 5900
PORT=5900
in the output. 5900 is the default VNC listening port (just like 6000
is X11's default listening port.) Had port 5900 been taken by some
other application, x11vnc would have next tried 5901. That would mean
the viewer command above should be changed to vncviewer
far-away.east:1. You can force the port with the "[260]-rfbport NNNN"
option where NNNN is the desired port number. If that port is already
taken, x11vnc will exit immediately. The "[261]-N" option will try to
match the VNC display number to the X display. (also see the "SunRay
Gotcha" note below)
Options: x11vnc has (far too) many features that may be activated
via its [262]command line options. Useful options are, e.g., -scale to
do server-side scaling, and -rfbauth passwd-file to use VNC password
protection (the vncpasswd or storepasswd programs, or the x11vnc
[263]-storepasswd option can be used to create the password file.)
Algorithm: How does x11vnc do it? Rather brute-forcedly: it
continuously polls the X11 framebuffer for changes using
XShmGetImage(). When changes are discovered, it instructs libvncserver
which rectangular regions of the framebuffer have changed, and
libvncserver compresses the changes and sends them off to any
connected VNC viewers. A number of applications do similar things,
such as x0rfbserver, krfb, x0vncserver, vino. x11vnc uses a 32 x 32
pixel tile model (the desktop is decomposed into roughly 1000 such
tiles), where changed tiles are found by pseudo-randomly polling 1
pixel tall horizontal scanlines separated vertically by 32 pixels.
This is a surprisingly effective algorithm for finding changed
regions. For keyboard and mouse user input the XTEST extension is used
to pass the input events to the X server. To detect XBell "beeps" the
XKEYBOARD extension is used. If available, the XFIXES extension is
used to retrieve the current mouse cursor shape. Also, if available
the X DAMAGE extension is used to receive hints from the X server
where modified regions on the screen are. This greatly reduces the
system load when not much is changing on the screen and also improves
how quickly the screen is updated.
Barbershop mirrors effect: What if x11vnc is started up, and
vncviewer is then started up on the same machine and displayed on the
same display x11vnc is polling? One might "accidentally" do this when
first testing out the programs. You get an interesting
recursive/feedback effect where vncviewer images keep popping up each
one contained in the previous one and slightly shifted a bit by the
window manager decorations. There will be an [264]even more
interesting effect if -scale is used. Also, if the XKEYBOARD is
supported and the XBell "beeps" once, you get an infinite loop of
beeps going off. Although all of this is mildly exciting it is not
much use: you will normally run and display the viewer on a different
machine!
_________________________________________________________________
Sun Ray Notes:
You can run x11vnc on your (connected or disconnected) [265]SunRay
session. Here are some [266]notes on SunRay usage with x11vnc.
_________________________________________________________________
Limitations:
* Due to the polling nature, some activities (opaque window moves,
scrolling), can be pretty choppy/ragged and others (exposures of
large areas) slow. Experiment with interacting a bit differently
than you normally do to minimize the effects (e.g. do fullpage
paging rather than line-by-line scrolling, and move windows in a
single, quick motion.) Recent work has provided the
[267]-scrollcopyrect and [268]-wireframe speedups using the
CopyRect VNC encoding and other things, but they only speed up
some activities, not all.
* A rate limiting factor for x11vnc performance is that graphics
hardware is optimized for writing, not reading (x11vnc reads the
video framebuffer for the screen image data.) The difference can
be a factor of 10 to 1000, and so it usually takes about 0.5-1 sec
to read in the whole video hardware framebuffer (e.g. 5MB for
1280x1024 at depth 24 with a read rate of 5-10MB/sec.) So whenever
activity changes most of the screen (e.g. moving or iconifying a
large window) there is a delay of 0.5-1 sec while x11vnc reads the
changed regions in.
A slow framebuffer read rate will often be the performance
bottleneck on a fast LAN (whereas on slower links the reduced
network bandwidth becomes the bottleneck.)
Note: A quick way to get a 2X speedup of this for x11vnc is to
switch your X server from depth 24 (32bpp) to depth 16 (16bpp.)
You get a 4X speedup going to 8bpp, but the lack of color cells is
usually unacceptable.
To get a sense of the read and write speeds of your video card,
you can run benchmarks like: "x11perf -getimage500", "x11perf
-putimage500", "x11perf -shmput500" and for XFree86 displays with
direct graphics access the "dga" command (press "b" to run the
benchmark and then after a few seconds press "q" to quit.) Even
this "dd if=/dev/fb0 of=/dev/null" often gives a good estimate.
x11vnc also prints out its estimate:
28/02/2009 11:11:07 Autoprobing TCP port
28/02/2009 11:11:07 Autoprobing selected port 5900
28/02/2009 11:11:08 fb read rate: 10 MB/sec
28/02/2009 11:11:08 screen setup finished.
We have seen a few cases where the hardware fb read speed is
greater than 65 MB/sec: on high end graphics workstations from SGI
and Sun, and also from a Linux user using nvidia proprietary
drivers for his nvidia video card. Update 2008: thankfully, these
sped up drivers are becoming more common on Linux and *BSD systems
and that makes x11vnc run somewhat more quickly. Sometimes they
have a read rate of over 400 MB/sec.
On XFree86/Xorg it is actually possible to increase the
framebuffer read speed considerably (10-100 times) by using the
Shadow Framebuffer (a copy of the framebuffer is kept in main
memory and this can be read much more quickly.) To do this one
puts the line Option "ShadowFB" "true" in the Device section of
the /etc/X11/XF86Config or /etc/X11/xorg.conf file. Note that this
disables 2D acceleration at the physical display and so that might
be unacceptable if one plays games, etc. on the machine's local
display. Nevertheless this could be handy in some circumstances,
e.g. if the slower speed while sitting at the physical display was
acceptable (this seems to be true for most video cards these
days.) Unfortunately it does not seem shadowfb can be turned on
and off dynamically...
Another amusing thing one can do is use Xvfb as the X server, e.g.
"xinit $HOME/.xinitrc -- /usr/X11R6/bin/Xvfb :1 -screen 0
1024x768x16" x11vnc can poll Xvfb efficiently via main memory.
It's not exactly clear why one would want to do this instead of
using vncserver/Xvnc, (perhaps to take advantage of an x11vnc
feature, such as framebuffer scaling or built-in SSL encryption),
but we mention it because it may be of use for special purpose
applications. You may need to use the "-cc 4" option to force Xvfb
to use a TrueColor visual instead of DirectColor. See also the
description of the [269]-create option that does all of this
automatically for you.
Also, a faster and more accurate way is to use the "dummy"
XFree86/Xorg device driver (or our Xdummy wrapper script.) See
[270]this FAQ for details.
* Somewhat surprisingly, the X11 mouse (cursor) shape is write-only
and cannot be queried from the X server. So traditionally in
x11vnc the cursor shape stays fixed at an arrow. (see the "-cursor
X" and "-cursor some" [271]options, however, for a partial hack
for the root window, etc.) However, on Solaris using the SUN_OVL
overlay extension, x11vnc can show the correct mouse cursor when
the [272]-overlay option is also supplied. A similar thing is done
on IRIX as well when -overlay is supplied.
More generally, as of Dec/2004 x11vnc supports the new XFIXES
extension (in Xorg and Solaris 10) to query the X server for the
exact cursor shape, this works pretty well except that cursors
with transparency (alpha channel) need to approximated to solid
RGB values (some cursors look worse than others.)
* Audio from applications is of course not redirected (separate
redirectors do exist, e.g. esd, see [273]the FAQ on this below.)
The XBell() "beeps" will work if the X server supports the
XKEYBOARD extension. (Note that on Solaris XKEYBOARD is disabled
by default. Passing +kb to Xsun enables it.)
* The scroll detection algorithm for the [274]-scrollcopyrect option
can give choppy or bunched up transient output and occasionally
painting errors.
* Using -threads can expose some bugs/crashes in libvncserver.
Please feel free to [275]contact me if you have any questions,
problems, or comments about x11vnc, etc.
Also, some people ask if they can make a donation, see [276]this link
for that.
References
1. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq
2. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#downloading
3. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#building
4. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#beta-test
5. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-thanks
6. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-thanks
7. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-int
8. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-userlogin
9. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-scaling
10. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-viewers
11. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-avahi
12. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-filexfer
13. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-video
14. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-qt-embedded
15. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-macosx
16. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#beta-test
17. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_findcreatedisplay
18. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-create
19. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-svc
20. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xdmsvc
21. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html#tsvnc
22. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq
23. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/disclaimer.html
24. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#contact
25. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-thanks
26. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq
27. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#beta-test
28. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-client-caching
29. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
30. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
31. http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1571
32. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#tunnelling
33. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq
34. http://www.realvnc.com/
35. http://www.tightvnc.com/
36. http://www.ultravnc.com/
37. http://www.testplant.com/products/vine_server/OS_X
38. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-client-caching
39. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#downloading
40. http://www.tightvnc.com/download.html
41. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
42. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-auth
43. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xperms
44. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xperms
45. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-find
46. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-viewer-download
47. http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/freeware/
48. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-forever
49. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#firewalls
50. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#tunnelling
51. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-forever
52. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-service
53. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-passwd
54. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#vnc_password_file
55. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html#download
56. http://downloads.sourceforge.net/ssvnc/ssvnc_no_windows-1.0.19.tar.gz?use_mirror
57. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#tunnelling
58. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html#tsvnc
59. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-connect
60. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#vnc_password_file
61. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-inetd
62. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#tightvnc_via
63. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
64. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html#tsvnc
65. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-connect
66. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/chainingssh.html
67. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
68. http://www.portforward.com/routers.htm
69. http://www.whatismyip.com/
70. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
71. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#ssl-tunnel
72. http://www.whatismyip.com/
73. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-bg
74. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-connect
75. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-inetd
76. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rfbauth
77. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-passwd
78. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-passwdfile
79. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-passwdfile
80. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-usepw
81. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
82. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
83. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-allow-opt
84. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-tcp_wrappers
85. http://www.stunnel.org/
86. http://stunnel.mirt.net/
87. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
88. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-int
89. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
90. http://sourceforge.net/projects/libvncserver/
91. http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=32584&package_id=119006&release_id=672184
92. http://sourceforge.net/project/shownotes.php?release_id=672184&group_id=32584
93. http://x11vnc.sourceforge.net/dev/x11vnc-0.9.8.tar.gz
94. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-binaries
95. http://www.tightvnc.com/download.html
96. http://www.realvnc.com/products/free/4.1/download.html
97. http://sourceforge.net/projects/cotvnc/
98. http://www.ultravnc.com/
99. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
100. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/rx11vnc
101. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/rx11vnc.pl
102. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-build
103. http://www.sunfreeware.com/
104. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/bins
105. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#solarisbuilding
106. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/miscbuild.html
107. ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/
108. http://www.gzip.org/zlib/
109. http://www.sunfreeware.com/
110. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#build-openssl
111. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-solaris251build
112. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-macosx
113. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-int
114. http://x11vnc.sourceforge.net/dev/x11vnc-0.9.8.tar.gz
115. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/bins
116. mailto:xvml@karlrunge.com
117. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-int
118. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_ss_vncviewer
119. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-ext
120. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
121. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-enc
122. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-threads
123. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-reflect
124. http://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=21454
125. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-repeat
126. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-clip
127. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rawfb
128. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rawfb
129. http://www.virtualgl.org/
130. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-turbovnc
131. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ncache_cr
132. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ncache
133. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rmflag
134. http://sourceforge.net/projects/vencrypt/
135. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
136. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw
137. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-vencrypt
138. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-anontls
139. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslonly
140. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
141. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-vencrypt
142. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-anontls
143. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslCRL
144. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslGenCA
145. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslGenCert
146. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
147. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-http_oneport
148. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-httpsredir
149. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
150. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-avahi
151. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-zeroconf
152. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rfbport
153. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc.desktop
154. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-o
155. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-solid
156. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-reopen
157. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_gdm
158. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-enc
159. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
160. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-scale
161. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-geometry
162. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-chatwindow
163. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-find
164. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-create
165. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
166. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-reverse-connect
167. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-find
168. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-create
169. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_findcreatedisplay
170. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-proxy
171. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssh
172. http://www.uvnc.com/addons/repeater.html
173. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-reverse-connect
174. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-connect
175. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
176. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-advertise_truecolor
177. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-finddpy
178. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-listdpy
179. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-find
180. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-create
181. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_findcreatedisplay
182. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xrandr
183. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-autoport
184. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ping
185. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-clear_all
186. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xkb
187. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-viewers
188. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-client-caching
189. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
190. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html#ycrop
191. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw
192. http://www.ultravnc.com/
193. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-users
194. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-create
195. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-create
196. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-create
197. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-avahi
198. http://www.avahi.org/
199. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-avahi
200. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-zeroconf
201. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
202. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-id
203. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-find
204. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-create
205. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-svc
206. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xdmsvc
207. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
208. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-forcedpms
209. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-clientdpms
210. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-noserverdpms
211. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-grabalways
212. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-loop
213. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-noxdamage
214. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-beryl
215. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-httpsredir
216. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-macosx
217. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_findcreatedisplay
218. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-svc
219. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xdmsvc
220. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-reflect
221. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-reflect
222. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nowireframelocal
223. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-N
224. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nodpms
225. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xwarppointer
226. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
227. http://www.openssl.org/
228. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-stunnel
229. http://www.stunnel.org/
230. http://stunnel.mirt.net/
231. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslverify
232. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslGenCert
233. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslGenCA
234. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl.html
235. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-https
236. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_ss_vncviewer
237. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
238. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw
239. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw_nis
240. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
241. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-localhost
242. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-stunnel
243. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw
244. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-display_WAIT
245. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-userlogin
246. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-svc
247. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xdmsvc
248. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw_cmd
249. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-passwdfile
250. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rawfb
251. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rotate
252. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ultrafilexfer
253. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-connect_or_exit
254. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rawfb
255. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-v,
256. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/prevrels.html
257. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-solid
258. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ncache
259. http://www.tightvnc.com/
260. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rfbport
261. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-N
262. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html
263. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-passwd
264. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/recurse_x11vnc.jpg
265. http://www.sun.com/sunray/index.html
266. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/sunray.html
267. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-scrollcopyrect
268. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-wireframe
269. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_findcreatedisplay
270. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xvfb
271. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-cursor
272. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-overlay
273. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-sound
274. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-scrollcopyrect
275. mailto:xvml@karlrunge.com
276. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-thanks
=======================================================================
http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html:
[1]x11vnc Home [2]Donations
_________________________________________________________________
x11vnc FAQ:
[Building and Starting]
[3]Q-1: I can't get x11vnc to start up. It says "XOpenDisplay failed
(null)" or "Xlib: connection to ":0.0" refused by server Xlib: No
protocol specified" and then exits. What do I need to do?
[4]Q-2: I can't get x11vnc and/or libvncserver to compile.
[5]Q-3: I just built x11vnc successfully, but when I use it my
keystrokes and mouse button clicks are ignored (I am able to move the
mouse though.)
[6]Q-4: Help, I need to run x11vnc on Solaris 2.5.1 (or other old
Unix/Linux) and it doesn't compile!
[7]Q-5: Where can I get a precompiled x11vnc binary for my Operating
System?
[8]Q-6: Where can I get a VNC Viewer binary (or source code) for the
Operating System I will be viewing from?
[9]Q-7: How can I see all of x11vnc's command line options and
documentation on how to use them?
[10]Q-8: I don't like typing arcane command line options every time I
start x11vnc. What can I do? Is there a config file? Or a GUI?
[11]Q-9: How can I get the GUI to run in the System Tray, or at least
be a smaller, simpler icon?
[12]Q-10: How can I get x11vnc to listen on a different port besides
the default VNC port (5900)?
[13]Q-11: My Firewall/Router doesn't allow VNC Viewers to connect to
x11vnc.
[14]Q-12: Is it possible for a VNC Viewer and a VNC Server to connect
to each other even though both are behind Firewalls that block all
incoming connections?
[15]Q-13: Can I make x11vnc more quiet and also go into the background
after starting up?
[16]Q-14: Sometimes when a VNC viewer dies abruptly, x11vnc also dies
with the error message like: "Broken pipe". I'm using the -forever
mode and I want x11vnc to keep running.
[17]Q-15: The Windows TightVNC 1.3.9 Viewer cannot connect to x11vnc.
[18]Q-16: KDE's krdc VNC viewer cannot connect to x11vnc.
[19]Q-17: When I start x11vnc on an Alpha Tru64 workstation the X
server crashes!
[20]Q-18: Are there any build-time customizations possible, e.g.
change defaults, create a smaller binary, etc?
[Win2VNC Related]
[21]Q-19: I have two separate machine displays in front of me, one
Windows the other X11: can I use x11vnc in combination with Win2VNC in
dual-screen mode to pass the keystrokes and mouse motions to the X11
display?
[22]Q-20: I am running Win2VNC on my Windows machine and "x11vnc
-nofb" on Unix to pass keyboard and mouse to the Unix monitor.
Whenever I start Win2VNC it quickly disconnects and x11vnc says:
rfbProcessClientNormalMessage: read: Connection reset by peer
[23]Q-21: Can I run "x11vnc -nofb" on a Mac OS X machine to redirect
mouse and keyboard input to it from Windows and X11 machines via
Win2VNC and x2vnc, respectively?
[Color Issues]
[24]Q-22: The X display I run x11vnc on is only 8 bits per pixel (bpp)
PseudoColor (i.e. only 256 distinct colors.) The x11vnc colors may
start out OK, but after a while they are incorrect in certain windows.
[25]Q-23: Color problems: Why are the colors for some windows
incorrect in x11vnc? BTW, my X display has nice overlay/multi-depth
visuals of different color depths: e.g. there are both depth 8 and 24
visuals available at the same time.
[26]Q-24: I am on a high color system (depth >= 24) but I seem to have
colormap problems. They either flash or everything is very dark.
[27]Q-25: How do I figure out the window id to supply to the -id
windowid option?
[28]Q-26: Why don't menus or other transient windows come up when I am
using the -id windowid option to view a single application window?
[29]Q-27: My X display is depth 24 at 24bpp (instead of the normal
depth 24 at 32bpp.) I'm having lots of color and visual problems with
x11vnc and/or vncviewer. What's up?
[Xterminals]
[30]Q-28: Can I use x11vnc to view and interact with an Xterminal
(e.g. NCD) that is not running UNIX and so x11vnc cannot be run on it
directly?
[31]Q-29: How do I get my X permissions (MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE file)
correct for a Unix/Linux machine acting as an Xterminal?
[Sun Rays]
[32]Q-30: I'm having trouble using x11vnc with my Sun Ray session.
[Remote Control]
[33]Q-31: How do I stop x11vnc once it is running in the background?
[34]Q-32: Can I change settings in x11vnc without having to restart
it? Can I remote control it?
[Security and Permissions]
[35]Q-33: How do I create a VNC password for use with x11vnc?
[36]Q-34: Can I make it so -storepasswd doesn't show my password on
the screen?
[37]Q-35: Can I have two passwords for VNC viewers, one for full
access and the other for view-only access to the display?
[38]Q-36: Can I have as many full-access and view-only passwords as I
like?
[39]Q-37: Does x11vnc support Unix usernames and passwords? Can I
further limit the set of Unix usernames who can connect to the VNC
desktop?
[40]Q-38: Can I supply an external program to provide my own custom
login method (e.g. Dynamic/One-time passwords or non-Unix (LDAP)
usernames and passwords)?
[41]Q-39: Why does x11vnc exit as soon as the VNC viewer disconnects?
And why doesn't it allow more than one VNC viewer to connect at the
same time?
[42]Q-40: Can I limit which machines incoming VNC clients can connect
from?
[43]Q-41: How do I build x11vnc/libvncserver with libwrap
(tcp_wrappers) support?
[44]Q-42: Can I have x11vnc only listen on one network interface (e.g.
internal LAN) rather than having it listen on all network interfaces
and relying on -allow to filter unwanted connections out?
[45]Q-43: Now that -localhost implies listening only on the loopback
interface, how I can occasionally allow in a non-localhost via the -R
allowonce remote control command?
[46]Q-44: Can I fine tune what types of user input are allowed? E.g.
have some users just be able to move the mouse, but not click or type
anything?
[47]Q-45: Can I prompt the user at the local X display whether the
incoming VNC client should be accepted or not? Can I decide to make
some clients view-only? How about running an arbitrary program to make
the decisions?
[48]Q-46: I start x11vnc as root because it is launched via inetd(8)
or a display manager like gdm(1). Can I have x11vnc later switch to a
different user?
[49]Q-47: I use a screen-lock when I leave my workstation (e.g.
xscreensaver or xlock.) When I remotely access my workstation desktop
via x11vnc I can unlock the desktop fine, but I am worried people will
see my activities on the physical monitor. What can I do to prevent
this, or at least make it more difficult?
[50]Q-48: Can I have x11vnc automatically lock the screen when I
disconnect the VNC viewer?
[Encrypted Connections]
[51]Q-49: How can I tunnel my connection to x11vnc via an encrypted
SSH channel between two Unix machines?
[52]Q-50: How can I tunnel my connection to x11vnc via an encrypted
SSH channel from Windows using an SSH client like Putty?
[53]Q-51: How can I tunnel my connection to x11vnc via an encrypted
SSL channel using an external tool like stunnel?
[54]Q-52: Does x11vnc have built-in SSL tunneling?
[55]Q-53: How do I use VNC Viewers with built-in SSL tunneling?
[56]Q-54: How do I use the Java applet VNC Viewer with built-in SSL
tunneling when going through a Web Proxy?
[57]Q-55: Can Apache web server act as a gateway for users to connect
via SSL from the Internet with a Web browser to x11vnc running on
their workstations behind a firewall?
[58]Q-56: Can I create and use my own SSL Certificate Authority (CA)
with x11vnc?
[Display Managers and Services]
[59]Q-57: How can I run x11vnc as a "service" that is always
available?
[60]Q-58: How can I use x11vnc to connect to an X login screen like
xdm, GNOME gdm, KDE kdm, or CDE dtlogin? (i.e. nobody is logged into
an X session yet.)
[61]Q-59: Can I run x11vnc out of inetd(8)? How about xinetd(8)?
[62]Q-60: Can I have x11vnc advertise its VNC service and port via
mDNS / Zeroconf (e.g. Avahi) so VNC viewers on the local network can
detect it automatically?
[63]Q-61: Can I have x11vnc allow a user to log in with her UNIX
username and password and then have it find her X session display on
that machine and then connect to it? How about starting an X session
if one cannot be found?
[64]Q-62: Can I have x11vnc restart itself after it terminates?
[65]Q-63: How do I make x11vnc work with the Java VNC viewer applet in
a web browser?
[66]Q-64: Are reverse connections (i.e. the VNC server connecting to
the VNC viewer) using "vncviewer -listen" and vncconnect(1) supported?
[67]Q-65: Can reverse connections be made to go through a Web or SOCKS
proxy or SSH?
[68]Q-66: Can I use x11vnc as a replacement for Xvnc? (i.e. not for a
real display, but for a virtual one I keep around.)
[69]Q-67: How can I use x11vnc on "headless" machines? Why might I
want to?
[Resource Usage and Performance]
[70]Q-68: I have lots of memory, but why does x11vnc fail with
shmget: No space left on device or Minor opcode of failed
request: 1 (X_ShmAttach)?
[71]Q-69: How can I make x11vnc use less system resources?
[72]Q-70: How can I make x11vnc use MORE system resources?
[73]Q-71: I use x11vnc over a slow link with high latency (e.g. dialup
modem or broadband), is there anything I can do to speed things up?
[74]Q-72: Does x11vnc support the X DAMAGE Xserver extension to find
modified regions of the screen quickly and efficiently?
[75]Q-73: My OpenGL application shows no screen updates unless I
supply the -noxdamage option to x11vnc.
[76]Q-74: When I drag windows around with the mouse or scroll up and
down things really bog down (unless I do the drag in a single, quick
motion.) Is there anything to do to improve things?
[77]Q-75: Why not do something like wireframe animations to avoid the
windows "lurching" when being moved or resized?
[78]Q-76: Can x11vnc try to apply heuristics to detect when a window
is scrolling its contents and use the CopyRect encoding for a speedup?
[79]Q-77: Can x11vnc do client-side caching of pixel data? I.e. so
when that pixel data is needed again it does not have to be
retransmitted over the network.
[80]Q-78: Does x11vnc support TurboVNC?
[Mouse Cursor Shapes]
[81]Q-79: Why isn't the mouse cursor shape (the little icon shape
where the mouse pointer is) correct as I move from window to window?
[82]Q-80: When using XFIXES cursorshape mode, some of the cursors look
really bad with extra black borders around the cursor and other cruft.
How can I improve their appearance?
[83]Q-81: In XFIXES mode, are there any hacks to handle cursor
transparency ("alpha channel") exactly?
[Mouse Pointer]
[84]Q-82: Why does the mouse arrow just stay in one corner in my
vncviewer, whereas my cursor (that does move) is just a dot?
[85]Q-83: Can I take advantage of the TightVNC extension to the VNC
protocol where Cursor Positions Updates are sent back to all connected
clients (i.e. passive viewers can see the mouse cursor being moved
around by another viewer)?
[86]Q-84: Is it possible to swap the mouse buttons (e.g. left-handed
operation), or arbitrarily remap them? How about mapping button clicks
to keystrokes, e.g. to partially emulate Mouse wheel scrolling?
[Keyboard Issues]
[87]Q-85: How can I get my AltGr and Shift modifiers to work between
keyboards for different languages?
[88]Q-86: When I try to type a "<" (i.e. less than) instead I get ">"
(i.e. greater than)! Strangely, typing ">" works OK!!
[89]Q-87: Extra Character Inserted, E.g.: When I try to type a "<"
(i.e. less than) instead I get "<," (i.e. an extra comma.)
[90]Q-88: I'm using an "international" keyboard (e.g. German "de", or
Danish "dk") and the -modtweak mode works well if the VNC viewer is
run on a Unix/Linux machine with a similar keyboard. But if I run
the VNC viewer on Unix/Linux with a different keyboard (e.g. "us") or
Windows with any keyboard, I can't type some keys like: "@", "$",
"<", ">", etc. How can I fix this?
[91]Q-89: When typing I sometimes get double, triple, or more of my
keystrokes repeated. I'm sure I only typed them once, what can I do?
[92]Q-90: The x11vnc -norepeat mode is in effect, but I still get
repeated keystrokes!!
[93]Q-91: After using x11vnc for a while, I find that I cannot type
some (or any) characters or my mouse clicks and drags no longer have
any effect, or they lead to strange effects. What happened?
[94]Q-92: The machine where I run x11vnc has an AltGr key, but the
local machine where I run the VNC viewer does not. Is there a way I
can map a local unused key to send an AltGr? How about a Compose key
as well?
[95]Q-93: I have a Sun machine I run x11vnc on. Its Sun keyboard has
just one Alt key labelled "Alt" and two Meta keys labelled with little
diamonds. The machine where I run the VNC viewer only has Alt keys.
How can I send a Meta keypress? (e.g. emacs needs this)
[96]Q-94: Running x11vnc on HP-UX I cannot type "#" I just get a "3"
instead.
[97]Q-95: Can I map a keystroke to a mouse button click on the remote
machine?
[98]Q-96: How can I get Caps_Lock to work between my VNC viewer and
x11vnc?
[Screen Related Issues and Features]
[99]Q-97: The remote display is larger (in number of pixels) than the
local display I am running the vncviewer on. I don't like the
vncviewer scrollbars, what I can do?
[100]Q-98: Does x11vnc support server-side framebuffer scaling? (E.g.
to make the desktop smaller.)
[101]Q-99: Does x11vnc work with Xinerama? (i.e. multiple monitors
joined together to form one big, single screen.)
[102]Q-100: Can I use x11vnc on a multi-headed display that is not
Xinerama (i.e. separate screens :0.0, :0.1, ... for each monitor)?
[103]Q-101: Can x11vnc show only a portion of the display? (E.g. for a
special purpose application or a very large screen.)
[104]Q-102: Does x11vnc support the XRANDR (X Resize, Rotate and
Reflection) extension? Whenever I rotate or resize the screen x11vnc
just seems to crash.
[105]Q-103: Independent of any XRANDR, can I have x11vnc rotate and/or
reflect the screen that the VNC viewers see? (e.g. for a handheld
whose screen is rotated 90 degrees.)
[106]Q-104: Why is the view in my VNC viewer completely black? Or why
is everything flashing around randomly?
[107]Q-105: I use Linux Virtual Consoles (VC's) to implement 'Fast
User Switching' between users' sessions (e.g. Betty is on Ctrl-Alt-F7,
Bobby is on Ctrl-Alt-F8, and Sid is on Ctrl-Alt-F1: they use those
keystrokes to switch between their sessions.) How come the view in a
VNC viewer connecting to x11vnc is either completely black or
otherwise all messed up unless the X session x11vnc is attached to is
in the active VC?
[108]Q-106: I am using x11vnc where my local machine has "popup/hidden
taskbars" and the remote display where x11vnc runs also has
"popup/hidden taskbars" and they interfere and fight with each other.
What can I do?
[109]Q-107: Help! x11vnc and my KDE screensaver keep switching each
other on and off every few seconds.
[110]Q-108: I am running the beryl 3D window manager (or compiz,
MythTv, Google Earth, or some other OpenGL app) and I do not get
screen updates in x11vnc.
[111]Q-109: Can I use x11vnc to view my VMWare session remotely?
[Exporting non-X11 devices via VNC]
[112]Q-110: Can non-X devices (e.g. a raw framebuffer) be viewed (and
even controlled) via VNC with x11vnc?
[113]Q-111: Can I export the Linux Console (Virtual Terminals) via VNC
using x11vnc?
[114]Q-112: Can I export via VNC a Webcam or TV tuner framebuffer
using x11vnc?
[115]Q-113: Can I connect via VNC to a Qt-embedded/Qtopia application
running on my handheld or PC using the Linux console framebuffer (i.e.
not X11)?
[116]Q-114: Now that non-X11 devices can be exported via VNC using
x11vnc, can I build it with no dependencies on X11 header files and
libraries?
[117]Q-115: Does x11vnc support Mac OS X Aqua/Quartz displays natively
(i.e. no X11 involved)?
[118]Q-116: Can x11vnc be used as a VNC reflector/repeater to improve
performance for the case of a large number of simultaneous VNC viewers
(e.g. classroom broadcasting or a large demo)?
[119]Q-117: Can x11vnc be used during a Linux, Solaris, etc. system
Installation so the Installation can be done remotely?
[Misc: Clipboard, File Transfer/Sharing, Printing, Sound, Beeps,
Thanks, etc.]
[120]Q-118: Does the Clipboard/Selection get transferred between the
vncviewer and the X display?
[121]Q-119: Can I use x11vnc to record a Shock Wave Flash (or other
format) video of my desktop, e.g. to record a tutorial or demo?
[122]Q-120: Can I transfer files back and forth with x11vnc?
[123]Q-121: Which UltraVNC extensions are supported?
[124]Q-122: Can x11vnc emulate UltraVNC's Single Click helpdesk mode
for Unix? I.e. something very simple for a naive user to initiate a
reverse vnc connection from their Unix desktop to a helpdesk
operator's VNC Viewer.
[125]Q-123: Can I (temporarily) mount my local (viewer-side)
Windows/Samba File share on the machine where x11vnc is running?
[126]Q-124: Can I redirect CUPS print jobs from the remote desktop
where x11vnc is running to a printer on my local (viewer-side)
machine?
[127]Q-125: How can I hear the sound (audio) from the remote
applications on the desktop I am viewing via x11vnc?
[128]Q-126: Why don't I hear the "Beeps" in my X session (e.g. when
typing tput bel in an xterm)?
[129]Q-127: Does x11vnc work with IPv6?
[130]Q-128: Thanks for your program and for your help! Can I make a
donation?
_________________________________________________________________
[Building and Starting]
Q-1: I can't get x11vnc to start up. It says "XOpenDisplay failed
(null)" or "Xlib: connection to ":0.0" refused by server Xlib: No
protocol specified" and then exits. What do I need to do?
For the former error, you need to specify the X display to connect to
(it also needs to be on the same machine the x11vnc process is to run
on.) Set your DISPLAY environment variable (or use the [131]-display
option) to specify it. Nearly always the correct value will be ":0"
(in fact, x11vnc will now assume :0 if given no other information.)
For the latter error, you need to set up the X11 permissions
correctly.
To make sure X11 permissions are the problem do this simple test:
while sitting at the physical X display open a terminal window
(gnome-terminal, xterm, etc.) You should be able to run x11vnc
successfully without any need for special steps or command line
options in that terminal (i.e. just type "x11vnc".) If that works OK
then you know X11 permissions are the only thing preventing it from
working when you try to start x11vnc via, say, a remote shell.
How to Solve: See the xauth(1), Xsecurity(7), and xhost(1) man pages
or [132]this Howto for much info on X11 permissions. For example, you
may need to set your XAUTHORITY environment variable (or use the
[133]-auth option) to point to the correct MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE file (e.g.
/home/joe/.Xauthority or /var/gdm/:0.Xauth or /var/lib/kdm/A:0-crWk72K
or /tmp/.gdmzndVlR, etc, etc.), or simply be sure you run x11vnc as
the correct user (i.e. the user who is logged into the X session you
wish to view.)
Note: The MIT cookie file contains the secret key that allows x11vnc
to connect to the desired X display.
If, say, sshd has set XAUTHORITY to point to a random file it has
created for X forwarding that will cause problems. (Under some
circumstances even su(1) and telnet(1) can set XAUTHORITY. See also
the gdm parameter NeverPlaceCookiesOnNFS that sets XAUTHORITY to a
random filename in /tmp for the whole X session.)
Running x11vnc as root is often not enough: you need to know where the
MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE file for the desired X display is.
Example solution:
x11vnc -display :0 -auth /var/gdm/:0.Xauth
(this is for the display manager gdm and requires root permission to
read the gdm cookie file, see [134]this faq for other display manager
cookie file names.)
Note as of Feb/2007 you can also try the [135]-find option instead of
"-display ..." and see if that finds your display and Xauthority.
Less safe, but to avoid figuring out where the correct XAUTHORITY file
is, if the person sitting at the physical X session types "xhost
+localhost" then one should be able to attach x11vnc to the session
(from the same machine.) The person could then type "xhost -localhost"
after x11vnc has connected to go back to the default permissions.
Also, for some situations the "-users lurk=" option may soon be of use
(please read the documentation on the [136]-users option.)
To test out your X11 permissions from a remote shell, set DISPLAY and
possibly XAUTHORITY (see your shell's man page, bash(1), tcsh(1), on
how to set environment variables) and type xdpyinfo in the same place
you will be typing (or otherwise running) x11vnc. If information is
printed out about the X display (screen sizes, supported extensions,
color visuals info) that means the X11 permissions are set up
properly: xdpyinfo successfully connected to DISPLAY! You could also
type xclock and make sure no errors are reported (a clock should
appear on the X display, press Ctrl-C to stop it.) If these work, then
typing "x11vnc" in the same environment should also work.
Important: if you cannot get your X11 permissions so that the xdpyinfo
or xclock tests work, x11vnc also will not work (all of these X
clients must be allowed to connect to the X server to function
properly.)
Firewalls: Speaking of permissions, it should go without saying that
the host-level [137]firewall will need to be configured to allow
connections in on a port. E.g. 5900 (default VNC port) or 22 (default
SSH port for tunnelling VNC.) Most systems these days have firewalls
turned on by default, so you will actively have to do something to
poke a hole in the firewall at the desired port number. See your
system administration tool for Firewall settings (Yast, Firestarter,
etc.)
Q-2: I can't get x11vnc and/or libvncserver to compile.
Make sure you have gcc (or other C compiler) and all of the required
libraries and the corresponding -dev/-devel packages installed. These
include Xorg/XFree86, libX11, libjpeg, libz, libssl, ... and don't
forget the devs: libjpeg-dev, libssl-dev ...
The most common build problem that people encounter is that the
necessary X11 libraries are installed on their system however it does
not have the corresponding -dev/-devel packages installed. These dev
packages include C header files and build-time .so symlink. It is a
shame the current trend in distros is to not install the dev package
by default when the the library runtime package is installed... (it
diminishes the power of open source)
As of Nov/2006 here is a list of libraries that x11vnc usually likes
to use:
libc.so libX11.so libXtst.so libXext.so
libXfixes.so libXdamage.so libXinerama.so libXrandr.so
libz.so libjpeg.so libpthread.so
libssl.so libcrypto.so libcrypt.so
although x11vnc will be pretty usable with the subset: libc.so,
libX11.so, libXtst.so, libXext.so, libz.so, and libjpeg.so.
After running the libvncserver configure, carefully examine the output
and the messages in the config.log file looking for missing
components. For example, if the configure output looks like:
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
checking for X... no
checking for XkbSelectEvents in -lX11... no
checking for XineramaQueryScreens in -lXinerama... no
checking for XTestFakeKeyEvent in -lXtst... no
or even worse:
checking for C compiler default output file name... configure: error:
C compiler cannot create executables
See `config.log' for more details.
there is quite a bit wrong with the build environment. Hopefully
simply adding -dev packages and/or gcc will fix it.
For Debian the list seems to be:
gcc
make
libc6-dev
libjpeg62-dev
libx11-dev
libxext-dev
libxrandr-dev
libxtst-dev
x-dev
xlibs-static-dev
zlib1g-dev
libssl-dev
For Redhat the list seems to be:
gcc
make
glibc-devel
libjpeg-devel
xorg-x11-devel or XFree86-devel
zlib-devel
openssl097a
For other distros or OS's the package names may not be the same but
will look similar. Also, distros tend to rename packages as well so
the above list may be out of date. So only use the above lists as
hints for the package names that are needed.
Have a look at [138]Misc. Build Problems for additional fixes.
Note: there is growing trend in Linux and other distros to slice up
core X11 software into more and smaller packages. So be prepared for
more headaches compiling software...
libssl: One user pointed out that if you use a precompiled binary
(either one you downloaded or built on another machine) there is a
chance it won't work because that x11vnc binary requires libssl0.9.7
but the system only has libssl0.9.8 (which evidently is incompatible
with 0.9.7 and has a different SONAME.) Your distro should allow you
do have both runtimes installed on your system:
% dpkg -l libssl0.9.7 libssl0.9.8
...
ii libssl0.9.7 0.9.7g-5ubuntu SSL shared libraries
ii libssl0.9.8 0.9.8a-7ubuntu SSL shared libraries
(in fact it should have installed both by default if it knew what it
was doing.) See [139]here too.
Q-3: I just built x11vnc successfully, but when I use it my keystrokes
and mouse button clicks are ignored (I am able to move the mouse
though.)
This is most likely due to you not having a working build environment
for the XTEST client library libXtst.so. The library is probably
present on your system, but the package installing the development
header file is missing.
If you were watching carefully while configure was running you would
have seen:
checking for XTestFakeKeyEvent in -lXtst... no
The solution is to add the necessary build environment package (and
the library package if that is missing too.) On Debian the build
package is libxtst-dev. Other distros/OS's may have it in another
package.
x11vnc will build without support for this library (e.g. perhaps one
wants a view-only x11vnc on a stripped down or embedded system...) And
at runtime it will also continue to run even if the X server it
connects to does not support XTEST. In both cases it cannot inject
keystrokes or button clicks since XTEST is needed for that (it can
still move the mouse pointer using the X API XWarpPointer().)
You will see a warning message something like this at run time:
20/03/2005 22:33:09 WARNING: XTEST extension not available (either missing fr
om
20/03/2005 22:33:09 display or client library libXtst missing at build time
.)
20/03/2005 22:33:09 MOST user input (pointer and keyboard) will be DISCARDE
D.
20/03/2005 22:33:09 If display does have XTEST, be sure to build x11vnc wit
h
20/03/2005 22:33:09 a working libXtst build environment (e.g. libxtst-dev,
20/03/2005 22:33:09 or other packages.)
20/03/2005 22:33:09 No XTEST extension, switching to -xwarppointer mode for
20/03/2005 22:33:09 pointer motion input.
Also, as of Nov/2006 there will be a configure build time warning as
well:
...
checking for XFixesGetCursorImage in -lXfixes... yes
checking for XDamageQueryExtension in -lXdamage... yes
configure: WARNING:
==========================================================================
A working build environment for the XTEST extension was not found (libXtst).
An x11vnc built this way will be only barely usable. You will be able to
move the mouse but not click or type. There can also be deadlocks if an
application grabs the X server.
It is recommended that you install the necessary development packages
for XTEST (perhaps it is named something like libxtst-dev) and run
configure again.
==========================================================================
Q-4: Help, I need to run x11vnc on Solaris 2.5.1 (or other old
Unix/Linux) and it doesn't compile!
We apologize that x11vnc does not build cleanly on older versions of
Solaris, Linux, etc.: very few users are on these old releases.
We have heard that since Dec/2004 a Solaris 2.6 built x11vnc will run
on Solaris Solaris 2.5 and 2.5.1 (since a workaround for XConvertCase
is provided.)
In any event, here is a workaround for Solaris 2.5.1 (and perhaps
earlier and perhaps non-Solaris):
First use the environment settings (CPPFLAGS, LDFLAGS, etc.) in the
above [140]Solaris build script to run the configure command. That
should succeed without failure. Then you have to hand edit the
autogenerated rfb/rfbconfig.h file in the source tree, and just before
the last #endif at the bottom of that file insert these workaround
lines:
struct timeval _tmp_usleep_tv;
#define usleep(x) \
_tmp_usleep_tv.tv_sec = (x) / 1000000; \
_tmp_usleep_tv.tv_usec = (x) % 1000000; \
select(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &_tmp_usleep_tv);
int gethostname(char *name, int namelen);
long random();
int srandom(unsigned int seed);
#undef LIBVNCSERVER_HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
#define SHUT_RDWR 2
typedef unsigned int in_addr_t;
#define snprintf(a, n, args...) sprintf((a), ## args)
Then run make with the Solaris build script environment, everything
should compile without problems, and the resulting x11vnc binary
should work OK. If some non-x11vnc related programs fail (e.g. test
programs) and the x11vnc binary is not created try "make -k" to have
it keep going. Similar sorts of kludges in rfb/rfbconfig.h can be done
on other older OS (Solaris, Linux, ...) releases.
Here are some notes for similar steps that need to be done to build on
[141]SunOS 4.x
Please let us know if you had to use the above workaround (and whether
it worked or not.) If there is enough demand we will try to push clean
compilations back to earlier Solaris, Linux, etc, releases.
Q-5: Where can I get a precompiled x11vnc binary for my Operating
System?
Hopefully the [142]build steps above and [143]FAQ provide enough info
for a painless compile for most environments. Please report problems
with the x11vnc configure, make, etc. on your system (if your system
is known to compile other GNU packages successfully.)
There are precompiled x11vnc binaries built by other groups that are
available at the following locations:
Slackware: (.tgz) [144]http://www.linuxpackages.net/
SuSE: (.rpm) [145]http:/software.opensuse.org/ Gentoo: (info)
[146]http://gentoo-wiki.com/ and [147]http://gentoo-portage.com/
FreeBSD: (.tbz) [148]http://www.freebsd.org/
[149]http://www.freshports.org/net/x11vnc NetBSD: (src)
[150]http://pkgsrc.se/x11/x11vnc OpenBSD: (.tgz)
[151]http://openports.se/ Arch Linux: (.tgz)
[152]http://www.archlinux.org/ Nokia 770 (.deb)
[153]http://mike.saunby.googlepages.com/x11vncfornokia7702 Sharp
Zaurus [154]http://www.focv.com/ Redhat/Fedora: (.rpm)
[155]http://packages.sw.be/x11vnc RPMforge
[156]http://dag.wieers.com/rpm/packages/x11vnc/ (N.B.: unmaintained
after 0.9.3) Debian: (.deb) [157]http://packages.debian.org/x11vnc
(N.B: often unmaintained; better to compile from source) Solaris:
(pkg) [158]http://www.sunfreeware.com/ (N.B: very old; better to
compile from source)
If the above binaries don't work and building x11vnc on your OS fails
(and all else fails!) you can try one of [159]My Collection of x11vnc
Binaries for various OS's and x11vnc releases.
As a general note, the x11vnc program is simple enough you don't
really need to install a package: the binary will in most cases work
as is and from any location (as long as your system libraries are not
too old, etc.) So, for Linux distributions that are not one of the
above, the x11vnc binary from the above packages has a good chance of
working. You can "install" it by just copying the x11vnc binary to the
desired directory in your PATH. Tip on extracting files from a Debian
package: extract the archive via a command like: "ar x
x11vnc_0.6-2_i386.deb" and then you can find the binary in the
resulting data.tar.gz tar file. Also, rpm2cpio(1) is useful in
extracting files from rpm packages.
If you use a standalone binary like this and also want x11vnc to serve
up the Java VNC Viewer jar file (either SSL enabled or regular one),
then you will need to extract the classes subdirectory from the source
tarball and point x11vnc to it via the [160]-httpdir option. E.g.:
x11vnc -httpdir /path/to/x11vnc-0.8.3/classes/ssl ...
Q-6: Where can I get a VNC Viewer binary (or source code) for the
Operating System I will be viewing from?
To obtain VNC viewers for the viewing side (Windows, Mac OS, or Unix)
try here:
* [161]http://www.tightvnc.com/download.html
* [162]http://www.realvnc.com/download-free.html
* [163]http://sourceforge.net/projects/cotvnc/
* [164]http://www.ultravnc.com/
* [165]Our Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC)
[ssvnc.gif]
Q-7: How can I see all of x11vnc's command line options and
documentation on how to use them?
Run: x11vnc -opts to list just the option names or run: x11vnc
-help for long descriptions about each option. The output is listed
[166]here as well. Yes, x11vnc does have a lot of options, doesn't
it...
Q-8: I don't like typing arcane command line options every time I
start x11vnc. What can I do? Is there a config file? Or a GUI?
You could create a shell script that calls x11vnc with your options:
#!/bin/sh
#
# filename: X11vnc (i.e. not "x11vnc")
# It resides in a directory in $PATH. "chmod 755 X11vnc" has been run on it.
#
x11vnc -wait 50 -localhost -rfbauth $HOME/.vnc/passwd -display :0 $*
a similar thing can be done via aliases in your shell (bash, tcsh,
csh, etc..)
Or as of Jun/2004 you can use the simple $HOME/.x11vncrc config file
support. If that file exists, each line is taken as a command line
option. E.g. the above would be:
# this is a comment in my ~/.x11vncrc file
wait 50 # this is a comment to the end of the line.
-localhost # note: the leading "-" is optional.
rfbauth /home/fred/.vnc/passwd
display :0
As of Dec/2004 there is now a simple Tcl/Tk GUI based on the
remote-control functionality ("-R") that was added. The /usr/bin/wish
program is needed for operation. The gui is not particularly
user-friendly, it just provides a point and click mode to set all the
many x11vnc parameters and obtain help on them. It is also very useful
for testing. See the [167]-gui option for more info. Examples: "x11vnc
... -gui" and "x11vnc ... -gui other:0" in the latter case the gui is
displayed on other:0, not the X display x11vnc is polling. There is
also a "[168]-gui tray" system tray mode.
[tkx11vnc.gif]
NOTE: You may need to install the "wish" or "tk" or "tk8.4" package
for the gui mode to work (the package name depends on your OS/distro.)
The tcl/tk "wish" interpreter is used. In debian (and so ubuntu too)
one would run "apt-get install tk" or perhaps "apt-get install tk8.4"
Q-9: How can I get the GUI to run in the System Tray, or at least be a
smaller, simpler icon?
As of Jul/2005 the gui can run in a more friendly small icon mode
"[169]-gui icon" or in the system tray: "[170]-gui tray". It has
balloon status, a simple menu, and a Properities dialog. The full,
complicated, gui is only available under "Advanced". Other
improvements were added as well. Try "Misc -> simple_gui" for a gui
with fewer esoteric menu items.
If the gui fails to embed itself in the system tray, do a retry via
"Window View -> icon" followed by "Window View -> tray" with the popup
menu.
For inexperienced users starting up x11vnc and the GUI while sitting
at the physical X display (not remotely), using something like "x11vnc
-display :0 -gui tray=setpass" might be something for them that they
are accustomed to in a Desktop environment (it prompts for an initial
password, etc.) This is a basic "Share My Desktop" usage mode.
As of Nov/2008 in x11vnc 0.9.6 there is a desktop menu item
(x11vnc.desktop) that runs this command:
x11vnc -gui tray=setpass -rfbport PROMPT -logfile %HOME/.x11vnc.log.%VNCDISP
LAY
which also prompts for which VNC port to use and a couple other
parameters.
Q-10: How can I get x11vnc to listen on a different port besides the
default VNC port (5900)?
Use something like, e.g., "x11vnc -rfbport 5901" to force it to use
port 5901 (this is VNC display :1.) If something else is using that
port x11vnc will exit immediately. If you do not supply the -rfbport
option, it will autoprobe starting at 5900 and work its way up to 5999
looking for a free port to listen on. In that case, watch for the
PORT=59xx line to see which port it found, then subtract 5900 from it
for the VNC display number to enter into the VNC Viewer(s).
The "[171]-N" option will try to match the VNC display number to the X
display (e.g. X11 DISPLAY of :5 (port 6005) will have VNC display :5
(port 5905).)
Also see the "[172]-autoport n" option to indicated at which value the
auto probing should start at.
Q-11: My Firewall/Router doesn't allow VNC Viewers to connect to
x11vnc.
See the [173]Firewalls/Routers discussion.
Q-12: Is it possible for a VNC Viewer and a VNC Server to connect to
each other even though both are behind Firewalls that block all
incoming connections?
This is very difficult or impossible to do unless a third machine,
reachable by both, is used as a relay. So we assume a third machine is
somehow being used as a relay.
In the following discussion, we will suppose port 5950 is being used
on the relay machine as the VNC port for the rendezvous.
A way to rendezvous is to have the VNC Server start a [174]reverse
connection to the relay machine:
x11vnc -connect third-machine.net:5950 ...
and the VNC viewer forward connects as usual:
vncviewer third-machine.net:50
Or maybe two ports would be involved, e.g. the viewer goes to display
:51 (5951.) It depends on the relay software being used.
What software to run on third-machine? A TCP relay of some sort could
be used... Try a google search on "tcp relay" or "ip relay". However,
note that this isn't a simple redirection because it hooks up two
incoming connections.
Also, if you are not the admin of third-machine you'd have to convince
the owner to allow you to install this software (and he would likely
need to open his server's firewall to allow the port through.)
It is recommended that [175]SSL is used for encryption (e.g.
"[176]-ssl SAVE") when going over the internet.
We have a prototype for performing a rendezvous via a Web Server
acting as the relay machine. Download the [177]vncxfer CGI script and
see the instructions at the top.
Once that CGI script is set up on the website, both users go to, say,
http://somesite.com/vncxfer (or maybe a "/cgi-bin" directory or ".cgi"
suffix must be used.) Previously, both have agreed on the same session
name (say by phone or email) , e.g. "5cows", and put that into the
entry form on the vncxfer starting page (hopefully separated by a few
seconds, so the relay helper can fully start up at the first request.)
The page returned tells them the hostname and port number and possible
command to use for forward (VNC Viewer) and reverse (VNC Server, i.e.
x11vnc) connections as described above.
Also since Oct/2007, x11vnc can connect directly (no web browser),
like this:
x11vnc ... -connect localhost:0 -proxy 'http://somesite.com/vncxfer?session=
5cows&'
Unfortunately the prototype requires that the Web server's firewall
allow in the port (e.g. 5950) used for the rendezvous. Most web
servers are not configured to do this, so you would need to ask the
admin to do this for you. Nearly all free webspace sites, e.g.
www.zendurl.com, will not allow your CGI script to be an open relay
like this. (If you find one that does allow this, let me know!)
Maybe someday a clever trick will be thought up to relax the listening
port requirement (e.g. use HTTP/CGI itself for the transfer... it is
difficult to emulate a full-duplex TCP connection with them.)
See also the [178]Firewalls/Routers discussion and [179]Reverse
Connection Proxy discussion.
SSH method: If both users (i.e. one on Viewer-side and the other on
x11vnc server side) have SSH access to a common machine on the
internet (or otherwise mutually reachable), then SSH plumbing can be
used to solve this problem. The users create SSH tunnels going through
the SSH login machine.
Instead of assuming port 5900 is free on the SSH machine, we will
assume both users agreed to use 5933. This will illustrate how to use
a different port for the redir. It could be any port, what matters is
that both parties refer to the same one.
Set up the Tunnel from the VNC Server side:
ssh -t -R 5933:localhost:5900 user@third-machine.net
Set up the Tunnel from the VNC Viewer side:
ssh -t -L 5900:localhost:5933 user@third-machine.net
Run Server on the VNC Server side:
x11vnc -rfbport 5900 -localhost ...
Run Viewer on the VNC Viewer side:
vncviewer -encodings "copyrect tight zrle hextile" localhost:0
(we assume the old-style -encodings option needs to be used. See
[180]here for details.)
If the SSH machine has been configured (see sshd_config(5)) with the
option GatewayPorts=yes, then the tunnel set up by the VNC Server will
be reachable directly by the VNC viewer (as long as the SSH machine's
firewall does not block the port, 5933 in this example.) So in that
case the Viewer side does not need to run any ssh command, but rather
only runs:
vncviewer third-machine.net:33
In this case we recommend [181]SSL be used for encryption.
The creation of both tunnels can be automated. As of Oct/2007 the
[182]-ssh x11vnc option is available and so only this command needs to
be run on the VNC Server side:
x11vnc -ssh user@third-machine.net:33 ...
(the SSH passphrase may need to be supplied.)
To automate on the VNC Viewer side, the user can use the [183]Enhanced
TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC) by:
* Clicking on 'Use SSH'
* Entering user@third-machine.net:33 into 'VNC Host:Display' entry
box
* Clicking on 'Connect'
As above, if the SSH GatewayPorts=yes setting is configured the Viewer
side doesn't need to create a SSH tunnel. In SSVNC the Viewer user
could instead select 'Use SSL' and then, e.g., on the Server side
supply "-ssl SAVE" to x11vnc. Then end-to-end SSL encryption would be
used (in addition to the SSH encryption on the Server-side leg.)
Q-13: Can I make x11vnc more quiet and also go into the background
after starting up?
Use the [184]-q and [185]-bg options, respectively. (also: -quiet is
an alias for -q)
Note that under -bg the stderr messages will be lost unless you use
the "[186]-o logfile" option.
Q-14: Sometimes when a VNC viewer dies abruptly, x11vnc also dies with
the error message like: "Broken pipe". I'm using the -forever mode and
I want x11vnc to keep running.
As of Jan/2004 the SIGPIPE signal is ignored. So if a viewer client
terminates abruptly, libvncserver will notice on the next I/O
operation and will close the connection and continue on.
Up until of Apr/2004 the above fix only works for BSD signal systems
(Linux, FreeBSD, ...) For SYSV systems there is a workaround in place
since about Jun/2004.
Q-15: The Windows TightVNC 1.3.9 Viewer cannot connect to x11vnc.
This appears to be fixed in x11vnc version 0.9 and later. If you need
to use an earlier version of x11vnc, try using the "-rfbversion 3.7"
option. In general sometimes one can get a misbehaving viewer to work
by supplying rfb versions 3.7 or 3.3.
Q-16: KDE's krdc VNC viewer cannot connect to x11vnc.
This has been fixed in x11vnc version 0.8.4. More info [187]here,
[188]here, and [189]here.
Q-17: When I start x11vnc on an Alpha Tru64 workstation the X server
crashes!
This is a bug in the X server obviously; an X client should never be
able to crash it.
The problem seems to be with the RECORD X extension and so a
workaround is to use the "[190]-noxrecord" x11vnc command line option.
Q-18: Are there any build-time customizations possible, e.g. change
defaults, create a smaller binary, etc?
There are some options. They are enabled by adding something like
-Dxxxx=1 to the CPPFLAGS environment variable before running configure
(see the [191]build notes for general background.)
/*
* Mar/2006
* Build-time customization via CPPFLAGS.
*
* Summary of options to include in CPPFLAGS for custom builds:
*
* -DVNCSHARED to have the vnc display shared by default.
* -DFOREVER to have -forever on by default.
* -DNOREPEAT=0 to have -repeat on by default.
* -DADDKEYSYMS=0 to have -noadd_keysyms the default.
*
* -DREMOTE_DEFAULT=0 to disable remote-control on by default (-yesremote.)
* -DREMOTE_CONTROL=0 to disable remote-control mechanism completely.
* -DEXTERNAL_COMMANDS=0 to disable the running of all external commands.
* -DFILEXFER=0 disable filexfer.
*
* -DHARDWIRE_PASSWD=... hardwired passwords, quoting necessary.
* -DHARDWIRE_VIEWPASSWD=...
* -DNOPW=1 make -nopw the default (skip warning)
* -DUSEPW=1 make -usepw the default
* -DPASSWD_REQUIRED=1 exit unless a password is supplied.
* -DPASSWD_UNLESS_NOPW=1 exit unless a password is supplied and no -nopw.
*
* -DWIREFRAME=0 to have -nowireframe as the default.
* -DWIREFRAME_COPYRECT=0 to have -nowirecopyrect as the default.
* -DWIREFRAME_PARMS=... set default -wirecopyrect parameters.
* -DSCROLL_COPYRECT=0 to have -noscrollcopyrect as the default.
* -DSCROLL_COPYRECT_PARMS=... set default -scrollcopyrect parameters.
* -DSCALING_COPYRECT=0
* -DXDAMAGE=0 to have -noxdamage as the default.
* -DSKIPDUPS=0 to have -noskip_dups as the default or vice versa.
*
* -DPOINTER_MODE_DEFAULT={0,1,2,3,4} set default -pointer_mode.
* -DBOLDLY_CLOSE_DISPLAY=0 to not close X DISPLAY under -rawfb.
* -DSMALL_FOOTPRINT=1 for smaller binary size (no help, no gui, etc)
* use 2 or 3 for even smaller footprint.
* -DNOGUI do not include the gui tkx11vnc.
* -DPOLL_8TO24_DELAY=N
* -DDEBUG_XEVENTS=1 enable printout for X events.
*
* Set these in CPPFLAGS before running configure. E.g.:
*
* % env CPPFLAGS="-DFOREVER -DREMOTE_CONTROL=0" ./configure
* % make
*/
If other things (e.g. "-I ...") are needed in CPPFLAGS add them as
well.
On some systems is seems you need to set LC_ALL=C for configure to
work properly...
Be careful the following two variables: HARDWIRE_PASSWD and
HARDWIRE_VIEWPASSWD. If set (remember to include the double quotes
around the string), they will be used as default values for the
-passwd and -viewpasswd options. Of course the strings will exist
unobscured in the x11vnc binary: it better not be readable by
unintendeds. Perhaps this is of use in remote access for an embedded
application, etc...
Let us know if more build-time customizations would be useful.
[Win2VNC Related]
Q-19: I have two separate machine displays in front of me, one Windows
the other X11: can I use x11vnc in combination with Win2VNC in
dual-screen mode to pass the keystrokes and mouse motions to the X11
display?
Yes, for best response start up x11vnc with the "[192]-nofb" option
(disables framebuffer polling, and does other optimizations) on the
secondary display (X11) machine. Then start up Win2VNC on the primary
display (Windows) referring it to the secondary display.
This will also work X11 to X11 using [193]x2vnc, however you would
probably just want to avoid VNC and use x2x for that.
For reference, here are some links to Win2VNC-like programs for
multiple monitor setups:
* [194]Original Win2VNC
* [195]Enhanced Win2VNC (broken?) and [196]sourceforge link
* [197]x2vnc
* [198]x2x
* [199]zvnc (MorphOS)
All of them will work with x11vnc (except x2x where it is not needed.)
Q-20: I am running Win2VNC on my Windows machine and "x11vnc -nofb" on
Unix to pass keyboard and mouse to the Unix monitor. Whenever I start
Win2VNC it quickly disconnects and x11vnc says:
rfbProcessClientNormalMessage: read: Connection reset by peer
Is the default visual of the X display you run x11vnc on low color
(e.g. 8 bit per pixel PseudoColor)? (you can run xdpyinfo to check,
look in the "screen" section.) There seems to be a bug in Win2VNC in
that it cannot deal correctly with colormaps (PseudoColor is the most
common example of a visual with a colormap.)
If so, there are a couple options. 1) Can you set the default visual
on your display to be depth 24 TrueColor? Sun machines often have 8+24
overlay/multi-depth visuals, and you can make the default visual depth
24 TrueColor (see fbconfig(1) and Xsun(1).) 2) As of Feb/2004 x11vnc
has the [200]-visual option to allow you to force the framebuffer
visual to whatever you want (this usually messes up the colors unless
you are very clever.) In this case, the option provides a convenient
workaround for the Win2VNC bug:
x11vnc -nofb -visual TrueColor -display :0 ...
So the visual will be set to 8bpp TrueColor and Win2VNC can handle
this. Since Win2VNC does not use the framebuffer data there should be
no problems in doing this.
Q-21: Can I run "x11vnc -nofb" on a Mac OS X machine to redirect mouse
and keyboard input to it from Windows and X11 machines via Win2VNC and
x2vnc, respectively?
Yes, as of Nov/2006 [201]you can. There may be a trick or two you'll
need to do to get the Clipboard exchange between the machines to work.
[Color Issues]
Q-22: The X display I run x11vnc on is only 8 bits per pixel (bpp)
PseudoColor (i.e. only 256 distinct colors.) The x11vnc colors may
start out OK, but after a while they are incorrect in certain windows.
Use the [202]-flashcmap option to have x11vnc watch for changes in the
colormap, and propagate those changes back to connected clients. This
can be slow (since the whole screen must be updated over the network
whenever the colormap changes.) This flashing colormap behavior often
happens if an application installs its own private colormap when the
mouse is in its window. "netscape -install" is a well-known historical
example of this. Consider reconfiguring the system to 16 bpp or depth
24 TrueColor if at all possible.
Also note the option [203]-8to24 (Jan/2006) can often remove the need
for flashing the colormap. Everything is dynamically transformed to
depth 24 at 32 bpp using the colormaps. There may be painting errors
however (see the following FAQ for tips on reducing and correcting
them.)
In some rare cases (SCO unixware) the [204]-notruecolor option has
corrected colors on 8bpp displays. The red, green, and blue masks were
non-zero in 8bpp PseudoColor on an obscure setup, and this option
corrected the problems.
Q-23: Color problems: Why are the colors for some windows incorrect in
x11vnc? BTW, my X display has nice overlay/multi-depth visuals of
different color depths: e.g. there are both depth 8 and 24 visuals
available at the same time.
You may want to review the [205]previous question regarding 8 bpp
PseudoColor.
On some hardware (Sun/SPARC and SGI), the [206]-overlay option
discussed a couple paragraphs down may solve this for you (you may
want to skip to it directly.) On other hardware the less robust
[207]-8to24 option may help (also discussed below.)
Run xdpyinfo(1) to see what the default visual is and what the depths
of the other visuals are. Does the default visual have a depth of 8
but there are other visuals of depth 24? If it does, can you possibly
re-configure your X server to make a depth 24 visual the default? If
you can do it, this will save you a lot of grief WRT colors and x11vnc
(and for general usage too!) Here is how I do this on an old
Sparcstation 20 running Solaris 9 with SX graphics
xinit -- -dev /dev/fb defclass TrueColor defdepth 24
and it works nicely (note: to log into console from the dtlogin
window, select "Options -> Command Line Login", then login and enter
the above command.) See the -dev section of the Xsun(1) manpage for a
description of the above arguments. If you have root permission, a
more permanent and convenient thing to do is to record the arguments
in a line like:
:0 Local local_uid@console root /usr/openwin/bin/Xsun -dev /dev/fb defclass
TrueColor defdepth 24
in /etc/dt/config/Xservers (copy /usr/dt/config/Xservers.) Also look
at the fbconfig(1) and related manpages (e.g. ffbconfig, m64config,
pgxconfig, SUNWjfb_config, etc ...) for hardware framebuffer settings
that may achieve the same effect.
In general for non-Sun machines, look at the "-cc class" and related
options in your X server manpage (perhaps Xserver(1)), it may allow
modifying the default visual (e.g. "-cc 4", see <X11/X.h> for the
visual class numbers.) On XFree86 some video card drivers (e.g. Matrox
mga) have settings like Option "Overlay" "24,8" to support multi-depth
overlays. For these, use the "-cc 4" X server command line option to
get a depth 24 default visual.
The -overlay mode: Another option is if the system with overlay
visuals is a Sun system running Solaris or SGI running IRIX you can
use the [208]-overlay x11vnc option (Aug/2004) to have x11vnc use the
Solaris XReadScreen(3X11) function to poll the "true view" of the
whole screen at depth 24 TrueColor. XReadDisplay(3X11) is used on
IRIX. This is useful for Legacy applications (older versions of
Cadence CAD apps are mentioned by x11vnc users) that require the
default depth be 8bpp, or the app will use a 8bpp visual even if depth
24 visuals are available, and so the default depth workaround
described in the previous paragraph is not sufficient for these apps.
It seems that Xorg is working toward supporting XReadDisplay(3X11) as
part of the RENDER extension work. When it does support it and
provides a library API x11vnc will be modified to take advantage of
the feature to support -overlay on Linux, *BSD, etc. Until then see
the -8to24 mode below.
Misc. notes on -overlay mode: An amusing by-product of -overlay mode
is that the mouse cursor shape is correct! (i.e. XFIXES is not
needed.) The -overlay mode may be somewhat slower than normal mode due
to the extra framebuffer manipulations that must be performed. Also,
on Solaris there is a bug in that for some popup menus, the windows
they overlap will have painting errors (flashing colors) while the
popup is up (a workaround is to disable SaveUnders by passing -su to
Xsun, e.g. in your /etc/dt/config/Xservers file.)
The -8to24 mode: The [209]-8to24 x11vnc option (Jan/2006) is a kludge
to try to dynamically rewrite the pixel values so that the 8bpp part
of the screen is mapped onto depth 24 TrueColor. This is less robust
than the -overlay mode because it is done by x11vnc outside of the X
server. So only use it on OS's that do not support -overlay. The
-8to24 mode will work if the default visual is depth 24 or depth 8. It
scans for any windows within 3 levels of the root window that are 8bpp
(i.e. legacy application), or in general ones that are not using the
default visual. For the windows it finds it uses XGetSubImage() to
retrieve the pixels values and uses the correct indexed colormap to
create a depth 24 TrueColor view of the whole screen. This depth 24,
32bpp view is exported via VNC.
Even on pure 8bpp displays it can be used as an alternative to
[210]-flashcmap to avoid color flashing completely.
This scheme is approximate and can often lead to painting errors. You
can manually correct most painting errors by pressing 3 Alt_L's in a
row, or by using something like: [211]-fixscreen V=3.0 to
automatically refresh the screen every 3 seconds. Also -fixscreen
8=3.0 has been added to just refresh the non-default visual parts of
the screen.
In general the scheme uses many resources and may give rise to
sluggish behavior. If multiple windows are using different 8bpp
indexed colormaps all but one window may need to be iconified for the
colors to be correct. There are a number of tunable parameters to try
to adjust performance and painting accuracy. The option -8to24
nogetimage can give a nice speedup if the default depth 24 X server
supports hiding the 8bpp bits in bits 25-32 of the framebuffer data.
On very slow machines -8to24 poll=0.2,cachewin=5.0 gives an useful
speedup. See the [212]-8to24 help description for information on
tunable parameters, etc.
Colors still not working correctly? Run xwininfo on the application
with the incorrect colors to verify that the depth of its visual is
different from the default visual depth (gotten from xdpyinfo.) One
possible workaround in this case is to use the [213]-id option to
point x11vnc at the application window itself. If the application is
complicated (lots of toplevel windows and popup menus) this may not be
acceptable, and may even crash x11vnc (but not the application.)
It is theoretically possible to solve this problem in general (see
xwd(1) for example), but it does not seem trivial or sufficiently fast
for x11vnc to be able to do so in real time. The [214]-8to24 method
does this approximately and is somewhat usable. Fortunately the
[215]-overlay option works for Solaris machines with overlay visuals
where most of this problem occurs.
Q-24: I am on a high color system (depth >= 24) but I seem to have
colormap problems. They either flash or everything is very dark.
This can happen if the default Visual (use xdpyinfo to list them) is
DirectColor instead of TrueColor. These are both usually used in high
color modes, but whereas TrueColor uses static ramps for the Red,
Green, and Blue components, DirectColor has arbitrary colormaps for
the Red, Green, and Blue Components. Currently x11vnc cannot decode
these colormaps and treats them just like TrueColor.
The only workaround so far is to restart the X server with the "-cc 4"
option to force TrueColor as the default visual (DirectColor is "-cc
5"; see /usr/include/X11/X.h.) The only place we have seen this is
with the virtual framebuffer server Xvfb on Xorg 7.2. So in that case
you probably should restart it with something like this: "Xvfb :1 -cc
4 -screen 0 1280x1024x24". It should be possible for x11vnc to handle
DirectColor, but this hasn't been implemented due to its rare usage.
You may also see this problem on an X display with a TrueColor default
visual where an application chooses a DirectColor visual for its
window(s). It seems the application also needs to install its own
colormap for the visual for the colors to be messed up in x11vnc. One
can make xwud do this for example.
Q-25: How do I figure out the window id to supply to the -id windowid
option?
Run the xwininfo program in a terminal. It will ask you to click on
the desired application window. After clicking, it will print out much
information, including the window id (e.g. 0x6000010.) Also, the
visual and depth of the window printed out is often useful in
debugging x11vnc [216]color problems.
Also, as of Dec/2004 you can use "[217]-id pick" to have x11vnc run
xwininfo(1) for you and after you click the window it extracts the
windowid. Besides "pick" there is also "id:root" to allow you to go
back to root window when doing remote-control.
Q-26: Why don't menus or other transient windows come up when I am
using the -id windowid option to view a single application window?
This is related to the behavior of the XGetImage(3X11) and
XShmGetImage() interfaces regarding backingstore, saveunders, etc. The
way the image is retrieved depends on some aspects of how the X server
maintains the display image data and whether other windows are
clipping or obscuring it. See the XGetImage(3X11) man page for more
details. If you disable BackingStore and SaveUnders in the X server
you should be able to see these transient windows.
If things are not working and you still want to do the single window
polling, try the [218]-sid windowid option ("shifted" windowid.)
Q-27: My X display is depth 24 at 24bpp (instead of the normal depth
24 at 32bpp.) I'm having lots of color and visual problems with x11vnc
and/or vncviewer. What's up?
First off, depth 24 at 24bpp (bpp=bits-per-pixel) is fairly uncommon
and can cause problems in general. It also can be slower than depth 24
at 32bpp. You might want to switch to 32bpp (for XFree86 see the
"-fbbpp 32", DefaultFbBpp, FbBpp and related options.) Perhaps you
have 24bpp because the video memory of the machine is low and the
screen wouldn't fit in video RAM at 32bpp. For this case depth 16 at
16bpp might be an acceptable option.
In any event x11vnc should handle depth 24 at 24bpp (although
performance may be slower, and you may need to use the ZRLE encoding
instead of Tight.) There are some caveats involving the viewer
however:
The RealVNC Unix viewer cannot handle 24bpp from the server, it will
say: "main: setPF: not 8, 16 or 32 bpp?" and exit. I have not checked
the RealVNC Windows viewer.
So you need to use the TightVNC Unix viewer. However there are some
problems with that too. It seems libvncserver does not do 24bpp
correctly with the Tight encoding. The colors and screen ultimately
get messed up. So you have to use a different encoding with the
TightVNC vncviewer, try "zlib", "hextile", or one of the other
encodings (e.g. vncviewer -encodings "zlib hextile" ....) I have not
checked the TightVNC or UltraVNC Windows viewers.
It appears the older RealVNC Unix viewers (e.g. 3.3.3 and 3.3.7) can
handle 24bpp from the server, so you may want to use those. They
evidently request 32 bpp and libvncserver obliges.
Update: as of Apr/2006 you can use the [219]-24to32 option to have
x11vnc dynamically transform the 24bpp pixel data to 32bpp. This extra
transformation could slow things down further however.
Now coming the opposite direction if you are running the vncviewer on
the 24bpp display, TightVNC will fail with "Can't cope with 24
bits-per-pixel. Sorry." and RealVNC will fail with "main: Error:
couldn't find suitable pixmap format" so evidently you cannot use
24bpp for the vncviewers to work on that X display.
Note, however, that the Unix viewer in the [220]Enhanced TightVNC
Viewer (SSVNC) project can handle 24bpp X displays. It does this by
requesting a 16bpp pixel format (or 8bpp if the -bgr233 option has
been supplied) from the VNC server, and translates that to 24bpp
locally.
[Xterminals]
Q-28: Can I use x11vnc to view and interact with an Xterminal (e.g.
NCD) that is not running UNIX and so x11vnc cannot be run on it
directly?
You can, but it will likely be very wasteful of network bandwidth
since you will be polling the X display over the network as opposed to
over the local hardware. To do this, run x11vnc on a UNIX machine as
close as possible network-wise (e.g. same switch) to the Xterminal
machine. Use the [221]-display option to point the display to that of
the Xterminal (you'll of course need basic X11 permission to do that)
and finally supply the [222]-noshm option (this enables the polling
over the network.)
If the Xterminal's X display is open to the network for connections,
you might use something like "-display xterm123:0". If you are trying
to do this via an SSH tunnel (assuming you can actually ssh into the
Xterminal) it will be a little tricky (either use the ssh "-R" option
or consider ssh-ing in the other direction.) In all cases the X11
permissions need to allow the connection.
The response will likely be sluggish (maybe only one "frame" per
second.) This mode is not recommended except for "quick checks" of
hard to get to X servers. Use something like "-wait 150" to cut down
on the polling rate. You may also need [223]-flipbyteorder if the
colors get messed up due to endian byte order differences.
Q-29: How do I get my X permissions (MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE file) correct
for a Unix/Linux machine acting as an Xterminal?
If the X display machine is a traditional Xterminal (where the X
server process runs on the Xterminal box, but all of the X client
applications (firefox, etc) run on a central server (aka "terminal
server")), you will need to log into the Xterminal machine (i.e. get a
shell running there) and then start the x11vnc program. If the
Xterminal Linux/Unix machine is stripped down (e.g. no users besides
root) that may be difficult.
The next problem is the login Display Manager (e.g. gdm, kdm), and
hence the MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE auth files, are on the central server and
not on the Xterminal box where the X server and x11vnc processes are.
So unless X permissions are completely turned off (e.g. "xhost +"), to
run the x11vnc process on the Xterminal box the MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE auth
file data (XAUTHORITY or $HOME/.Xauthority) must be accessible by or
copied to the Xterminal. If $HOME/.Xauthority is exported via NFS
(this is insecure of course, but has been going on for decades), then
x11vnc can simply pick it up via NFS (you may need to use the
[224]-auth option to point to the correct file.) Other options include
copying the auth file using scp, or something like:
central-server> xauth nextract - xterm123:0 | ssh xterm123 xauth nmerge -
and then, say, ssh from central-server to xterm123 to start x11vnc.
Here "xterm123" refers to the computer acting as the Xterminal and
"central-server" is the terminal server. You can use "xauth -f
/path/to/cookie-file list" to examine the contents of the cookie(s) in
a file "/path/to/cookie-file". See the xauth(1) manpage for more
details.
If the display name in the cookie file needs to be changed between the
two hosts, see [225]this note on the "xauth add ..." command.
A less secure option is to run something like "xhost +127.0.0.1" while
sitting at the Xterminal box to allow cookie-free local access for
x11vnc. You can run "xhost -127.0.0.1" after x11vnc connects if you
want to go back to the original permissions.
If the Xterminal is really stripped down and doesn't have any user
accounts, NFS, etc. you'll need to contact your system administrator
to set something up. It can be done!!! Some Xterminal projects have
actually enabled "run locally" facilities for the running of an
occasional app more efficiently locally on the Xterminal box (e.g.
realplayer.)
Not recommended, but as a last resort, you could have x11vnc [226]poll
the Xterminal Display over the network. For this you would run a
"x11vnc -noshm ..." process on the central-server (and hope the
network admin doesn't get angry...)
Note: use of Display Manager (gdm, kdm, ...) auth cookie files (i.e.
from /var/..., /tmp/..., or elsewhere) may require modification via
xauth(1) to correctly include the display x11vnc refers to (e.g.
"xauth -f cookie-file add :0 . 45be51ae2ce9dfbacd882ab3ef8e96b1",
where the "45be51..." cookie value was found from an "xauth -f
/path/to/original/cookie-file list") or other reasons. See xauth(1)
manpage for full details on how to transfer an MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE
between machines and displays.
VNCviewer performance on Xterminals: This isn't related to x11vnc on
Xterminals, but we mention it here anyway because of the similar
issues. If you are on an Xterminal and want to use vncviewer to
connect to a VNC server somewhere, then performance would be best if
you ran the viewer on the Xterminal box. Otherwise, (i.e. running the
viewer process on the central-server) all of the vncviewer screen
drawing is done more inefficiently over the network. Something to
consider, especially on a busy network. (BTW, this has all of the
above permission, etc, problems: both vncviewer and x11vnc are X
client apps desired to be run on the Xterminal box.)
[Sun Rays]
Q-30: I'm having trouble using x11vnc with my Sun Ray session.
The [227]Sun Ray technology is a bit like "VNC done in hardware" (the
Sun Ray terminal device, DTU, playing the role of the vncviewer.)
Completely independent of that, the SunRay user's session is still an
X server that speaks the X11 protocol and so x11vnc simply talks to
the X server part to export the SunRay desktop to any place in the
world (i.e. not only to a Sun Ray terminal device), creating a sort of
"Soft Ray". Please see [228]this discussion of Sun Ray issues for
solutions to problems.
Also see the [229]Sun Ray Remote Control Toolkit that uses x11vnc.
[Remote Control]
Q-31: How do I stop x11vnc once it is running in the background?
As of Dec/2004 there is a remote control feature. It can change a huge
number of parameters on the fly: see the [230]-remote and [231]-query
options. To shut down the running x11vnc server just type "x11vnc -R
stop". To disconnect all clients do "x11vnc -R disconnect:all", etc.
If the [232]-forever option has not been supplied, x11vnc will
automatically exit after the first client disconnects. In general if
you cannot use the remote control, then you will have to kill the
x11vnc process This can be done via: "kill NNNNN" (where NNNNN is the
x11vnc process id number found from ps(1)), or "pkill x11vnc", or
"killall x11vnc" (Linux only.)
If you have not put x11vnc in the background via the [233]-bg option
or shell & operator, then simply press Ctrl-C in the shell where
x11vnc is running to stop it.
Potential Gotcha: If somehow your Keypress of Ctrl-C went through
x11vnc to the Xserver that then delivered it to x11vnc it is possible
one or both of the Ctrl or C keys will be left stuck in the pressed
down state in the Xserver. Tapping the stuck key (either via a new
x11vnc or at the physical console) will release it from the stuck
state. If the keyboard seems to be acting strangely it is often fixed
by tapping Ctrl, Shift, and Alt. Alternatively, the [234]-clear_mods
option and [235]-clear_keys option can be used to release pressed keys
at startup and exit. The option [236]-clear_all will also try to unset
Caps_Lock, Num_Lock, etc.
Q-32: Can I change settings in x11vnc without having to restart it?
Can I remote control it?
Look at the [237]-remote (an alias is -R) and [238]-query (an alias is
-Q) options added in Dec/2004. They allow nearly everything to be
changed dynamically and settings to be queried. Examples: "x11vnc -R
shared", "x11vnc -R forever", "x11vnc -R scale:3/4", "x11vnc -Q
modtweak", "x11vnc -R stop", "x11vnc -R disconnect:all", etc..
These commands do not start a x11vnc server, but rather communicate
with one that is already running. The X display (X11VNC_REMOTE
property) is used as the communication channel, so the X permissions
and DISPLAY must be set up correctly for communication to be possible.
There is also a simple Tcl/Tk [239]gui based on this remote control
mechanism. See the [240]-gui option for more info. You will need to
have Tcl/Tk (i.e. /usr/bin/wish) installed for it to work. It can also
run in the system tray: "-gui tray" or as a standalone small icon
window: "-gui icon". Use "-gui tray=setpass" for a naive user "Share
My Desktop" mode.
[Security and Permissions]
Q-33: How do I create a VNC password for use with x11vnc?
You may already have one in $HOME/.vnc/passwd if you have used, say,
the vncserver program from the regular RealVNC or TightVNC packages
(i.e. launching the Xvnc server.) Otherwise, you could use the
vncpasswd(1) program from those packages.
As of Jun/2004 x11vnc supports the -storepasswd "pass" "file"
[241]option, which is the same functionality of storepasswd. Be sure
to quote the "pass" if it contains shell meta characters, spaces, etc.
Example:
x11vnc -storepasswd 'sword*fish' $HOME/myvncpasswd
You then use the password via the x11vnc option: "[242]-rfbauth
$HOME/myvncpasswd"
As of Jan/2006 if you do not supply any arguments:
x11vnc -storepasswd
you will be prompted for a password to save to ~/.vnc/passwd (your
keystrokes when entering the password will not be echoed to the
screen.) If you supply one argument, e.g. "x11vnc -storepasswd
~/.mypass", the password you are prompted for will be stored in that
file.
x11vnc also has the [243]-passwdfile and -passwd/-viewpasswd plain
text (i.e. not obscured like the -rfbauth VNC passwords) password
options.
You can use the [244]-usepw option to automatically use any password
file you have in ~/.vnc/passwd or ~/.vnc/passwdfile (the latter is
used with the -passwdfile option.)
x11vnc -usepw -display :0 ...
If neither file exists you are prompted to store a password in
~/.vnc/passwd. If a password file cannot be found or created x11vnc
exits immediately. An admin may want to set it up this way for users
who do not know better.
Q-34: Can I make it so -storepasswd doesn't show my password on the
screen?
You can use the vncpasswd program from RealVNC or TightVNC mentioned
above. As of Jan/2006 the -storepasswd option without any arguments
will not echo your password as you type it and save the file to
~/.vnc/passwd:
# x11vnc -storepasswd
Enter VNC password:
Verify password:
Write password to /home/myname/.vnc/passwd? [y]/n
Password written to: /home/myname/.vnc/passwd
You can also give it an alternate filename, e.g. "x11vnc -storepasswd
~/.mypass"
Q-35: Can I have two passwords for VNC viewers, one for full access
and the other for view-only access to the display?
Yes, as of May/2004 there is the [245]-viewpasswd option to supply the
view-only password. Note the full-access password option [246]-passwd
must be supplied at the same time. E.g.: -passwd sword -viewpasswd
fish.
To avoid specifying the passwords on the command line (where they
could be observed via the ps(1) command by any user) you can use the
[247]-passwdfile option to specify a file containing plain text
passwords. Presumably this file is readable only by you, and ideally
it is located on the machine x11vnc is run on (to avoid being snooped
on over the network.) The first line of this file is the full-access
password. If there is a second line in the file and it is non-blank,
it is taken as the view-only password. (use "__EMPTY__" to supply an
empty one.)
View-only passwords currently do not work for the [248]-rfbauth
password option (standard VNC password storing mechanism.) FWIW, note
that although the output (usually placed in $HOME/.vnc/passwd) by the
vncpasswd or storepasswd programs (or from x11vnc -storepasswd) looks
encrypted they are really just obscured to avoid "casual" password
stealing. It takes almost no skill to figure out how to extract the
plain text passwords from $HOME/.vnc/passwd since it is very
straight-forward to work out what to do from the VNC source code.
Q-36: Can I have as many full-access and view-only passwords as I
like?
Yes, as of Jan/2006 in the libvncserver CVS the [249]-passwdfile
option has been extended to handle as many passwords as you like. You
put the view-only passwords after a line __BEGIN_VIEWONLY__.
You can also easily annotate and comment out passwords in the file.
You can have x11vnc re-read the file dynamically when it is modified.
Q-37: Does x11vnc support Unix usernames and passwords? Can I further
limit the set of Unix usernames who can connect to the VNC desktop?
Update: as of Feb/2006 x11vnc has the [250]-unixpw option that does
this outside of the VNC protocol and libvncserver. The standard su(1)
program is used to validate the user's password. A familiar "login:"
and "Password:" dialog is presented to the user on a black screen
inside the vncviewer. The connection is dropped if the user fails to
supply the correct password in 3 tries or does not send one before a
25 second timeout. Existing clients are view-only during this period.
A list of allowed Unix usernames may also be supplied along with
per-user settings.
There is also the [251]-unixpw_nis option for non-shadow-password
(typically NIS environments, hence the name) systems where the
traditional getpwnam() and crypt() functions are used instead of
su(1). The encrypted user passwords must be accessible to the user
running x11vnc in -unixpw_nis mode, otherwise the logins will always
fail even when the correct password is supplied. See ypcat(1) and
shadow(5).
Two settings are enforced in the -unixpw and -unixpw_nis modes to
provide extra security: the 1) [252]-localhost and 2) [253]-stunnel or
[254]-ssl options. Without these one might send the Unix username and
password data in clear text over the network which is a very bad idea.
They can be relaxed if you want to provide encryption other than
stunnel or [255]-ssl (the constraint is automatically relaxed if
SSH_CONNECTION is set and indicates you have ssh-ed in, however the
-localhost requirement is still enforced.)
The two -unixpw modes have been tested on Linux, Solaris, Mac OS X,
HP-UX, Tru64, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD. Additional testing is
appreciated. For the last 4 it appears that su(1) will not prompt for
a password if su-ing to oneself. Since x11vnc requires a password
prompt from su, those logins will fail even when the correct password
is supplied. On *BSD it appears this can be corrected by commenting
out the pam_self.so entry in /etc/pam.d/su.
Previous older discussion (prior to the -unixpw option):
Until the VNC protocol and libvncserver support this things will be
approximate at best.
One approximate method involves starting x11vnc with the
[256]-localhost option. This basically requires the viewer user to log
into the workstation where x11vnc is running via their Unix username
and password, and then somehow set up a port redirection of his
vncviewer connection to make it appear to emanate from the local
machine. As discussed above, ssh is useful for this: "ssh -L
5900:localhost:5900 user@hostname ..." See the ssh wrapper scripts
mentioned [257]elsewhere on this page. [258]stunnel does this as well.
Of course a malicious user could allow other users to get in through
his channel, but that is a problem with every method. Another thing to
watch out for is a malicious user on the viewer side (where ssh is
running) trying to sneak in through the ssh port redirection there.
Regarding limiting the set of Unix usernames who can connect, the
traditional way would be to further require a VNC password to supplied
(-rfbauth, -passwd, etc) and only tell the people allowed in what the
VNC password is. A scheme that avoids a second password involves using
the [259]-accept option that runs a program to examine the connection
information to determine which user is connecting from the local
machine. That may be difficult to do, but, for example, the program
could use the ident service on the local machine (normally ident
should not be trusted over the network, but on the local machine it
should be accurate: otherwise root has been compromised and so there
are more serious problems! Unfortunately recent Linux distros seem to
provide a random string (MD5 hash?) instead of the username.) An
example script passed in via -accept scriptname that deduces the Unix
username and limits who can be accepted might look something like
this:
#!/bin/sh
if [ "$RFB_CLIENT_IP" != "127.0.0.1" -o "$RFB_SERVER_IP" != "127.0.0.1" ]; then
exit 1 # something fishy... reject it.
fi
user=`echo "$RFB_CLIENT_PORT, $RFB_SERVER_PORT" | nc -w 1 $RFB_CLIENT_IP 113 \
| grep 'USERID.*UNIX' | head -1 | sed -e 's/[\r ]//g' | awk -F: '{print
$4}'`
for okuser in fred barney wilma betty
do
if [ "X$user" = "X$okuser" ]; then
exit 0 # accept it
fi
done
exit 1 # reject it
For this to work with ssh port redirection, the ssh option
UsePrivilegeSeparation must be enabled otherwise the userid will
always be "root".
Q-38: Can I supply an external program to provide my own custom login
method (e.g. Dynamic/One-time passwords or non-Unix (LDAP) usernames
and passwords)?
Yes, there are several possibilities. For background see the FAQ on
the [260]-accept where an external program may be run to decide if a
VNC client should be allowed to try to connect and log in. If the
program (or local user prompted by a popup) answers "yes", then
-accept proceeds to the normal VNC and x11vnc authentication methods,
otherwise the connection is dropped.
To provide more direct coupling to the VNC client's username and/or
supplied password the following options were added in Sep/2006:
* [261]-unixpw_cmd command
* [262]-passwdfile cmd:command
* [263]-passwdfile custom:command
In each case "command" is an external command run by x11vnc. You
supply it. For example, it may couple to your LDAP system or other
servers you set up.
For [264]-unixpw_cmd the normal [265]-unixpw Login: and Password:
prompts are supplied to the VNC viewer and the strings the client
returns are then piped into "command" as the first two lines of its
standard input. If the command returns success, i.e. exit(0), the VNC
client is accepted, otherwise it is rejected.
For "[266]-passwdfile cmd:command" the command is run and it returns a
password list (like a password file, see the [267]-passwdfile
read:filename mode.) Perhaps a dynamic, one-time password is retrieved
from a server this way.
For "[268]-passwdfile custom:command" one gets complete control over
the VNC challenge-response dialog with the VNC client. x11vnc sends
out a string of random bytes (16 by the VNC spec) and the client
returns the same number of bytes in a way the server can verify only
the authorized user could have created. The VNC protocol specifies DES
encryption with a password. If you are willing to modify the VNC
viewers, you can have it be anything you want, perhaps a less
crackable MD5 hash scheme or one-time pad. Your program will read from
its standard input the size of the challenge-response followed by a
newline, then the challenge bytes followed by the response bytes. If
your command then returns success, i.e. exit(0), the VNC client is
accepted, otherwise it is rejected.
In all cases the "RFB_*" environment variables are set as under
[269]-accept. These variables can provide useful information for the
externally supplied program to use.
Q-39: Why does x11vnc exit as soon as the VNC viewer disconnects? And
why doesn't it allow more than one VNC viewer to connect at the same
time?
These defaults are simple safety measures to avoid someone unknowingly
leaving his X11 desktop exposed (to the internet, say) for long
periods of time. Use the [270]-forever option (aka -many) to have
x11vnc wait for more connections after the first client disconnects.
Use the [271]-shared option to have x11vnc allow multiple clients to
connect simultaneously.
Recommended additional safety measures include using ssh ([272]see
above), stunnel, [273]-ssl, or a VPN to authenticate and encrypt the
viewer connections or to at least use the -rfbauth passwd-file
[274]option to use VNC password protection (or [275]-passwdfile) It is
up to YOU to apply these security measures, they will not be done for
you automatically.
Q-40: Can I limit which machines incoming VNC clients can connect
from?
Yes, look at the [276]-allow and [277]-localhost options to limit
connections by hostname or IP address. E.g.
x11vnc -allow 192.168.0.1,192.168.0.2
for those two hosts or
x11vnc -allow 192.168.0.
for a subnet. For individual hosts you can use the hostname instead of
the IP number, e.g.: "-allow snoopy", and "-allow darkstar,wombat".
Note that -localhost achieves the same thing as "-allow 127.0.0.1"
For more control, build libvncserver with libwrap support
[278](tcp_wrappers) and then use /etc/hosts.allow See hosts_access(5)
for complete details.
Q-41: How do I build x11vnc/libvncserver with libwrap (tcp_wrappers)
support?
Here is one way to pass this information to the configure script:
env CPPFLAGS=-DUSE_LIBWRAP LDFLAGS=-lwrap ./configure
then run make as usual. This requires libwrap and its development
package (tcpd.h) to be installed on the build machine. If additional
CPPFLAGS or LDFLAGS options are needed supply them as well using
quotes.
The resulting x11vnc then uses libwrap/tcp_wrappers for connections.
The service name you will use in /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny
is "vnc", e.g.:
vnc: 192.168.100.3 .example.com
Note that if you run x11vnc out of [279]inetd you do not need to build
x11vnc with libwrap support because the /usr/sbin/tcpd reference in
/etc/inetd.conf handles the tcp_wrappers stuff.
Q-42: Can I have x11vnc only listen on one network interface (e.g.
internal LAN) rather than having it listen on all network interfaces
and relying on -allow to filter unwanted connections out?
As of Mar/2005 there is the "[280]-listen ipaddr" option that enables
this. For ipaddr either supply the desired network interface's IP
address (or use a hostname that resolves to it) or use the string
"localhost". For additional filtering simultaneously use the
"[281]-allow host1,..." option to allow only specific hosts in.
This option is useful if you want to insure that no one can even begin
a dialog with x11vnc from untrusted network interfaces (e.g. ppp0.)
The option [282]-localhost now implies "-listen localhost" since that
is what most people expect it to do.
Q-43: Now that -localhost implies listening only on the loopback
interface, how I can occasionally allow in a non-localhost via the -R
allowonce remote control command?
To do this specify "[283]-allow localhost". Unlike [284]-localhost
this will leave x11vnc listening on all interfaces (but of course only
allowing in local connections, e.g. ssh redirs.) Then you can later
run "x11vnc -R allowonce:somehost" or use to gui to permit a one-shot
connection from a remote host.
Q-44: Can I fine tune what types of user input are allowed? E.g. have
some users just be able to move the mouse, but not click or type
anything?
As of Feb/2005, the [285]-input option allows you to do this. "K",
"M", "B", "C", and "F" stand for Keystroke, Mouse-motion,
Button-clicks, Clipboard, and File-Transfer, respectively. The
setting: "-input M" makes attached viewers only able to move the
mouse. "-input KMBC,M" lets normal clients do everything and enables
view-only clients to move the mouse.
These settings can also be applied on a per-viewer basis via the
remote control mechanism or the GUI. E.g. x11vnc -R input:hostname:M
Q-45: Can I prompt the user at the local X display whether the
incoming VNC client should be accepted or not? Can I decide to make
some clients view-only? How about running an arbitrary program to make
the decisions?
Yes, look at the "[286]-accept command" option, it allows you to
specify an external command that is run for each new client. (use
quotes around the command if it contains spaces, etc.) If the external
command returns 0 (success) the client is accepted, otherwise with any
other return code the client is rejected. See below how to also accept
clients view-only.
The external command will have the RFB_CLIENT_IP environment variable
set to the client's numerical IP address, RFB_CLIENT_PORT its port
number. Similarly for RFB_SERVER_IP and RFB_SERVER_PORT to allow
identification of the tcp virtual circuit. DISPLAY will be set to that
of the X11 display being polled. Also, RFB_X11VNC_PID is set to the
x11vnc process id (e.g. in case you decided to kill it), RFB_CLIENT_ID
will be an id number, and RFB_CLIENT_COUNT the number of other clients
currently connected. RFB_MODE will be "accept".
Built-in Popup Window: As a special case, "-accept popup" will
instruct x11vnc to create its own simple popup window. To accept the
client press "y" or click mouse on the "Yes" button. To reject the
client press "n" or click mouse on the "No" button. To accept the
client View-only, press "v" or click mouse on the "View" button. If
the [287]-viewonly option has been supplied, the "View" action will
not be present: the whole display is view only in that case.
The popup window times out after 120 seconds, to change this behavior
use "-accept popup:N" where N is the number of seconds (use 0 for no
timeout.) More tricks: "-accept popupmouse" will only take mouse click
responses, while "-accept popupkey" will only take keystroke responses
(popup takes both.) After any of the 3 popup keywords you can supply a
position of the window: +N+M, (the default is to center the window)
e.g. -accept popupmouse+10+10.
Also as a special case "-accept xmessage" will run the xmessage(1)
program to prompt the user whether the client should be accepted or
not. This requires that you have xmessage installed and available via
PATH. In case it is not already on your system, the xmessage program
is available at [288]ftp://ftp.x.org/
(End of Built-in Popup Window:)
To include view-only decisions for the external commands, prefix the
command something like this: "yes:0,no:*,view:3 mycommand ..." This
associates the three actions: yes(accept), no(reject), and
view(accept-view-only), with the numerical return (i.e. exit()) codes.
Use "*" instead of a number to set the default action (e.g. in case
the external command returns an unexpected return code.)
Here is an example -accept script called accept_or_lock. It uses
xmessage and xlock (replace with your screen lock command, maybe it is
"xscreensaver-command -lock", or kdesktop_lock, or "dtaction
LockDisplay".) It will prompt the user at the X display whether to
accept, reject, or accept view-only the client, but if the prompt
times out after 60 seconds the screen is locked and the VNC client is
accepted. This allows the remote access when no one is at the display.
#!/bin/sh
#
# accept_or_lock: prompt user at X display whether to accept an incoming
# VNC connection. If timeout expires, screen is locked
# and the VNC viewer is accepted (allows remote access
# when no one is sitting at the display.)
#
# usage: x11vnc ... -forever -accept 'yes:0,no:*,view:4 accept_or_lock'
#
xmessage -buttons yes:2,no:3,view-only:4 -center \
-timeout 60 "x11vnc: accept connection from $RFB_CLIENT_IP?"
rc=$?
if [ $rc = 0 ]; then
xlock & # or "xlock -mode blank" for no animations.
sleep 5
exit 0
elif [ $rc = 2 ]; then
exit 0
elif [ $rc = 4 ]; then
exit 4
fi
exit 1
Stefan Radman has written a nice dtksh script [289]dtVncPopup for use
in CDE environments to do the same sort of thing. Information on how
to use it is found at the top of the file. He encourages you to
provide feedback to him to help improve the script.
Note that in all cases x11vnc will block while the external command or
popup is being run, so attached clients will not receive screen
updates, etc during this period.
To run a command when a client disconnects, use the "[290]-gone
command" option. This is for the user's convenience only: the return
code of the command is not interpreted by x11vnc. The same environment
variables are set as in "-accept command" (except that RFB_MODE will
be "gone".)
As of Jan/2006 the "[291]-afteraccept command" option will run the
command only after the VNC client has been accepted and authenticated.
Like -gone the return code is not interpreted. RFB_MODE will be
"afteraccept".)
Q-46: I start x11vnc as root because it is launched via inetd(8) or a
display manager like gdm(1). Can I have x11vnc later switch to a
different user?
As of Feb/2005 x11vnc has the [292]-users option that allows things
like this. Please read the documentation on it (also in the x11vnc
-help output) carefully for features and caveats. It's use can often
decrease security unless care is taken.
BTW, a nice use of it is "-users +nobody" that switches to the Unix
user nobody right after connections to the X display are established.
In any event, while running x11vnc as root, remember it comes with no
warranty ;-).
Q-47: I use a screen-lock when I leave my workstation (e.g.
xscreensaver or xlock.) When I remotely access my workstation desktop
via x11vnc I can unlock the desktop fine, but I am worried people will
see my activities on the physical monitor. What can I do to prevent
this, or at least make it more difficult?
Probably most work environments would respect your privacy if you
powered off the monitor. Also remember if people have physical access
to your workstation they basically can do anything they want with it
(e.g. install a backdoor for later use, etc.)
In any event, as of Jun/2004 there is an experimental utility to make
it more difficult for nosey people to see your x11vnc activities. The
source for it is [293]blockdpy.c The idea behind it is simple (but
obviously not bulletproof): when a VNC client attaches to x11vnc put
the display monitor in the DPMS "off" state, if the DPMS state ever
changes immediately start up the screen-lock program. The x11vnc user
will notice something is happening and think about what to do next
(while the screen is in a locked state.)
This works (or at least has a chance of working) because if the
intruder moves the mouse or presses a key on the keyboard, the monitor
wakes up out of the DPMS off state, and this induces the screen lock
program to activate as soon as possible. Of course there are cracks in
this, the eavesdropper could detach your monitor and insert a non-DPMS
one, and there are race conditions. As mentioned above this is not
bulletproof. A really robust solution would likely require X server
and perhaps even video hardware support.
The blockdpy utility is launched by the [294]-accept option and told
to exit via the [295]-gone option (the vnc client user should
obviously re-lock the screen before disconnecting!) Instructions can
be found in the source code for the utility at the above link. Roughly
it is something like this:
x11vnc ... -accept "blockdpy -bg -f $HOME/.bdpy" -gone "touch $HOME/.bdpy"
but please read the top of the file.
Update: As of Feb/2007 there is some builtin support for this:
[296]-forcedpms and [297]-clientdpms however, they are probably less
robust than the above blockdpy.c scheme, since if the person floods
the physical machine with mouse or pointer input he can usually see
flashes of the screen before the monitor is powered off again. See
also the [298]-grabkbd, [299]-grabptr, and [300]-grabalways options.
Q-48: Can I have x11vnc automatically lock the screen when I
disconnect the VNC viewer?
Yes, a user mentions he uses the [301]-gone option under CDE to run a
screen lock program:
x11vnc -display :0 -forever -gone 'dtaction LockDisplay'
Other possibilities are:
x11vnc -display :0 -forever -gone 'xscreensaver-command -lock'
x11vnc -display :0 -forever -gone 'kdesktop_lock'
x11vnc -display :0 -forever -gone 'xlock &'
x11vnc -display :0 -forever -gone 'xlock -mode blank &'
Here is a scheme using the [302]-afteraccept option (in version 0.8)
to unlock the screen after the first valid VNC login and to lock the
screen after the last valid VNC login disconnects:
x11vnc -display :0 -forever -shared -afteraccept ./myxlocker -gone ./myxlocke
r
Where the script ./myxlocker is:
#!/bin/sh
#/usr/bin/env | grep RFB_ | sort # for viewing RFB_* settings.
if [ "X$RFB_MODE" = "Xafteraccept" ]; then
if [ "X$RFB_STATE" = "XNORMAL" ]; then # require valid login
if [ "X$RFB_CLIENT_COUNT" = "X1" ]; then
killall xlock # Linux only.
fi
fi
elif [ "X$RFB_MODE" = "Xgone" ]; then
if [ "X$RFB_STATE" = "XNORMAL" ]; then # require valid login
if [ "X$RFB_CLIENT_COUNT" = "X0" ]; then
xlock -mode blank &
fi
fi
fi
Note the xlock option "-mode blank" to avoid animations.
There is a problem if you have x11vnc running this way in -forever
mode and you hit Ctrl-C to stop it. The xlock (or other program) will
get killed too. To work around this make a little script called
setpgrp that looks like:
#!/usr/bin/perl
setpgrp(0, 0);
exec @ARGV;
then use -gone "setpgrp xlock &", etc.
[Encrypted Connections]
Q-49: How can I tunnel my connection to x11vnc via an encrypted SSH
channel between two Unix machines?
See the description earlier on this page on [303]how to tunnel VNC via
SSH from Unix to Unix. A number of ways are described along with some
issues you may encounter.
Other secure encrypted methods exists, e.g. stunnel, IPSEC, various
VPNs, etc.
See also the [304]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC) page where much of
this is now automated.
Q-50: How can I tunnel my connection to x11vnc via an encrypted SSH
channel from Windows using an SSH client like Putty?
[305]Above we described how to tunnel VNC via SSH from Unix to Unix,
you may want to review it. To do this from Windows using Putty it
would go something like this:
* In the Putty dialog window under 'Session' enter the hostname or
IP number of the Unix machine with display to be viewed.
* Make sure the SSH protocol is selected and the server port is
correct.
* Under 'Connections/SSH/Tunnels' Add a Local connection with
'Source port: 5900' and 'Destination: localhost:5900'
* Log into the remote machine by pressing 'Open' and supplying
username, password, etc.
* In that SSH shell, start up x11vnc by typing the command: x11vnc
-display :0 plus any other desired options (e.g. -localhost.)
* Finally, start up your VNC Viewer in Windows and enter
'localhost:0' as the VNC server.
You can keep all of the settings in a Putty 'Saved Session'. Also,
once everything is working, you can consider putting x11vnc -display
:0 (plus other cmdline options) in the 'Remote command' Putty setting
under 'Connections/SSH'.
See also the [306]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC) page where much of
this is now automated via the Putty plink utility.
For extra protection feel free to run x11vnc with the [307]-localhost
and [308]-rfbauth/[309]-passwdfile options.
If the machine you SSH into via Putty is not the same machine with the
X display you wish to view (e.g. your company provides incoming SSH
access to a gateway machine), then you need to change the above Putty
dialog setting to: 'Destination: otherhost:5900', Once logged in,
you'll need to do a second login (ssh or rsh) to the workstation
machine 'otherhost' and then start up x11vnc on it. This can also be
automated by [310]Chaining SSH's.
As discussed [311]above another option is to first start the VNC
viewer in "listen" mode, and then launch x11vnc with the
"[312]-connect localhost" option to establish the reverse connection.
In this case a Remote port redirection (not Local) is needed for port
5500 instead of 5900 (i.e. 'Source port: 5500' and
'Destination: localhost:5500' for a Remote connection.)
Q-51: How can I tunnel my connection to x11vnc via an encrypted SSL
channel using an external tool like stunnel?
It is possible to use a "lighter weight" encryption setup than SSH or
IPSEC. SSL tunnels such as [313]stunnel (also [314]stunnel.mirt.net)
provide an encrypted channel without the need for Unix users,
passwords, and key passphrases required for ssh (and at the other
extreme SSL can also provide a complete signed certificate chain of
trust.) On the other hand, since SSH is usually installed everywhere
and firewalls often let its port through, ssh is frequently the path
of least resistance (it also nicely manages public keys for you.)
Update: As of Feb/2006 x11vnc has the options [315]-ssl,
[316]-stunnel, and [317]-sslverify to provide integrated SSL schemes.
They are discussed [318]in the Next FAQ (you probably want to skip to
it now.)
We include these non-built-in method descriptions below for historical
reference. They are handy because can be used to create SSL tunnels to
any VNC (or other type of) server.
Here are some basic examples using [319]stunnel but the general idea
for any SSL tunnel utility is the same:
* Start up x11vnc and constrain it to listen on localhost.
* Then start up the SSL tunnel running on the same machine to
forward incoming connections to that x11vnc.
* Set up and run a similar SSL tunnel for the outgoing connection on
the VNC viewer machine pointing it to the SSL/x11vnc server.
* Optionally, set up server (or even client) public/private keys for
use in authenticating one side to the other.
* Finally, start the VNC Viewer and tell it to connect to the local
port (e.g. a vnc display localhost:0) where its outgoing SSL
tunnel is listening.
We'll first use the stunnel version 3 syntax since it is the most
concise and Unixy.
Start up x11vnc listening on port 5900:
x11vnc -display :0 -rfbport 5900 -localhost -bg -passwdfile ~/mypass
Then start stunnel (version 3, not 4) with this command:
stunnel -d 5901 -r 5900 -p /path/to/stunnel.pem
The above two commands are run on host "far-away.east". The
stunnel.pem is the self-signed PEM file certificate created when
stunnel is built. One can also create certificates [320]signed by
Certificate Authorities or self-signed if desired using the x11vnc
utilities described there.
SSL Viewers: Next, on the VNC viewer side we need an SSL tunnel to
encrypt the outgoing connection. The nice thing is any SSL tunnel can
be used because the protocol is a standard. For this example we'll
also use stunnel on the viewer side on Unix. First start up the
client-side stunnel (version 3, not 4):
stunnel -c -d localhost:5902 -r far-away.east:5901
Then point the viewer to the local tunnel on port 5902:
vncviewer -encodings "copyrect tight zrle hextile" localhost:2
That's it. Note that the [321]ss_vncviewer script can automate this
easily, and so can the [322]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC) package.
Be sure to use a VNC password because unlike ssh by default the
encrypted SSL channel provides no authentication (only privacy.) With
some extra configuration one could also set up certificates to provide
authentication of either or both sides as well (and hence avoid
man-in-the-middle attacks.) See the stunnel and openssl documentation
and also [323]the key management section for details.
stunnel has also been ported to Windows, and there are likely others
to choose from for that OS. Much info for using it on Windows can be
found at the stunnel site and in this [324]article The article also
shows the detailed steps to set up all the authentication
certificates. (for both server and clients, see also the [325]x11vnc
utilities that do this.) The default Windows client setup (no certs)
is simpler and only 4 files are needed in a folder: stunnel.exe,
stunnel.conf, libssl32.dll, libeay32.dll. We used an stunnel.conf
containing:
# stunnel.conf:
client = yes
options = ALL
[myvncssl]
accept = localhost:5902
connect = far-away.east:5901
then double click on the stunnel.exe icon to launch it (followed by
pointing the VNC viewer to localhost:2).
stunnel inetd-like mode:
As an aside, if you don't like the little "gap" of unencrypted TCP
traffic (and a localhost listening socket) on the local machine
between stunnel and x11vnc it can actually be closed by having stunnel
start up x11vnc in [326]-inetd mode:
stunnel -p /path/to/stunnel.pem -P none -d 5900 -l ./x11vnc_sh
Where the script x11vnc_sh starts up x11vnc:
#!/bin/sh
x11vnc -q -inetd -display :0 -passwdfile ~/mypass
Note that this creates a separate x11vnc process for each incoming
connection (as any inetd x11vnc usage would), but for the case of
normally just one viewer at a time it should not be a big problem.
stunnel 4 syntax:
Somewhat sadly, the stunnel version 4 syntax is not so amenable to the
command line or scripts. You need to create a config file with the
parameters. E.g.:
stunnel x11vnc.cfg
Where the file x11vnc.cfg contains:
foreground = yes
pid =
cert = /path/to/stunnel.pem
[x11vnc_stunnel]
accept = 5901
connect = 5900
One nice thing about version 4 is often the PEM file does not need to
be specified because stunnel finds it in its installed area. One other
gotcha the PEM file is usually only readable by root (it has the
private key afterall), so you'll need to relax the permissions or make
a copy that the user running x11vnc/stunnel can read.
SSL VNC Viewers:
Regarding VNC viewers that "natively" do SSL unfortunately there do
not seem to be many. The [327]SingleClick UltraVNC Java Viewer is SSL
and is compatible with x11vnc's [328]-ssl option and stunnel.)
Commercial versions of VNC seem to have some SSL-like encryption built
in, but we haven't tried those either and they probably wouldn't work
since their (proprietary) SSL-like negotiation is likely embedded in
the VNC protocol unlike our case where it is external.
Note: as of Mar/2006 libvncserver/x11vnc provides a [329]SSL-enabled
Java applet that can be served up via the [330]-httpdir or [331]-http
options when [332]-ssl is enabled. It will also be served via HTTPS
via either the VNC port (e.g. https://host:5900/) or a 2nd port via
the [333]-https option.
In general current SSL VNC solutions are not particularly "seemless".
But it can be done, and with a wrapper script on the viewer side and
the [334]-stunnel or [335]-ssl option on the server side it works well
and is convenient. Here is a simple script [336]ss_vncviewer that
automates running stunnel on the VNC viewer side on Unix a little more
carefully than the commands printed above. (One could probably do a
similar thing with a .BAT file on Windows in the stunnel folder.)
Update Jul/2006: we now provide an [337]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer
(SSVNC) package that starts up STUNNEL automatically along with some
other features. All binaries (stunnel, vncviewer, and some utilities)
are provided in the package. It works on Unix, Mac OS X, and Windows.
Q-52: Does x11vnc have built-in SSL tunneling?
You can read about non-built-in methods [338]in the Previous FAQ for
background.
SSL tunnels provide an encrypted channel without the need for Unix
users, passwords, and key passphrases required for ssh (and at the
other extreme SSL can also provide a complete signed certificate chain
of trust.) On the other hand, since SSH is usually installed
everywhere and firewalls often let its port through, ssh is frequently
the path of least resistance.
Built-in SSL x11vnc options:
As of Feb/2006 the x11vnc [339]-ssl option automates the SSL tunnel
creation on the x11vnc server side. An [340]SSL-enabled Java Viewer
applet is also provided that can be served via HTTP or HTTPS to
automate SSL on the client side.
The [341]-ssl mode uses the [342]www.openssl.org library if available
at build time.
The mode requires an SSL certificate and key (i.e. .pem file.) These
are usually created via the openssl(1) program (in fact in for "-ssl"
(same as "-ssl SAVE") it will run openssl for you automatically.) So
the SSL is not completely "built-in" since this external tool need to
be installed, but at least x11vnc runs it for you automatically.
An -ssl example:
x11vnc -display :0 -ssl -passwdfile ~/mypass
You'll get output like this:
09/04/2006 19:27:35 Creating a self-signed PEM certificate...
09/04/2006 19:27:35
...
The SSL VNC desktop is: far-away.east:0
PORT=5900
SSLPORT=5900
In this case openssl(1) was used to create a PEM automatically. It
will prompt you if you want to protect it with with a passphrase. Use
"-ssl SAVE_NOPROMPT" to not be prompted. Use "-ssl TMP" to create a
temporary self-signed cert that will be discarded when x11vnc exits.
Update: As of Nov/2008 x11vnc also supports the [343]VeNCrypt SSL/TLS
tunnel extension to the VNC protocol. The older ANONTLS method (vino)
is also supported. This support is on by default when the -ssl option
is in use and can be fine-tuned using these options: [344]-vencrypt
and [345]-anontls.
The normal x11vnc -ssl operation is somewhat like a URL method
vncs://hostname if vnc://hostname indicates a standard unencrypted VNC
connection. Just as https://hostname is an SSL encrypted version of
http://hostname. The entire VNC session goes through the SSL tunnel.
VeNCrypt, on the other hand, switches to SSL/TLS early in the VNC
protocol handshake. x11vnc 0.9.6 supports both simultaneously when
-ssl is active.
SSL VNC Viewers:. Viewer-side will need to use SSL as well. See the
[346]next FAQ and [347]here for SSL enabled VNC Viewers, including
SSVNC, to connect to the above x11vnc via SSL.
As seen above, the PEM (privacy enhanced mail) file does not need to
be supplied if the openssl(1) command is available in PATH, in that
case a self-signed, certificate good the current and subsequent x11vnc
sessions is created (this may take a while on very slow machines.)
In general, the PEM file contains both the Certificate (i.e. public
key) and the Private Key. Because of the latter, the file should be
protected from being read by untrusted users. The best way to do this
is to encrypt the key with a passphrase (note however this requires
supplying the passphrase each time x11vnc is started up.)
See the discussion on [348]x11vnc Key Management for some utilities
provided for creating and managing certificates and keys and even for
creating your own Certificate Authority (CA) for signing VNC server
and client certificates. This may be done by importing the certificate
into Web Browser or Java plugin keystores, or pointing stunnel to it.
The wrapper script [349]ss_vncviewer provides an example on unix (see
the -verify option.)
Here are some notes on the simpler default (non-CA) operation. To have
x11vnc save the generated certificate and key, use the "SAVE" keyword
like this:
x11vnc -ssl SAVE -display :0 ...
(this is the same as the default: "-ssl".) This way it will be saved
in the default directory ~/.vnc/certs/ as server.crt (the certificate
only) and server.pem (both certificate and private key.) This opens up
the possibility of copying the server.crt to machines where the VNC
Viewer will be run to enable authenticating the x11vnc SSL VNC server
to the clients. When authentication takes place this way (or via the
more sophisticated CA signing described [350]here), then
Man-In-The-Middle-Attacks are prevented. Otherwise, the SSL encryption
only provides protection against passive network traffic "sniffing"
(i.e. you are not protected against M-I-T-M attacks.) Nowadays, most
people seem mostly concerned mainly about passive sniffing (and the
default x11vnc SSL mode protects against it.) Note that there are
hacker tools like dsniff/webmitm and cain that implement SSL
Man-In-The-Middle attacks. They rely on the client not bothering to
check the cert.
One can test to some degree that SSL is working after starting x11vnc
with the -stunnel or -ssl option. From another machine one can use the
openssl command something like this:
openssl s_client -debug -msg -showcerts -connect far-away.east:5900
After all of the debugging output and informational messages you'll
see the string "RFB 003.008" that came from x11vnc. Pointing a web
browser connecting to: https://far-away.east:5900/ and then viewing
the SSL certificate information about the connection in the panels
will also work.
Note: If you serve up the SSL enabled Java VNC Viewer via something
like:
x11vnc -ssl -httpdir /usr/local/share/x11vnc/classes/ssl
(or just the -http option), you can test it out completely using that,
including using https to download it into the browser and connect to
x11vnc.
The older -stunnel option: Before the -ssl option there was a
convenience option [351]-stunnel that would start an external SSL
tunnel for you using stunnel. The -ssl method is the preferred way,
but for historical reference we keep the -stunnel info here.
The [352]-stunnel mode requires the [353]www.stunnel.org command
stunnel(8) to be installed on the system.
Some -stunnel examples:
x11vnc -display :0 -stunnel /path/to/stunnel.pem -passwdfile ~/mypass
x11vnc -display :0 -stunnel SAVE ...
You'll get output like this:
The VNC desktop is: localhost:50
The SSL VNC desktop is: far-away.east:0
PORT=5950
SSLPORT=5900
That indicates stunnel is listening on port 5900 for incoming
SSL-wrapped VNC connections from viewers. x11vnc is listening for
local connections on port 5950 in this case (remote viewers cannot
connect to it directly.) For -stunnel to work the stunnel command must
be installed on the machine and available in PATH (note stunnel is
often installed in sbin directories rather than bin.) Note that the
default "-stunnel" by itself creates a temporary cert (as in "-ssl
TMP".)
Q-53: How do I use VNC Viewers with built-in SSL tunneling?
Notes on using "native" VNC Viewers with SSL:
There aren't any native VNC Viewers that do SSL (ask your VNC viewer
developer to add the feature.) So a tunnel must be setup that you
point the VNC Viewer to. This is often STUNNEL. You can do this
[354]manually, or use the [355]ss_vncviewer script on Unix, or our
[356]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC) package on Unix, Windows, or
MacOSX. See the next section for Java Web browser SSL VNC Viewers (you
only need a Java-enabled Web browser for it to work.)
Notes on the SSL enabled Java VNC Viewer provided in x11vnc
classes/ssl/VncViewer.jar:
A Java applet VNC Viewer allows you to connect to a VNC Server from a
Java-enabled Web browser.
The SSL enabled Java VNC Viewer (VncViewer.jar) in the x11vnc package
supports only SSL based connections by default. As mentioned above the
[357]-httpdir can be used to specify the path to .../classes/ssl. A
typical location might be /usr/local/share/x11vnc/classes/ssl. Or
[358]-http can be used to try to have it find the directory
automatically.
Also note that the [359]SingleClick UltraVNC Java Viewer is compatible
with x11vnc's [360]-ssl SSL mode. (We tested it this way: "java -cp
./VncViewer.jar VncViewer HOST far-away.east PORT 5900 USESSL 1
TRUSTALL 1")
The Java viewer uses SSL to communicate securely with x11vnc. Note
that the applet can optionally also be downloaded into your web
browser via HTTPS (which is HTTP over SSL.) This way the HTML page and
the Java applet itself are also delivered securely with SSL (as
opposed to only the VNC traffic being encrypted with SSL.)
For this case the output will be something like this:
x11vnc -ssl SAVE -http
...
The SSL VNC desktop is: far-away.east:0
Java SSL viewer URL: https://far-away.east:5900/
Java SSL viewer URL: http://far-away.east:5800/
PORT=5900
SSLPORT=5900
Indicating the two URLs (the first one encrypted, the second not) one
could point the web browser at to get the VNC viewer applet. E.g. put
this
http://far-away.east:5800/
or:
https://far-away.east:5900/
into your Java-enabled Web browser.
Note that KDE's Konqueror web browser seems to have problems with
https Java applets, so you'll have to use the http/5800 with it (if
you get https/5900 working let us know how you did it.)
If you are using a router/firewall with port-redirection, and you are
redirecting ports other than the default ones (5800, 5900) listed
above [361]see here.
The https service provided thru the actual VNC port (5900 in the above
example) can occasionally be slow or unreliable (it has to read some
input and try to guess if the connection is VNC or HTTP.) If it is
unreliable for you and you still want to serve the Java applet via
https, use the [362]-https option to get an additional port dedicated
to https (its URL will also be printed in the output.)
Another possibility is to add the GET applet parameter:
https://far-away.east:5900/?GET=1
This will have the VNC Viewer send a special HTTP GET string "GET
/request.https.vnc.connection HTTP/1.0" that x11vnc will notice more
quickly as a request for a VNC connection. Otherwise it must wait for
a timeout to expire before it assumes a VNC connection.
You may also use "urlPrefix=somestring" to have /somestring prepended
to /request.https.vnc.connection". Perhaps you are using a web server
[363]proxy scheme to enter a firewall or otherwise have rules applied
to the URL. If you need to have any slashes "/" in "somestring" use
"_2F_" (a deficiency in libvncserver prevents using the more natural
"%2F".)
You apply multiple applet parameters in the regular URL way, e.g.:
https://far-away.east:5900/?GET=1&urlPrefix=mysubdir&...
All of the x11vnc Java Viewer applet parameters are described in the
file classes/ssl/README
Tips on Getting the SSL Java Applet Working the First Time:
Unfortunately, it can be a little tricky getting the SSL VNC Java
Viewer working with x11vnc. Here are some tips to getting working the
first time (afterwards you can incrementally customize with more
complex settings.)
* First try it on the LAN: Do NOT try to have it work the first time
going through firewalls, Web proxies, home router port
redirections, or Apache portal. Just try a direct connection over
your LAN first (if you only have 1 machine and no LAN, just do a
direct connection to the same machine: localhost.) If the LAN
machine you run x11vnc on has its own host-level firewall (most
linux machine come with that on by default), disable it or at
least let tcp ports 5800-6000 through.
* First try HTTP to download the Java Applet: x11vnc can serve both
the Java Applet jar file and VNC out of the same port (both
tunneled through SSL, see below.) But it can lead to timing and
other problems. So first try HTTP instead of HTTPS to download the
Applet jar file (VncViewer.jar.) That is to say try
http://hostname:5800 in your web browser first before trying
https://hostname:5900. x11vnc will print out the ports and URLs it
is using, so use the HTTP one it prints out.
* Always Restart the Browser: If you are having failures and have to
repeatedly retry things ALWAYS restart the browser (i.e.
completely exit it and then start a new browser process) each
time. Otherwise as you are changing things the browser may
"remember" failed applet downloads, etc. and just add to the
confusion and irreproducibility. If you see it trying to download
VncViewer.class (instead of VncViewer.jar) you know it is really
confused and needs to be restarted.
* Step Lively: If you get Browser or Java VM or VNC Viewer applet
dialog boxes saying things like "Do you want to trust this
certificate?" or "The hostname does not match the one on the
certificate", etc. just go through them as quickly as possible.
x11vnc cannot wait forever for each SSL connection, and so if you
dawdle too long inspecting the certs, etc it can lead to problems.
Get it working first before taking your time to read the details
in the dialogs, etc.
* No inetd, Please: Even if you intend to deploy via inetd or xinetd
eventually, get that working later (and remember do not use
something like "-ssl TMP" that creates a new temporary SSL
certificate for every new socket connection.)
* Nothing Fancy: Do not try fancy stuff like -svc, -create, -unixpw,
"-users unixpw=", "-users sslpeer=", -sslverify, etc. Just get the
simplest connection working first and then incrementally add what
you need.
So the recommended test command lines are:
x11vnc -ssl SAVE -http
x11vnc -ssl SAVE -httpdir /path/to/x11vnc/classes/ssl
Use the latter if x11vnc cannot automatically find the classes/ssl
directory (this what the -http option instructs it to do.) Then point
your browser to the HTTP (not HTTPS) URL it prints out.
Following the above guidelines, did it work? If so, Congratulations!!
you created an SSL encrypted connection between the SSL Java applet
running in your web browser and x11vnc. The fact that you used HTTP
instead of HTTPS to download the applet is not the end of the world
(some users do it this way), the main thing is that the VNC traffic is
encrypted with SSL. If you are having trouble even with the above
baseline test case feel free to contact me (please send the Full
x11vnc output, not just part of it; the complete x11vnc command line;
the URL(s) entered in the browser; the full Java Console output; and
anything else you can think of.)
Next, you can add the features you want one by one testing it still
works each time. I suggest first turning on the HTTPS applet download
(https://hostname:5900) if that is what you intend to use. That one
gives the most trouble because of the ambiguity of passing two
different protocols (HTTP and VNC) through the same SSL service port.
Next, turn on inetd if you intend to use that (this can be tricky too,
be sure to use -oa logfile and inspect it carefully if there are
problems.) If you are going to use non-standard ports (e.g. "-rfbport
443" as root), work on that next. Then enable the firewall, router
port redirection channel (you will somehow need to be outside to do
that, maybe test that through another VNC session.)
Then, if you plan to use them, enable "fancy stuff" like "-svc" or
"-unixpw", etc, etc. Be sure to add a password either "-rfbauth" or
"-unixpw" or both. If you need to have the web browser use a corporate
[364]Web Proxy (i.e. it cannot connect directly) work on that last.
Ditto for the [365]Apache portal.
Router/Firewall port redirs: If you are doing port redirection at
your [366]router to an internal machine running x11vnc AND the
internet facing port is different from the internal machine's VNC
port, you will need to apply the PORT applet parameter to indicate to
the applet the Internet facing port number (otherwise by default the
internal machine's port, say 5900, is sent and that of course is
rejected at the firewall/router.) For example:
https://far-away.east:443/?GET=1&PORT=443
So in this example the user configures his router to redirect
connections to port 443 on his Internet side to, say, port 5900 on the
internal machine running x11vnc. See also the [367]-httpsredir option
that will try to automate this for you.
To configure your router to do port redirection, see its instructions.
Typically, from the inside you point a web browser to a special URL
(e.g. http://192.168.1.1) and you get a web interface to configure it.
Look for something like "Port Redirection" or "Port Forwarding",
probably under "Advanced" or something like that. If you have a Linux
or Unix system acting as your firewall/router, see its firewall
configuration.
You can also use x11vnc options [368]-rfbport NNNNN and [369]-httpport
NNNNN to match the ports that your firewall will be redirecting to the
machine where x11vnc is run.
Tedious Dialogs: If you do serve the SSL enabled Java viewer via https
be prepared for quite a number of "are you sure you trust this site?"
dialogs:
* First from the Web browser that cannot verify the self-signed
certificate when it downloads index.vnc.
* From the Web browser again noting that the common name on the
certificate does not match the hostname of the remote machine.
* Next from the Java VM that cannot verify the self-signed
certificate when it downloads VncViewer.jar.
* And also from the Java VM again noting that the common name on the
certificate does not match the hostname of the remote machine.
* Finally from the Java VncViewer applet itself saying it cannot
verify the certificate! (or a popup asking you if you want to see
the certificate.)
Note that sometimes if you pause too long at one of the above dialogs
then x11vnc may exceed a timeout and assume the current socket
connection is VNC instead of the HTTPS it actually is (but since you
have paused too long at the dialog the GET request comes too late.)
Often hitting Reload and going through the dialogs more quickly will
let you connect. The Java VM dialogs are the most important ones to
NOT linger at. If you see in the x11vnc output a request for
VncViewer.class instead of VncViewer.jar it is too late... you will
need to completely restart the Web browser to get it to try for the
jar again. You can use the [370]-https option if you want a dedicated
port for HTTPS connections instead of sharing the VNC port.
To see example x11vnc output for a successful https://host:5900/
connection with the Java Applet see [371]This Page. And here is a
newer example [372]including the Java Console output.
All of the x11vnc Java Viewer applet parameters are described in the
file classes/ssl/README
Notes on the VNC Viewer ss_vncviewer wrapper script:
If you want to use a native VNC Viewer with the SSL enabled x11vnc you
will need to run an external SSL tunnel on the Viewer side. There do
not seem to be any native SSL VNC Viewers outside of our x11vnc and
[373]SSVNC packages. The basic ideas of doing this were discussed
[374]for external tunnel utilities here.
The [375]ss_vncviewer script provided with x11vnc and SSVNC can set up
the stunnel tunnel automatically on unix as long as the stunnel
command is installed on the Viewer machine and available in PATH (and
vncviewer too of course.) Note that on a Debian based system you will
need to install the package stunnel4 not stunnel. You can set the
environment variables STUNNEL and VNCVIEWERCMD to point to the correct
programs if you want to override the defaults.
Here are some examples:
1) ss_vncviewer far-away.east:0
2) ss_vncviewer far-away.east:0 -encodings "copyrect tight zrle hextile"
3) ss_vncviewer -verify ./server.crt far-away.east:0
4) ss_vncviewer -mycert ./client.pem far-away.east:0
5) ss_vncviewer -proxy far-away.east:8080 myworkstation:0
The first one is the default mode and accepts the x11vnc certificate
without question. The second one is as the first, but adds the
-encodings options to the vncviewer command line.
The third one requires that the x11vnc server authenticate itself to
the client against the certificate in the file ./server.crt (e.g. one
created by "x11vnc -ssl SAVE" and safely copied to the VNC viewer
machine.)
The fourth one is for VNC Viewer authentication, it uses ./client.pem
to authenticate itself to x11vnc. One can supply both -verify and
-mycert simultaneously.
The fifth one shows that Web proxies can be used if that is the only
way to get out of the firewall. If the "double proxy" situation arises
separate the two by commas. See [376]this page for more information on
how Web proxies come into play.
If one uses a Certificate Authority (CA) scheme described [377]here,
the wrapper script would use the CA cert instead of the server cert:
3') ss_vncviewer -verify ./cacert.crt far-away.east:0
Update Jul/2006: we now provide an [378]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer
(SSVNC) package that starts up STUNNEL automatically along with some
other features. All binaries (stunnel, vncviewer, and some utilities)
are provided in the package. It works on Unix, Mac OS X, and Windows.
Q-54: How do I use the Java applet VNC Viewer with built-in SSL
tunneling when going through a Web Proxy?
The SSL enabled Java VNC Viewer and firewall Proxies:
SSL and HTTPS aside, there is a general problem with Firewall Proxies
and Java Applets that open sockets. The applet is downloaded
successfully (through the browser) using HTTP and the proxy, but when
the applet tries to reconnect to the originating host (the only one
allowed by security) it does not use the proxy channel. So it cannot
reconnect to the server the applet came from!
We have found a convenient workaround: in the directory where
VncViewer.jar resides there is a digitally signed version of the same
applet called SignedVncViewer.jar. Since the applet is digitally
signed, there will be an additional dialog from the Java VM plugin
asking you if you want to trust the applet fully.
You should say "Yes". If you do, the applet will be run in a mode
where it can try to determine the firewall proxy host name and port
(it will ask you for them if it cannot find them.) This way it can
connect directly to the Proxy and then request the CONNECT method to
be redirected to the originating host (the x11vnc VNC Server.) SSL is
then layered over this socket.
To do this you should use the proxy.vnc HTML file like via this URL in
your browser:
https://yourmachine.com:5900/proxy.vnc
(instead of the unsigned one in https://yourmachine.com:5900/ that
gives the default index.vnc)
Proxies that limit CONNECT to ports 443 and 563:
Things become trickier if the Web proxy restricts which CONNECT ports
can be redirected to. For security, some (most?) proxies only allow
port 443 (HTTPS) and 563 (SNEWS) by default. In this case, the only
thing to do is run x11vnc on that low port, e.g. "-rfbport 443", (or
use a port redirection on, say, a firewall or router port 443 to the
internal machine.)
If you do such a redirection to an internal machine and x11vnc is not
listening on port 443, you will probably need to edit proxy.vnc.
Suppose the SSL x11vnc server was listening on port 5901. You should
change the line in proxy.vnc from:
<param name=PORT value=$PORT>
to:
<param name=PORT value=443>
Since otherwise $PORT will be expanded to 5901 by x11vnc and the
viewer applet will fail to connect to that port on the firewall.
Another way to achieve the same thing is to use the applet PORT
parameter:
https://yourmachine.com/proxy.vnc?PORT=443
this is cleaner because it avoids editing the file, but requires more
parameters in the URL. See also the [379]-httpsredir x11vnc option
that will try to automate this for you. To use the GET [380]trick
discussed above, do:
https://yourmachine.com/proxy.vnc?GET=1&PORT=443
All of the x11vnc Java Viewer applet parameters are described in the
file classes/ssl/README
Here is an example of Java Console and x11vnc output for the [381]Web
proxy case.
Note that both the [382]ss_vncviewer stunnel Unix wrapper script and
[383]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC) can use Web proxies as well even
though they do not involve a Web browser.
Q-55: Can Apache web server act as a gateway for users to connect via
SSL from the Internet with a Web browser to x11vnc running on their
workstations behind a firewall?
Yes. You will need to configure apache to forward these connections.
It is discussed [384]here. This provides a clean alternative to the
traditional method where the user uses SSH to log in through the
gateway to create the encrypted port redirection to x11vnc running on
her desktop.
Q-56: Can I create and use my own SSL Certificate Authority (CA) with
x11vnc?
Yes, see [385]this page for how to do this and the utility commands
x11vnc provides to create and manage many types of certificates and
private keys.
[Display Managers and Services]
Q-57: How can I run x11vnc as a "service" that is always available?
There are a number of ways to do this. The primary thing you need to
decide is whether you want x11vnc to connect to the X session on the
machine 1) regardless of who (or if anyone) has the X session, or 2)
only if a certain user has the X session. Because X sessions are
protected by X permissions (MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE files XAUTHORITY and
$HOME/.Xauthority) the automatically started x11vnc will of course
need to have sufficient permissions to connect to the X display.
Here are some ideas:
* Use the description under "Continuously" in the [386]FAQ on x11vnc
and Display Managers
* Use the description in the [387]FAQ on x11vnc and inetd(8)
* Use the description in the [388]FAQ on Unix user logins and
inetd(8)
* Start x11vnc from your $HOME/.xsession (or $HOME/.xinitrc or
autostart script or ...)
* Although less reliable, see the [389]x11vnc_loop rc.local hack
below.
The display manager scheme will not be specific to which user has the
X session unless a test is specifically put into the display startup
script (often named Xsetup.) The inetd(8) scheme may or may not be
specific to which user has the X session (and it may not be able to do
all users via the XAUTHORITY permission issues.)
The .xsession/.xinitrc scheme is obviously is specific to a particular
user and only when they are logged into X. If you do not know what a
$HOME/.xsession script is or how to use one, perhaps your desktop has
a "session startup commands" configuration option. The command to be
run in the .xsession or .xinitrc file may look like this:
x11vnc -logfile $HOME/.x11vnc.log -rfbauth $HOME/.vnc/passwd -forever -bg
plus any other options you desire.
Depending on your desktop and/or OS/distribution the automatically run
X startup scripts (traditionally .xsession/.xinitrc) may have to be in
a different directory or have a different basename. One user
recommends the description under 'Running Scripts Automatically' at
[390]this link.
Firewalls: note all methods will require the host-level [391]firewall
to be configured to allow connections in on a port. E.g. 5900 (default
VNC port) or 22 (default SSH port for tunnelling VNC.) Most systems
these days have firewalls turned on by default, so you will actively
have to do something to poke a hole in the firewall at the desired
port number. See your system administration tool for Firewall settings
(Yast, Firestarter, etc.)
Q-58: How can I use x11vnc to connect to an X login screen like xdm,
GNOME gdm, KDE kdm, or CDE dtlogin? (i.e. nobody is logged into an X
session yet.)
_________________________________________________________________
One time only: If the X login screen is running and you just want to
connect to it once (i.e. a one-shot):
It is usually possible to do this by just adjusting the XAUTHORITY
environment variable to point to the correct MIT-COOKIE auth file
while running x11vnc as root, e.g. for the gnome display manager, gdm:
x11vnc -auth /var/gdm/:0.Xauth -display :0
(the [392]-auth option sets the XAUTHORITY variable for you.)
There will be a similar thing for xdm using however a different auth
directory path (perhaps something like
/var/lib/xdm/authdir/authfiles/A:0-XQvaJk for xdm or
/var/lib/kdm/A:0-crWk72 (or /var/run/xauth/A:0-qQPftr, etc. etc) for
kdm, where the random characters in the basename will vary.) Read your
system docs to find out where the display manager cookie files are
kept.
Trick: sometimes ps(1) can reveal the X server process -auth argument
(e.g. "ps wwwwaux | grep auth") and hence the path to the auth file.
You next connect to x11vnc with a VNC viewer, give your username and
password to the X login prompt to start your session.
Note: GDM: gdm seems to have an annoying setting that causes x11vnc
(and any other X clients) to be killed after the user logs in. Setting
KillInitClients=false in the [daemon] section of /etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf
(or /etc/gdm/gdm.conf, etc.) avoids this. Otherwise, just restart
x11vnc and then reconnect your viewer. Other display managers (kdm,
etc) may also have a similar problem. One user reports having to alter
"gdm.conf-custom" as well. Update Nov/2008: See also the [393]-reopen
option for another possible workaround.
Note: Solaris: For dtlogin in addition to the above sort of trick
(BTW, the auth file should be in /var/dt), you'll also need to add
something like Dtlogin*grabServer:False to the Xconfig file
(/etc/dt/config/Xconfig or /usr/dt/config/Xconfig on Solaris, see
[394]the example at the end of this FAQ.) Then restart dtlogin, e.g.:
/etc/init.d/dtlogin stop; /etc/init.d/dtlogin start or reboot.
_________________________________________________________________
Continuously: Have x11vnc reattach each time the X server is
restarted (i.e. after each logout):
To make x11vnc always attached to the X server including the login
screen you will need to add a command to a display manager startup
script.
Please consider the security implications of this! The VNC display for
the X session always accessible (but hopefully password protected.)
Add [395]-localhost if you only plan to access via a [396]SSH tunnel.
The name of the display manager startup script file depends on desktop
used and seem to be:
GDM (GNOME) /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default (or sometimes Init/:0)
/etc/gdm/Init/Default
KDM (KDE) /etc/kde*/kdm/Xsetup
XDM /etc/X11/xdm/Xsetup (or sometimes xdm/Xsetup_0)
CDE /etc/dt/config/Xsetup
although the exact location can depend on operating system and
distribution. See the documentation for your display manager: gdm(1),
kdm(1), xdm(1), dtlogin(1) for additional details. There may also be
display number specific scripts: e.g. Xsetup_0 vs. Xsetup, you need to
watch out for.
Note: GDM: The above (in 'One time only') gdm setting of
KillInitClients=false in /etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf (or /etc/gdm/gdm.conf,
etc.) for GDM is needed here as well. Other display managers (KDM,
etc) may also have a similar problem.
Note: DtLogin: The above (in 'One time only')
Dtlogin*grabServer:False step for Solaris will be needed for dtlogin
here as well.
In any event, the line you will add to the display manager script
(Xsetup, Default, or whatever) will look something like:
/usr/local/bin/x11vnc -rfbauth /path/to/the/vnc/passwd -o /var/log/x11vnc.log
-forever -bg
where you should customize the exact command to your needs (e.g.
[397]-localhost for SSH tunnel-only access; [398]-ssl SAVE for SSL
access; etc.)
Happy, happy, joy, joy: Note that we do not need to specify -display
or -auth because happily they are already set for us in the DISPLAY
and XAUTHORITY environment variables for the Xsetup script!!!
You may also want to force the VNC port with something like "-rfbport
5900" (or [399]-N) to avoid autoselecting one if 5900 is already
taken.
_________________________________________________________________
Fedora/gdm: Here is an example of what we did on a vanilla install of
Fedora-C3 (seems to use gdm by default.) Add a line like this to
/etc/X11/gdm/Init/:0
/usr/local/bin/x11vnc -rfbauth /etc/x11vnc.passwd -forever -bg -o /var/log/x1
1vnc.log
And then add this line to /etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf (or /etc/gdm/gdm.conf,
etc.) in the [daemon] section:
KillInitClients=false
Then restart: /usr/sbin/gdm-restart (or reboot.) The
KillInitClients=false setting is important: without it x11vnc will be
killed immediately after the user logs in. Here are [400]full details
on how to configure gdm
_________________________________________________________________
Solaris/dtlogin: Here is an example of what we did on a vanilla
install of Solaris:
Make the directory /etc/dt/config:
mkdir -p /etc/dt/config
Copy over the Xconfig file for customization:
cp /usr/dt/config/Xconfig /etc/dt/config/Xconfig
Edit /etc/dt/config/Xconfig and uncomment the line:
Dtlogin*grabServer: False
Next, copy over Xsetup for customization:
cp /usr/dt/config/Xsetup /etc/dt/config/Xsetup
Edit /etc/dt/config/Xsetup and at the bottom put a line like:
/usr/local/bin/x11vnc -forever -o /var/log/x11vnc.log -bg
(tweaked to your local setup and preferences, a password via -rfbauth,
etc. would be a very good idea.)
Restart the X server and dtlogin:
/etc/init.d/dtlogin stop
/etc/init.d/dtlogin start
(or reboot or maybe just restart the X session.)
_________________________________________________________________
KDM: One user running the kdm display manager reports putting this
line:
x11vnc -forever -rfbauth /home/xyz/.vnc/passwd -bg -o /var/log/x11vnc.log
in /etc/kde/kdm/Xsetup. After rebooting the system it all seemed to
work fine.
_________________________________________________________________
If you do not want to deal with any display manager startup scripts,
here is a kludgey script that can be run manually or out of a boot
file like rc.local: [401]x11vnc_loop It will need some local
customization before running. Because the XAUTHORITY auth file must be
guessed by this script, use of the display manager script method
described above is greatly preferred. There is also the [402]-loop
option that does something similar.
If the machine is a traditional Xterminal you may want to read
[403]this FAQ.
Firewalls: note all methods will require the host-level [404]firewall
to be configured to allow connections in on a port. E.g. 5900 (default
VNC port) or 22 (default SSH port for tunnelling VNC.) Most systems
these days have firewalls turned on by default, so you will actively
have to do something to poke a hole in the firewall at the desired
port number. See your system administration tool for Firewall settings
(Yast, Firestarter, etc.)
Q-59: Can I run x11vnc out of inetd(8)? How about xinetd(8)?
Yes, perhaps a line something like this in /etc/inetd.conf will do it
for you:
5900 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/local/bin/x11vnc_sh
where the shell script /usr/local/bin/x11vnc_sh uses the [405]-inetd
option and looks something like (you'll need to customize to your
settings.)
#!/bin/sh
/usr/local/bin/x11vnc -inetd -display :0 -auth /home/fred/.Xauthority \
-rfbauth /home/fred/.vnc/passwd -o /var/log/x11vnc_sh.log
Important: Note that you must redirect the standard error output to a
log file (e.g. -o logfile) or "2>/dev/null" for proper operation via
inetd (otherwise the standard error also goes to the VNC vncviewer,
and that confuses it greatly, causing it to abort.) If you do not use
a wrapper script as above but rather call x11vnc directly in
/etc/inetd.conf and do not redirect stderr to a file, then you must
specify the -q (aka [406]-quiet) option: "/usr/local/bin/x11vnc -q
-inetd ...". When you supply both -q and -inet and no "-o logfile"
then stderr will automatically be closed (to prevent, e.g. library
stderr messages leaking out to the viewer.) The recommended practice
is to use "-o logfile" to collect the output in a file or wrapper
script with "2>logfile" redirection because the errors and warnings
printed out are very useful in troubleshooting problems.
Note also the need to set XAUTHORITY via [407]-auth to point to the
MIT-COOKIE auth file to get permission to connect to the X display
(setting and exporting the XAUTHORITY variable accomplishes the same
thing.) See the x11vnc_loop file in the previous question for more
ideas on what that auth file may be, etc. The scheme described in the
[408]FAQ on Unix user logins and inetd(8) works around the XAUTHORITY
issue nicely.
Note: On Solaris you cannot have the bare number 5900 in
/etc/inetd.conf, you'll need to replace it with a word like x11vnc an
then put something like "x11vnc 5900/tcp" in /etc/services.
Since the process runs as root, it might be a bad idea to have the
logfile in a world-writable area like /tmp if there are untrustworthy
users on the machine. Perhaps /var/log is a better place.
Be sure to look at your /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny settings
to limit the machines that can connect to this service (your desktop!)
For the above example with /etc/hosts.allow:
x11vnc_sh : 123.45.67.89
A really safe way to do things is to limit the above inetd to
localhost only (via /etc/hosts.allow) and use ssh to tunnel the
incoming connection. Using inetd for this prevents there being a tiny
window of opportunity between x11vnc starting up and your vncviewer
connecting to it. Always use a VNC password to further protect against
unwanted access.
For xinetd(8), one user reports he created the file
/etc/xinetd.d/x11vncservice containing the following:
# default: off
# description:
service x11vncservice
{
flags = REUSE NAMEINARGS
port = 5900
type = UNLISTED
socket_type = stream
protocol = tcp
wait = no
user = root
server = /usr/sbin/tcpd
server_args = /usr/local/bin/x11vnc_sh
disable = no
}
With the contents of /usr/local/bin/x11vnc_sh similar to the example
given above. One user reports this works with avoiding the wrapper
script:
service x11vncservice
{
port = 5900
type = UNLISTED
socket_type = stream
protocol = tcp
wait = no
user = root
server = /usr/local/bin/x11vnc
server_args = -inetd -q -display :0 -auth /var/gdm/:0.Xauth
disable = no
}
(or one can replace the -q with say "-o /var/log/x11vnc.log" to
capture a log)
The above works nicely for GDM because the -auth file is a fixed name.
For KDM or XDM the filename varies. Here is one idea for a x11vnc_sh
wrapper to try to guess the name:
#!/bin/sh
COLUMNS=256
export COLUMNS
authfile=`ps wwwwwaux | grep '/X.*-auth' | grep -v grep | sed -e 's/^.*-auth */
/' -e 's/ .*$//' | head -n 1`
if [ -r "$authfile" ]; then
exec /usr/local/bin/x11vnc -inetd -o /var/log/x11vnc.log -display :0 -a
uth "$authfile"
fi
exit 1
Starting with x11vnc 0.9.3 this can be automated by:
#!/bin/sh
exec /usr/local/bin/x11vnc -inetd -o /var/log/x11vnc.log -find -env FD_XDM=1
Q-60: Can I have x11vnc advertise its VNC service and port via mDNS /
Zeroconf (e.g. Avahi) so VNC viewers on the local network can detect
it automatically?
Yes, as of Feb/2007 x11vnc supports mDNS / Zeroconf advertising of its
service via the Avahi client library. Use the option [409]-avahi (same
as [410]-mdns or [411]-zeroconf) to enable it. Depending on your setup
you may need to install [412]Avahi (including the development/build
packages), enable the server: avahi-daemon and avahi-dnsconfd, and
possibly open up UDP port 5353 on your firewall.
If the Avahi client library or build environment is not available at
build-time, then at run-time x11vnc will try to look for external
helper programs, avahi-browse(1) or dns-sd(1), to do the work.
The service was tested with Chicken of the VNC ("Use Bonjour"
selected) on a Mac on the same network and the service was noted and
listed in the servers list. Clicking on it and then "Connect"
connected automatically w/o having to enter any hostnames or port
numbers.
It appears SuSE 10.1 comes with avahi (or you can add packages, e.g.
avahi-0.6.5-27) but not the development package (you can use the
OpenSuSE avahi-devel rpm.) Unfortunately, you may need to disable
another Zeroconf daemon "/etc/init.d/mdnsd stop", before doing
"/etc/init.d/avahi-daemon start" and "/etc/init.d/avahi-dnsconfd
start". We also had to comment out the browse-domains line in
/etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf. Hopefully there is "LessConf" to do on
other distros/OS's...
Q-61: Can I have x11vnc allow a user to log in with her UNIX username
and password and then have it find her X session display on that
machine and then connect to it? How about starting an X session if one
cannot be found?
The easiest way to do this is via [413]inetd(8) using the [414]-unixpw
and [415]-display WAIT options. The reason inetd(8) makes this easier
is that it starts a new x11vnc process for each new user connection.
Otherwise a wrapper would have to listen for connections and spawn new
x11vnc's (see [416]this example and also the [417]-loopbg option.)
Also with inetd(8) users always connect to a fixed VNC display, say
hostname:0, and do not need to memorize a special VNC display number
just for their personal use, etc.
Update: Use the [418]-find, [419]-create, [420]-svc, and [421]-xdmsvc
options that are shorthand for common FINDCREATEDISPLAY usage modes
(e.g. terminal services) described below. (i.e. just use "-svc"
instead of "-display WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY-Xvfb -unixpw -users
unixpw= -ssl SAVE")
The [422]-display WAIT option makes x11vnc wait until a VNC viewer is
connected before attaching to the X display. Additionally it can be
used to run an external command that returns the DISPLAY and
XAUTHORITY data. We provide some useful builtin ones (FINDDISPLAY and
FINDCREATEDISPLAY below), but in principle one could supply "-display
WAIT:cmd=/path/to/find_display" where the script find_display might
look something like [423]this.
A default script somewhat like the above is used under "-display
WAIT:cmd=FINDDISPLAY" (same as [424]-find) (use
"WAIT:cmd=FINDDISPLAY-print" to print out the gnarly script.) The
format for any such command is that it returns DISPLAY=:disp as the
first line and any remaining lines are either XAUTHORITY=file or raw
xauth data (the above example does the latter.) If applicable (-unixpw
mode), the program is run as the Unix user name who logged in.
On Linux if the virtual terminal is known the program should append
",VT=n" to the DISPLAY line; a chvt n will be attempted automatically.
Or if you only know the X server process ID and suspect a chvt will be
needed append ",XPID=n".
Tip: Note that the [425]-find option is an alias for "-display
WAIT:cmd=FINDDISPLAY". Use it!
The [426]-unixpw option allows [427]UNIX password logins. It
conveniently knows the Unix username whose X display should be found.
Here are a couple /etc/inetd.conf examples for this:
5900 stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/local/bin/x11vnc -inetd
-unixpw \
-display WAIT:cmd=FINDDISPLAY -o /var/log/x11vnc.log -ssl SAVE -ssldir /u
sr/local/certs
5900 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/local/bin/x11vnc -inetd
-unixpw \
-display WAIT:cmd=FINDDISPLAY -o /var/log/x11vnc.log -ssl SAVE -users uni
xpw=
Note the very long lines have been split. An alternative is to use a
wrapper script, e.g. /usr/local/bin/x11vnc.sh that has all of the
options. (see also the [428]-svc alias.)
In the first one x11vnc is run as user "nobody" and stays user nobody
during the whole session. The permissions of the log files and certs
directory will need to be set up to allow "nobody" to use them.
In the second one x11vnc is run as root and switches to the user that
logs in due to the "[429]-users unixpw=" option.
Note that [430]SSL is required for this mode because otherwise the
Unix password would be passed in clear text over the network. In
general -unixpw is not required for this sort of scheme, but it is
convenient because it determines exactly who the Unix user is whose
display should be sought. Otherwise the find_display script would have
to use some method to work out DISPLAY, XAUTHORITY, etc (perhaps you
use multiple inetd ports and hardwire usernames for different ports.)
If you really want to disable the SSL or SSH [431]-localhost
constraints (this is not recommended unless you really know what you
are doing: Unix passwords sent in clear text is a very bad idea...)
read the [432]-unixpw documentation.
A inetd(8) scheme for a fixed user that doesn't use SSL or unix
passwds could be:
/usr/local/bin/x11vnc -inetd -users =fred -find -rfbauth /home/fred/.vnc/passwd
-o /var/log/x11vnc.log
The "[433]-users =fred" option will cause x11vnc to switch to user
fred and then find his X display.
A recently (Nov/2006) added extension to FINDDISPLAY is
FINDCREATEDISPLAY where if it does not find a display via the
FINDDISPLAY method it will create an X server session for the user
(i.e. desktop/terminal server.) This is the only time x11vnc actually
tries to start up an X server. By default it will only try to start up
virtual (non-hardware) X servers: first [434]Xdummy and if that is not
available then Xvfb. Note that Xdummy requires root permission and
only works on Linux whereas Xvfb works just about everywhere.
So an inetd(8) example might look like:
5900 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/local/bin/x11vnc -inetd \
-o /var/log/x11vnc.log -http -ssl SAVE -unixpw -users unixpw= \
-display WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY -prog /usr/local/bin/x11vnc
Where the very long lines have been split. This will allow direct SSL
(e.g. [435]ss_vncviewer) access and also Java Web browers access via:
https://hostname:5900/.
Tip: Note that the [436]-create option is an alias for "-display
WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY-Xvfb".
Tip: Note that [437]-svc is a short hand for the long "-ssl SAVE
-unixpw -users unixpw= -display WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY" part.
Unlike -create, this alias also sets up SSL encryption and Unix
password login.
Tip: In addition to the usual unixpw parameters, the user can specify
after his username (following a ":" see [438]-display WAIT for
details) for FINDCREATEDISPLAY they can add "geom=WxH" or "geom=WxHxD"
to specify the width, height, and optionally the color depth. E.g.
"fred:geom=800x600" at the login: prompt. Also if the env. var
X11VNC_CREATE_GEOM is set to the desired WxH or WxHxD that will be
used by x11vnc.
You can set the env. var X11VNC_SKIP_DISPLAY to a comma separated list
of displays to ignore in the FINDDISPLAY process (to force creation of
new displays in some cases.)
If you do not plan on using the Java Web browser applet you can remove
the -http (and -prog) option since this will speed up logging-in by a
few seconds (x11vnc will not have to wait to see if a connection is
HTTPS or VNC.)
For reference, xinetd format in the file, say, /etc/xinetd.d/x11vnc:
service x11vnc
{
type = UNLISTED
port = 5900
socket_type = stream
protocol = tcp
wait = no
user = root
server = /usr/local/bin/x11vnc
server_args = -inetd -o /var/log/x11vnc.log -http -ssl SAVE -unixpw
-users unixpw= -display WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY -prog /usr/local/bin/x11vnc
disable = no
}
To print out the script in this case use "-display
WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY-print". To change the preference of
Xservers and which to try list them, e.g.: "-display
WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY-X,Xvfb,Xdummy". The "X" one means to try to
start up a real, hardware X server, e.g. startx(1) (if there is
already a real X server running this may only work on Linux and the
chvt program may [439]need to be run to switch to the correct Linux
virtual terminal.) x11vnc will try to run chvt automatically if it can
determine which VT should be switched to.
If you want to present the user with a xdm/gdm/kdm display manager
login you can use Xvfb.xdmcp instead of Xvfb, etc in the above list.
However, you need to configure xdm/gdm/kdm to accept localhost XDMCP
messages, this can be done by (from -help output):
If you want the FINDCREATEDISPLAY session to contact an XDMCP login
manager (xdm/gdm/kdm) on the same machine, then use "Xvfb.xdmcp"
instead of "Xvfb", etc. The user will have to supply his username
and password one more time (but he gets to select his desktop
type so that can be useful.) For this to work, you will need to
enable localhost XDMCP (udp port 177) for the display manager.
This seems to be:
for gdm in gdm.conf: Enable=true in section [xdmcp]
for kdm in kdmrc: Enable=true in section [Xdmcp]
for xdm in xdm-config: DisplayManager.requestPort: 177
Unless you are also providing XDMCP service to xterminals or other
machines, make sure that the host access list only allows local
connections (the name of this file is often Xaccess and it is usually
setup by default to do just that.) Nowadays, host level firewalling
will also typically block UDP (port 177 for XDMCP) by default
effectively limiting the UDP connections to localhost.
Tip: Note that [440]-xdmsvc is a short hand for the long "-ssl SAVE
-unixpw -users unixpw= -display WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY-Xvfb.xdmcp"
part. E.g.:
service x11vnc
{
type = UNLISTED
port = 5900
socket_type = stream
protocol = tcp
wait = no
user = root
server = /usr/local/bin/x11vnc
server_args = -inetd -o /var/log/x11vnc.log -xdmsvc
disable = no
}
(or "-svc" instead of "-xdmsvc" for no XDMCP.)
Local access: To access your virtual X display locally (i.e. while
sitting at the same machine it is running on) one can perhaps have
something like this in their $HOME/.xinitrc
#!/bin/sh
x11vnc -create -rfbport 5905 -env WAITBG=1
vncviewer -geometry +0+0 -encodings raw -passwd $HOME/.vnc/passwd localhost:5
You may not need the -passwd. Recent RealVNC viewers might be this:
#!/bin/sh
x11vnc -create -rfbport 5905 -env WAITBG=1
vncviewer -FullScreen -PreferredEncoding raw -passwd $HOME/.vnc/passwd localhos
t:5
This way a bare X server is run with no window manager or desktop; it
simply runs only the VNC Viewer on the real X server. The Viewer then
draws the virtual X session on to the real one. On your system it
might not be $HOME/.xinitrc, but rather .xsession, .Xclients, or
something else. You will need to figure out what it is for your system
and configuration.
There may be a problem if the resolution (WxH) of the virtual X
display does not match that of the physical X display.
If you do not want to or cannot figure out the X startup script name
(.xinitrc, etc) you could save the above commands to a shell script,
say "vnclocal", and the log in via the normal KDM or GDM greeter
program using the "Failsafe" option. Then in the lone xterm that comes
up type "vnclocal" to connect to your virtual X display via x11vnc and
vncviewer.
_________________________________________________________________
Summary: The "-display WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY" scheme can be used
to provide a "desktop service" (i.e. terminal service) on the machine:
you always get some desktop there, either a real hardware X server or
a virtual one (depending on how you set things up.) So it provides
simple "terminal services" based on Unix username and password. The
created X server sessions (virtual or real hardware) will remain
running after you disconnect the VNC viewer and will be found again on
reconnecting via VNC and logging in. To terminate them use the normal
way to Exit/LogOut from inside your X session. The user does not have
to memorize which VNC display number is his. They all go the same one
(e.g. :0) and it switches based on username.
Q-62: Can I have x11vnc restart itself after it terminates?
One could do this in a shell script, but now there is an option
[441]-loop that makes it easier. Of course when x11vnc restarts it
needs to have permissions to connect to the (potentially new) X
display. This mode could be useful if the X server restarts often. Use
e.g. "-loop5000" to sleep 5000 ms between restarts. Also "-loop2000,5"
to sleep 2000 ms and only restart 5 times.
One can also use the [442]-loopbg to emulate inetd(8) to some degree,
where each connected process runs in the background. It could be
combined, say, with the [443]-svc option to provide simple terminal
services without using inetd(8).
Q-63: How do I make x11vnc work with the Java VNC viewer applet in a
web browser?
To have x11vnc serve up a Java VNC viewer applet to any web browsers
that connect to it, run x11vnc with this [444]option:
-httpdir /path/to/the/java/classes/dir
(this directory will contain the files index.vnc and, for example,
VncViewer.jar) Note that libvncserver contains the TightVNC Java
classes jar file for your convenience. (it is the file
classes/VncViewer.jar in the source tree.)
You will see output something like this:
14/05/2004 11:13:56 Autoprobing selected port 5900
14/05/2004 11:13:56 Listening for HTTP connections on TCP port 5800
14/05/2004 11:13:56 URL http://walnut:5800
14/05/2004 11:13:56 screen setup finished.
14/05/2004 11:13:56 The VNC desktop is walnut:0
PORT=5900
then you can connect to that URL with any Java enabled browser. Feel
free to customize the default index.vnc file in the classes directory.
As of May/2005 the [445]-http option will try to guess where the Java
classes jar file is by looking in expected locations and ones relative
to the x11vnc binary.
Also note that if you wanted to, you could also start the Java viewer
entirely from the viewer-side by having the jar file there and using
either the java or appletviewer commands to run the program.
java -cp ./VncViewer.jar VncViewer HOST far-away.east PORT 5900
Proxies: See the [446]discussion here if the web browser must use a
web proxy to connect to the internet. It is tricky to get Java applets
to work in this case: a signed applet must be used so it can connect
to the proxy and ask for the redirection to the VNC server. One way to
do this is to use the signed SSL one referred to in
classes/ssl/proxy.vnc and set disableSSL=yes (note that this has no
encryption; please use SSL or SSH as discuss elsewhere on this page)
in the URL or the file.
Q-64: Are reverse connections (i.e. the VNC server connecting to the
VNC viewer) using "vncviewer -listen" and vncconnect(1) supported?
As of Mar/2004 x11vnc supports reverse connections. On Unix one starts
the VNC viewer in listen mode: "vncviewer -listen" (see your
documentation for Windows, etc), and then starts up x11vnc with the
[447]-connect option. To connect immediately at x11vnc startup time
use the "-connect host:port" option (use commas for a list of hosts to
connect to.) The ":port" is optional (default is VNC listening port is
5500.)
If a file is specified instead: -connect /path/to/some/file then that
file is checked periodically (about once a second) for new hosts to
connect to.
The [448]-remote control option (aka -R) can also be used to do this
during an active x11vnc session, e.g.:
x11vnc -display :0 -R connect:hostname.domain
Use the "[449]-connect_or_exit" option to have x11vnc exit if the
reverse connection fails. Also, note the "-rfbport 0" option disables
TCP listening for connections (potentially useful for reverse
connection mode, assuming you do not want any "forward" connections.)
Note that as of Mar/2006 x11vnc requires password authentication for
reverse connections as well as for forward ones (assuming password
auth has been enabled, e.g. via -rfbauth, -passwdfile, etc.) Many VNC
servers do not require any password for reverse connections. To regain
the old behavior supply this option "-env
X11VNC_REVERSE_CONNECTION_NO_AUTH=1" to x11vnc.
Vncconnect command: To use the vncconnect(1) program (from the core
VNC package at www.realvnc.com) specify the [450]-vncconnect option to
x11vnc (Note: as of Dec/2004 -vncconnect is now the default.)
vncconnect(1) must be pointed to the same X11 DISPLAY as x11vnc (since
it uses X properties to communicate with x11vnc.) If you do not have
or do not want to get the vncconnect(1) program, the following script
(named "Vncconnect") may work if your xprop(1) supports the -set
option:
#!/bin/sh
# usage: Vncconnect <host>
# Vncconnect <host:port>
# note: not all xprop(1) support -set.
#
xprop -root -f VNC_CONNECT 8s -set VNC_CONNECT "$1"
Q-65: Can reverse connections be made to go through a Web or SOCKS
proxy or SSH?
Yes, as of Oct/2007 x11vnc supports reverse connections through
proxies: use the "[451]-proxy host:port" option. The default is to
assume the proxy is a Web proxy. Note that most Web proxies only allow
proxy destination connections to ports 443 (HTTPS) and 563 (SNEWS) and
so this might not be too useful unless the proxy has been modified
(AllowCONNECT apache setting) or the VNC viewer listens on one of
those ports (or the router does a port redir.) A web proxy may also be
specified via "-proxy http://host:port"
For SOCKS4 and SOCKS4a proxies use this format "-proxy
socks://host:port". If the reverse connection hostname is a numerical
IP or "localhost" then SOCKS4 (no host lookup) is used, otherwise
SOCKS4a will be used. For SOCKS5 (proxy will do lookup and many other
things) use "-proxy socks5://host:port". Note that the SSH builtin
SOCKS proxy "ssh -D port" only does SOCKS4 or SOCKS5, so use socks5://
for a ssh -D proxy.
The proxying works for both SSL encrypted and normal reverse
connections.
An experimental mode is "-proxy http://host:port/..." where the URL
(e.g. a CGI script) is retrieved via the GET method. See [452]-proxy
for more info.
Another experimental mode is "-proxy ssh://user@host" in which case a
SSH tunnel is used for the proxying. See [453]-proxy for more info.
Up to 3 proxies may be chained together by listing them by commas
e.g.: "-proxy http://host1:port1,socks5://host2:port2" in case one
needs to ricochet off of several machines to ultimately reach the
listening viewer.
Q-66: Can I use x11vnc as a replacement for Xvnc? (i.e. not for a real
display, but for a virtual one I keep around.)
You can, but you would not be doing this for performance reasons (for
virtual X sessions via VNC, Xvnc should give the fastest response.)
You may want to do this because Xvnc is buggy and crashes, does not
support an X server extension you desire, or you want to take
advantage of one of x11vnc's unending number of options and features.
One way to achieve this is to have a Xvfb(1) virtual framebuffer X
server running in the background and have x11vnc attached to it.
Another method, faster and more accurate, is to use the "dummy" Device
Driver in XFree86/Xorg (see below.)
In either case, one can view this desktop both remotely and also
[454]locally using vncviewer. Make sure vncviewer's "-encodings raw"
is in effect for local viewing (compression seems to slow things down
locally.) For local viewing you set up a "bare" window manager that
just starts up vncviewer and nothing else ([455]See how below.)
Here is one way to start up Xvfb:
xinit -- /usr/X11R6/bin/Xvfb :1 -cc 4 -screen 0 1024x768x16
This starts up a 16bpp virtual display. To export it via VNC use
x11vnc -display :1 ...
Then have the remote vncviewer attach to x11vnc's VNC display (e.g. :0
which is port 5900.)
The "-cc 4" Xvfb option is to force it to use a TrueColor visual
instead of DirectColor (this works around a recent bug in the Xorg
Xvfb server.)
One good thing about Xvfb is that the virtual framebuffer exists in
main memory (rather than in the video hardware), and so x11vnc can
"screen scrape" it very efficiently (more than, say, 100X faster than
normal video hardware.)
Update Nov/2006: See the [456]FINDCREATEDISPLAY discussion of the
"[457]-display WAIT:cmd=FINDDISPLAY" option where virtual (Xvfb or
Xdummy, or even real ones by changing an option) X servers are started
automatically for new users connecting. This provides a "desktop
service" for the machine. You either get your real X session or your
virtual (Xvfb/Xdummy) one whenever you connect to the machine
(inetd(8) is a nice way to provide this service.) The [458]-find,
[459]-create, [460]-svc, and [461]-xdmsvc aliases can also come in
handy here.
There are some annoyances WRT Xvfb however. The default keyboard
mapping seems to be very poor. One should run x11vnc with
[462]-add_keysyms option to have keysyms added automatically. Also, to
add the Shift_R and Control_R modifiers something like this is needed:
#!/bin/sh
xmodmap -e "keycode any = Shift_R"
xmodmap -e "add Shift = Shift_L Shift_R"
xmodmap -e "keycode any = Control_R"
xmodmap -e "add Control = Control_L Control_R"
xmodmap -e "keycode any = Alt_L"
xmodmap -e "keycode any = Alt_R"
xmodmap -e "keycode any = Meta_L"
xmodmap -e "add Mod1 = Alt_L Alt_R Meta_L"
(note: these are applied automatically in the [463]FINDCREATEDISPLAY
mode of x11vnc.) Perhaps the Xvfb options -xkbdb or -xkbmap could be
used to get a better default keyboard mapping...
Dummy Driver: A user points out a faster and more accurate method is
to use the "dummy" Device Driver of XFree86/Xorg instead of Xvfb. He
uses this to create a persistent and resizable desktop accessible from
anywhere. In the Device Section of the config file set Driver "dummy".
You may also need to set VideoRam NNN to be large enough to hold the
framebuffer. The framebuffer is kept in main memory like Xvfb except
that the server code is closely correlated with the real XFree86/Xorg
Xserver unlike Xvfb.
The main drawback to this method (besides requiring extra
configuration and possibly root permission) is that it also does the
Linux Virtual Console/Terminal (VC/VT) [464]switching even though it
does not need to (since it doesn't use a real framebuffer.) There are
some "dual headed" (actually multi-headed/multi-user) patches to the X
server that turn off the VT usage in the X server. Update: As of
Jul/2005 we have an LD_PRELOAD script [465]Xdummy that allows you to
use a stock (i.e. unpatched) Xorg or XFree86 server with the "dummy"
driver and not have any VT switching problems! Currently Xdummy needs
to be run as root, but with some luck that may be relaxed in the
future.
The standard way to start the "dummy" driver would be:
startx -- :1 -config /etc/X11/xorg.conf.dummy
where the file /etc/X11/xorg.conf.dummy has its Device Section
modified as described above. To use the LD_PRELOAD wrapper script:
startx -- /path/to/Xdummy :1
An xdm(1) example is also provided.
In general, one can use these sorts of schemes to use x11vnc to export
other virtual X sessions, say Xnest or even Xvnc itself (useful for
testing x11vnc.)
Local access: You use a VNC viewer to access the display remotely; to
access your virtual X display locally (i.e. while sitting at the same
machine it is running on) one can perhaps have something like this in
their $HOME/.xinitrc
#!/bin/sh
x11vnc -display :5 -rfbport 5905 -bg
vncviewer -geometry +0+0 -encodings raw -passwd $HOME/.vnc/passwd localhost:5
The display numbers (VNC and X) will likely be different (you could
also try [466]-find), and you may not need the -passwd. Recent RealVNC
viewers might be this:
#!/bin/sh
x11vnc -display :5 -rfbport 5905 -bg
vncviewer -FullScreen -PreferredEncoding raw -passwd $HOME/.vnc/passwd localhos
t:5
This way a bare X server is run with no window manager or desktop; it
simply runs only the VNC Viewer on the real X server. The Viewer then
draws the virtual X session on to the real one. On your system it
might not be $HOME/.xinitrc, but rather .xsession, .Xclients, or
something else. You will need to figure out what it is for your system
and configuration.
For the general replacement of Xvnc by Xvfb+x11vnc, one user describes
a similar setup he created [467]here.
Q-67: How can I use x11vnc on "headless" machines? Why might I want
to?
An interesting application of x11vnc is to let it export displays of
"headless" machines. For example, you may have some lab or server
machines with no keyboard, mouse, or monitor, but each one still has a
video card. One can use x11vnc to provide a simple "desktop service"
from these server machines.
An X server can be started on the headless machine (sometimes this
requires configuring the X server to not fail if it cannot detect a
keyboard or mouse, see the next paragraph.) Then you can export that X
display via x11vnc (e.g. see [468]this FAQ) and access it from
anywhere on the network via a VNC viewer.
Some tips on getting X servers to start on machines without keyboard
or mouse: For XFree86/Xorg the Option "AllowMouseOpenFail" "true"
"ServerFlags" config file option is useful. On Solaris Xsun the
+nkeyboard and +nmouse options are useful (put them in the server
command line args in /etc/dt/config/Xservers.) There are patches
available for Xsun at lease back to Solaris 8 that support this. See
Xserver(1) for more info.
Although this usage may sound strange it can be quite useful for a GUI
(or other) testing or QA setups: the engineers do not need to walk to
lab machines running different hardware, OS's, versions, etc (or have
many different machines in their office.) They just connect to the
various test machines over the network via VNC. The advantage to
testing this way instead of using Xvnc or even Xvfb is that the test
is done using the real X server, fonts, video hardware, etc. that will
be used in the field.
One can imagine a single server machine crammed with as many video
cards as it can hold to provide multiple simultaneous access or
testing on different kinds of video hardware.
See also the [469]FINDCREATEDISPLAY discussion of the "[470]-display
WAIT:cmd=FINDDISPLAY" option where virtual Xvfb or Xdummy, or real X
servers are started automatically for new users connecting. The
[471]-find, [472]-create, [473]-svc, and [474]-xdmsvc aliases can also
come in handy here.
[Resource Usage and Performance]
Q-68: I have lots of memory, but why does x11vnc fail with shmget:
No space left on device or Minor opcode of failed request: 1
(X_ShmAttach)?
It is not a matter of free memory, but rather free shared memory (shm)
slots, also known as shm segments. This often occurs on a public
Solaris machine using the default of only 100 slots. You (or the owner
or root) can clean them out with ipcrm(1). x11vnc tries hard to
release its slots, but it, and other programs, are not always able to
(e.g. if kill -9'd.)
Sometimes x11vnc will notice the problem with shm segments and tries
to get by with fewer, only giving a warning like this:
19/03/2004 10:10:58 shmat(tile_row) failed.
shmat: Too many open files
19/03/2004 10:10:58 error creating tile-row shm for len=4
19/03/2004 10:10:58 reverting to single_copytile mode
Here is a shell script [475]shm_clear to list and prompt for removal
of your unattached shm segments (attached ones are skipped.) I use it
while debugging x11vnc (I use "shm_clear -y" to assume "yes" for each
prompt.) If x11vnc is regularly not cleaning up its shm segments,
please contact me so we can work to improve the situation.
Longer term, on Solaris you can put something like this in
/etc/system:
set shmsys:shminfo_shmmax = 0x2000000
set shmsys:shminfo_shmmni = 0x1000
to sweep the problem under the rug (4096 slots.) On Linux, examine
/proc/sys/kernel/shmmni; you can modify the value by writing to that
file.
Things are even more tight on Solaris 8 and earlier, there is a
default maximum number of shm segments per process of 6. The error is
the X server (not x11vnc) being unable to attach to the segments, and
looks something like this:
30/04/2004 14:04:26 Got connection from client 192.168.1.23
30/04/2004 14:04:26 other clients:
X Error of failed request: BadAccess (attempt to access private resource den
ied)
Major opcode of failed request: 131 (MIT-SHM)
Minor opcode of failed request: 1 (X_ShmAttach)
Serial number of failed request: 14
Current serial number in output stream: 17
This tight limit on Solaris 8 can be increased via:
set shmsys:shminfo_shmseg = 100
in /etc/system. See the next paragraph for more workarounds.
To minimize the number of shm segments used by x11vnc try using the
[476]-onetile option (corresponds to only 3 shm segments used, and
adding -fs 1.0 knocks it down to 2.) If you are having much trouble
with shm segments, consider disabling shm completely via the
[477]-noshm option. Performance will be somewhat degraded but when
done over local machine sockets it should be acceptable (see an
[478]earlier question discussing -noshm.)
Q-69: How can I make x11vnc use less system resources?
The [479]-nap (now on by default; use -nonap to disable) and
"[480]-wait n" (where n is the sleep between polls in milliseconds,
the default is 30 or so) option are good places to start. In addition,
something like "[481]-sb 15" will cause x11vnc to go into a deep-sleep
mode after 15 seconds of no activity (instead of the default 60.)
Reducing the X server bits per pixel depth (e.g. to 16bpp or even
8bpp) will further decrease memory I/O and network I/O. The ShadowFB X
server setting will make x11vnc's screen polling less severe. Using
the [482]-onetile option will use less memory and use fewer shared
memory slots (add [483]-fs 1.0 for one less slot.)
Q-70: How can I make x11vnc use MORE system resources?
You can try [484]-threads (note this mode can be unstable and/or
crash; and as of May/2008 is strongly discouraged, see the option
description) or dial down the wait time (e.g. -wait 1) and possibly
dial down [485]-defer as well. Note that if you try to increase the
"frame rate" too much you can bog down the server end with the extra
work it needs to do compressing the framebuffer data, etc.
That said, it is possible to "stream" video via x11vnc if the video
window is small enough. E.g. a 256x192 xawtv TV capture window (using
the x11vnc [486]-id option) can be streamed over a LAN or wireless at
a reasonable frame rate. If the graphics card's framebuffer read rate
is [487]faster than normal then the video window size and frame rate
can be much higher. The use of [488]TurboVNC and/or TurboJPEG can make
the frame rate somewhat higher still (but most of this hinges on the
graphics card's read rate.)
Q-71: I use x11vnc over a slow link with high latency (e.g. dialup
modem or broadband), is there anything I can do to speed things up?
Some things you might want to experiment with (many of which will help
performance on faster links as well):
X server/session parameters:
* Configure the X server bits per pixel to be 16bpp or even 8bpp.
(reduces amount of data needed to be polled, compressed, and sent)
* Use a smaller desktop size (e.g. 1024x768 instead of 1280x1024)
* Make sure the desktop background is a solid color (the background
is resent every time it is re-exposed.) Consider using the
[489]-solid [color] option to try to do this automatically.
* Configure your window manager or desktop "theme" to not use fancy
images, shading, and gradients for the window decorations, etc.
Disable window animations, etc. Maybe your desktop has a "low
bandwidth" theme you can easily switch into and out of. Also in
Firefox disable eye-candy, e.g.: Edit -> Preferences -> Advanced
-> Use Smooth Scrolling (deselect it.)
* Avoid small scrolls of large windows using the Arrow keys or
scrollbar. Try to use PageUp/PageDown instead. (not so much of a
problem in x11vnc 0.7.2 if [490]-scrollcopyrect is active and
detecting scrolls for the application.)
* If the [491]-wireframe option is not available (earlier than
x11vnc 0.7.2 or you have disabled it via -nowireframe) then
Disable Opaque Moves and Resizes in the window manager/desktop.
* However if -wireframe is active (on by default in x11vnc 0.7.2)
then you should Enable Opaque Moves and Resizes in the window
manager! This seems counter-intuitive, but because x11vnc detects
the move/resize events early there is a huge speedup over a slow
link when Opaque Moves and Resizes are enabled. (e.g. CopyRect
encoding will be used.)
* Turn off Anti-aliased fonts on your system, web browser, terminal
windows, etc. AA fonts do not compress as well as traditional
fonts (sometimes 10X less.)
* On Firefox/Mozilla (and anything else) turn off "Smooth Scroll"
animations. In Firefox put in the URL "about:config" and set
general.smoothScroll to false.
* On XFree86 turn on the Shadow Framebuffer to speed up reading.
(Option "ShadowFB" "true" in the Device section of
/etc/X11/XF86Config) This disables 2D acceleration on the physical
display and so may not be worth it, but could be of use in some
situations. If the link is very slow, this speedup may not be
noticed.
VNC viewer parameters:
* Use a [492]TightVNC enabled viewer! (Actually, RealVNC 4.x viewer
with ZRLE encoding is not too bad either; some claim it is
faster.)
* Make sure the tight (or zrle) encoding is being used (look at
vncviewer and x11vnc outputs)
* Request 8 bits per pixel using -bgr233 (up to 4X speedup over
depth 24 TrueColor (32bpp), but colors will be off)
* RealVNC 4.x viewer has some extremely low color modes (only 64 and
even 8 colors.) [493]SSVNC does too. The colors are poor, but it
is usually noticeably faster than bgr233 (256 colors.)
* Try increasing the TightVNC -compresslevel (compresses more on
server side before sending, but uses more CPU)
* Try reducing the TightVNC -quality (increases JPEG compression,
but is lossy with painting artifacts)
* Try other VNC encodings via -encodings (tight may be the fastest,
but you should compare it to zrle and maybe some of the others)
* On the machine where vncviewer is run, make sure Backing Store is
enabled (XFree86/Xorg disables it by default causing re-exposures
of vncviewer to be very slow) Option "backingstore" in config
file.
x11vnc parameters:
* Make sure the [494]-wireframe option is active (it should be on by
default) and you have Opaque Moves/Resizes Enabled in the window
manager.
* Make sure the [495]-scrollcopyrect option is active (it should be
on by default.) This detects scrolls in many (but not all)
applications an applies the CopyRect encoding for a big speedup.
* Enforce a solid background when VNC viewers are connected via
[496]-solid
* Specify [497]-speeds modem to force the wireframe and
scrollcopyrect heuristic parameters (and any future ones) to those
of a dialup modem connection (or supply the rd,bw,lat numerical
values that characterize your link.)
* If wireframe and scrollcopyrect aren't working, try using the more
drastic [498]-nodragging (no screen updates when dragging mouse,
but sometimes you miss visual feedback)
* Set [499]-fs 1.0 (disables fullscreen updates)
* Try increasing [500]-wait or [501]-defer (reduces the maximum
"frame rate", but won't help much for large screen changes)
* Try the [502]-progressive pixelheight mode with the block
pixelheight 100 or so (delays sending vertical blocks since they
may change while viewer is receiving earlier ones)
* If you just want to watch one (simple) window use [503]-id (cuts
down extraneous polling and updates, but can be buggy or
insufficient)
* Set [504]-nosel (disables all clipboard selection exchange)
* Use [505]-nocursor and [506]-nocursorpos (repainting the remote
cursor position and shape takes resources and round trips)
* On very slow links (e.g. <= 28.8) you may need to increase the
[507]-readtimeout n setting if it sometimes takes more than 20sec
to paint the full screen, etc.
* Do not use [508]-fixscreen to automatically refresh the whole
screen, tap three Alt_L's then the screen has painting errors
(rare problem.)
Example for the KDE desktop:
Launch the "KDE Control Center" utility. Sometimes this is called
"Personal Settings".
Select "Desktop".
Then Select "Window Behavior". In the "Moving" Tab set these:
* YES - Display content in moving windows
* YES - Display content in resizing windows
* NO - Display window geometry when moving or resizing
* NO - Animate minimize and restore
In the "Translucency" Tab set:
* NO - Use translucency/shadows
Next hit "Back" and then select "Panels".
In the "Appearance" Tab set:
* NO - Enable icon mouseover effects
* NO - Enable transparency
Now go all the way back up to the top and Select "Appearance &
Themes".
Select "Background" and set:
* YES - No picture
* Colors: Single Color
Select "Fonts" and disable anti-aliased fonts if you are bold enough.
Select "Launch Feedback" and set:
* Busy Cursor: No Busy Cursor
* NO - Enable taskbar notification
Select "Screen Saver" and set:
* Screen Saver: Blank Screen
Select "Style" and in the "Effects" Tab set:
* NO - Enable GUI effects
Example for the GNOME desktop:
* TBD.
Q-72: Does x11vnc support the X DAMAGE Xserver extension to find
modified regions of the screen quickly and efficiently?
Yes, as of Mar/2005 x11vnc will use the X DAMAGE extension by default
if it is available on the display. This requires libXdamage to be
available in the build environment as well (recent Linux distros and
Solaris 10 have it.)
The DAMAGE extension enables the X server to report changed regions of
the screen back to x11vnc. So x11vnc doesn't have to guess where the
changes are (by polling every pixel of the entire screen every 2-4
seconds.) The use of X DAMAGE dramatically reduces the load when the
screen is not changing very much (i.e. most of the time.) It also
noticeably improves updates, especially for very small changed areas
(e.g. clock ticking, cursor flashing, typing, etc.)
Note that the DAMAGE extension does not speed up the actual reading of
pixels from the video card framebuffer memory, by, say, mirroring them
in main memory. So reading the fb is still painfully [509]slow (e.g.
5MB/sec), and so even using X DAMAGE when large changes occur on the
screen the bulk of the time is still spent retrieving them. Not ideal,
but use of the ShadowFB XFree86/Xorg option speeds up the reading
considerably (at the cost of h/w acceleration.)
Unfortunately the current Xorg DAMAGE extension implementation can at
times be overly conservative and report very large rectangles as
"damaged" even though only a small portion of the pixels have actually
been modified. This behavior is often the fault of the window manager
(e.g. it redraws the entire, unseen, frame window underneath the
application window when it gains focus), or the application itself
(e.g. does large, unnecessary repaints.)
To work around this deficiency, x11vnc currently only trusts small
DAMAGE rectangles to contain real damage. The larger rectangles are
only used as hints to focus the traditional scanline polling (i.e. if
a scanline doesn't intersect a recent DAMAGE rectangle, the scan is
skipped.) You can use the "[510]-xd_area A" option to adjust the size
of the trusted DAMAGE rectangles. The default is 20000 pixels (e.g. a
140x140 square, etc.) Use "-xd_area 0" to disable the cutoff and trust
all DAMAGE rectangles.
The option "[511]-xd_mem f" may also be of use in tuning the
algorithm. To disable using DAMAGE entirely use "[512]-noxdamage".
Q-73: My OpenGL application shows no screen updates unless I supply
the -noxdamage option to x11vnc.
One user reports in his environment (MythTV using the NVIDIA OpenGL
drivers) he gets no updates after the initial screen is drawn unless
he uses the "[513]-noxdamage" option.
This seems to be a bug in the X DAMAGE implementation of that driver.
You may have to use -noxdamage as well. A way to autodetect this will
be tried, probably the best it will do is automatically stop using X
DAMAGE.
A developer for [514]MiniMyth reports that the 'alphapulse' tag of the
theme G.A.N.T. can also cause problems, and should be avoided when
using VNC.
Update: see [515]this FAQ too.
Q-74: When I drag windows around with the mouse or scroll up and down
things really bog down (unless I do the drag in a single, quick
motion.) Is there anything to do to improve things?
This problem is primarily due to [516]slow hardware read rates from
video cards: as you scroll or move a large window around the screen
changes are much too rapid for x11vnc to keep up them (it can usually
only read the video card at about 5-10 MB/sec, so it can take a good
fraction of a second to read the changes induce from moving a large
window, if this to be done a number of times in succession the window
or scroll appears to "lurch" forward.) See the description in the
[517]-pointer_mode option for more info. The next bottleneck is
compressing all of these changes and sending them out to connected
viewers, however the VNC protocol is pretty much self-adapting with
respect to that (updates are only packaged and sent when viewers ask
for them.)
As of Jan/2004 there are some improvements to libvncserver. The
default should now be much better than before and dragging small
windows around should no longer be a huge pain. If for some reason
these changes make matters worse, you can go back to the old way via
the "[518]-pointer_mode 1" option.
Also added was the [519]-nodragging option that disables all screen
updates while dragging with the mouse (i.e. mouse motion with a button
held down.) This gives the snappiest response, but might be undesired
in some circumstances when you want to see the visual feedback while
dragging (e.g. menu traversal or text selection.)
As of Dec/2004 the [520]-pointer_mode n option was introduced. n=1 is
the original mode, n=2 an improvement, etc.. See the -pointer_mode n
help for more info.
Also, in some circumstances the [521]-threads option can improve
response considerably. Be forewarned that if more than one vncviewer
is connected at the same time then libvncserver may not be thread safe
(try to get the viewers to use different VNC encodings, e.g. tight and
ZRLE.) This option can be unstable and so as of Feb/2008 it is
disabled by default. Set env. X11VNC_THREADED=1 to re-enable.
As of Apr/2005 two new options (see the [522]wireframe FAQ and
[523]scrollcopyrect FAQ below) provide schemes to sweep this problem
under the rug for window moves or resizes and for some (but not all)
window scrolls. These are the preferred way of avoiding the "lurching"
problem, contact me if they are not working. Note on SuSE and some
other distros the RECORD X extension used by scrollcopyrect is not
enabled by default, turn it on in xorg.conf:
Section "Module"
...
Load "record"
...
EndSection
Q-75: Why not do something like wireframe animations to avoid the
windows "lurching" when being moved or resized?
Nice idea for a hack! As of Apr/2005 x11vnc by default will apply
heuristics to try to guess if a window is being (opaquely) moved or
resized. If such a change is detected framebuffer polling and updates
will be suspended and only an animated "wireframe" (a rectangle
outline drawn where the moved/resized window would be) is shown. When
the window move/resize stops, it returns to normal processing: you
should only see the window appear in the new position. This spares you
from interacting with a "lurching" window between all of the
intermediate steps. BTW the lurching is due to [524]slow video card
read rates (see [525]here too.) A displacement, even a small one, of a
large window requires a non-negligible amount of time, a good fraction
of a second, to read in from the hardware framebuffer.
Note that Opaque Moves/Resizes must be Enabled by your window manager
for -wireframe to do any good.
The mode is currently on by default because most people are afflicted
with the problem. It can be disabled with the [526]-nowireframe option
(aka -nowf.) Why might one want to turn off the wireframing? Since
x11vnc is merely guessing when windows are being moved/resized, it may
guess poorly for your window-manager or desktop, or even for the way
you move the pointer. If your window-manager or desktop already does
its own wireframing then this mode is a waste of time and could do the
wrong thing occasionally. There may be other reasons the new mode
feels unnatural. If you have very expensive video hardware (SGI, well
now even proprietary Xorg drivers are fast at reading) or are using an
in-RAM video framebuffer (SunRay, ShadowFB, Xvfb), the read rate from
that framebuffer may be very fast (100's of MB/sec) and so you don't
really see much lurching (at least over a fast LAN): opaque moves look
smooth in x11vnc. Note: ShadowFB is often turned on when you are using
the vesafb or fbdev XFree86 video driver instead of a native one so
you might be using it already and not know.
The heuristics used to guess window motion or resizing are simple, but
are not fool proof: x11vnc is sometimes tricked and so you'll
occasionally see the lurching opaque move and rarely something even
worse.
First it assumes that the move/resize will occur with a mouse button
pressed, held down and dragged (of course this is only mostly true.)
Next it will only consider a window for wireframing if the mouse
pointer is initially "close enough" to the edges of the window frame,
e.g. you have grabbed the title bar or a resizer edge (this
requirement can be disabled and it also not applied if a modifier key,
e.g. Alt, is pressed.) If these are true, it will wait an amount of
time to see if the window starts moving or resizing. If it does, it
starts drawing the wireframe "outline" of where the window would be.
When the mouse button is released, or a timeout occurs, it goes back
to the standard mode to allow the actual framebuffer changes to
propagate to the viewers.
These parameters can be tweaked:
* Color/Shade of the wireframe.
* Linewidth of the outline frame.
* Cutoff size of windows to not apply wireframing to.
* Cutoffs for closeness to Top, Bottom, Left, and Right edges of
window.
* Modifier keys to enable interior window grabbing.
* Maximum time to wait for dragging pointer events.
* Maximum time to wait for the window to start moving/resizing.
* Maximum time to show a wireframe animation.
* Minimum time between sending wireframe outlines.
See the [527]"-wireframe tweaks" option for more details. On a slow
link, e.g. dialup modem, the parameters may be automatically adjusted
for better response.
CopyRect encoding: In addition to the above there is the
[528]"-wirecopyrect mode" option. It is also on by default. This
instructs x11vnc to not only show the wireframe animation, but to also
instruct all connected VNC viewers to locally translate the window
image data from the original position to the new position on the
screen when the animation is done. This speedup is the VNC CopyRect
encoding: the framebuffer update doesn't need to send the actual new
image data. This is nice in general, and very convenient over a slow
link, but since it is based on heuristics you may need to disable it
with the -nowirecopyrect option (aka -nowcr) if it works incorrectly
or unnaturally for you.
The -wirecopyrect modes are: "never" (same as -nowirecopyrect); "top",
only apply the CopyRect if the window is appears to be on the top of
the window stack and is not obstructed by other windows; and "always"
to always try to apply the CopyRect (obstructed regions are usually
clipped off and not translated.)
Note that some desktops (KDE and xfce) appear to mess with the window
stacking in ways that are not yet clear. In these cases x11vnc works
around the problem by applying the CopyRect even if obscuring windows'
data is translated! Use -nowirecopyrect if this yields undesirable
effects for your desktop.
Also, the CopyRect encoding may give incorrect results under -scale
(depending on the scale factor the CopyRect operation is often only
approximate: the correctly scaled framebuffer will be slightly
different from the translated one.) x11vnc will try to push a
"cleanup" update after the CopyRect if -scale is in effect. Use
-nowirecopyrect if this or other painting errors are unacceptable.
Q-76: Can x11vnc try to apply heuristics to detect when a window is
scrolling its contents and use the CopyRect encoding for a speedup?
Another nice idea for a hack! As of May/2005 x11vnc will by default
apply heuristics to try to detect if the window that has the input
focus is scrolling its contents (but only when x11vnc is feeding user
input, keystroke or pointer, to the X server.) So, when detected,
scrolls induced by dragging on a scrollbar or by typing (e.g. Up or
Down arrows, hitting Return in a terminal window, etc), will show up
much more quickly than via the standard x11vnc screen polling update
mechanism.
There will be a speedup for both slow and fast links to viewers. For
slow links the speedup is mostly due to the CopyRect encoding not
requiring the image data to be transmitted over the network. For fast
links the speedup is primarily due to x11vnc not having to read the
scrolled framebuffer data from the X server (recall that reading from
the hardware framebuffer is [529]slow.)
To do this x11vnc uses the RECORD X extension to snoop the X11
protocol between the X client with the focus window and the X server.
This extension is usually present on most X servers (but SuSE disables
it for some reason.) On XFree86/Xorg it can be enabled via Load
"record" in the Module section of the config file if it isn't already:
Section "Module"
...
Load "record"
...
EndSection
Currently the RECORD extension is used as little as possible so as to
not slow down regular use. Only simple heuristics are applied to
detect XCopyArea and XConfigureWindow calls from the application.
These catch a lot of scrolls, e.g. in mozilla/firefox and in terminal
windows like gnome-terminal and xterm. Unfortunately the toolkits KDE
applications use make scroll detection less effective (only rarely are
they detected: i.e. Konqueror and Konsole don't work.) An interesting
project, that may be the direction x11vnc takes, is to record all of
the X11 protocol from all clients and try to "tee" the stream into a
modified Xvfb watching for CopyRect and other VNC speedups. A
potential issue is the RECORD stream is delayed from actual view on
the X server display: if one falls too far behind it could become a
mess...
The initial implementation of [530]-scrollcopyrect option is useful in
that it detects many scrolls and thus gives a much nicer working
environment (especially when combined with the [531]-wireframe
[532]-wirecopyrect [533]options, which are also on by default; and if
you are willing to enable the ShadowFB things are very fast.) The fact
that there aren't long delays or lurches during scrolling is the
primary improvement.
But there are some drawbacks:
* Not all scrolls are detected. Some apps scroll windows in ways
that cannot currently be detected, and other times x11vnc "misses"
the scroll due to timeouts, etc. Sometimes it is more distracting
that a speedup occasionally doesn't work as opposed to being
consistently slow!
* For rapid scrolling (i.e. sequence of many scrolls over a short
period) there can be painting errors (tearing, bunching up, etc.)
during the scroll. These will repair themselves after the scroll
is over, but when they are severe it can be distracting. Try to
think of the approximate window contents as a quicker and more
useful "animation" compared to the slower polling scheme...
* Scrolling inside shells in terminal windows (gnome-terminal,
xterm), can lead to odd painting errors. This is because x11vnc
did not have time to detect a screen change just before the scroll
(most common is the terminal undraws the block cursor before
scrolling the text up: in the viewer you temporarily see multiple
block cursors.) Another issue is with things like more(1): scroll
detection for 5-6 lines happens nicely, but then it can't keep up
and so there is a long pause for the standard polling method to
deliver the remaining updates.
* More rarely sometimes painting errors are not repaired after the
scroll is over. This may be a bug in x11vnc or libvncserver, or it
may be an inescapable fact of the CopyRect encoding and the delay
between RECORD callbacks and what is actually on the X display.
One can tap the Alt_L key (Left "Alt" key) 3 times in a row to
signal x11vnc to refresh the screen to all viewers. Your
VNC-viewer may have its own screen refresh hot-key or button. See
also: [534]-fixscreen
* Some applications, notably OpenOffice, do XCopyArea scrolls in
weird ways that assume ancestor window clipping is taking place.
See the [535]-scr_skip option for ways to tweak this on a
per-application basis.
* Selecting text while dragging the mouse may be slower, especially
if the Button-down event happens near the window's edge. This is
because the scrollcopyrect scheme is watching for scrolls via
RECORD and has to wait for a timeout to occur before it does the
update.
* For reasons not yet understood the RECORD extension can stop
responding (and hence scrolls are missed.) As a workaround x11vnc
attempts to reset the RECORD connection every 60 seconds or so.
Another workaround is to type 4 Super_L (Left Super/Windows-Flag
key) in a row to reset RECORD. Work is in progress to try to fix
this bug.
* Sometimes you need to "retrain" x11vnc for a certain window
because it fails to detect scrolls in it. Sometimes clicking
inside the application window or selecting some text in it to
force the focus helps.
* When using the [536]-scale option there will be a quick CopyRect
scroll, but it needs to be followed by a slower "cleanup" update.
This is because for a fixed finite screen resolution (e.g. 75 dpi)
scaling and copyrect-ing are not exactly independent. Scaling
involves a blending of nearby pixels and if you translate a pixel
the neighbor pixel weighting may be different. So you have to wait
a bit for the cleanup update to finish. On slow links x11vnc may
automatically decide to not detect scrolls when -scale is in
effect. In general it will also try to defer the cleanup update if
possible.
If you find the -scrollcopyrect behavior too approximate or
distracting you can go back to the standard polling-only update method
with the [537]-noscrollcopyrect (or -noscr for short.) If you find
some extremely bad and repeatable behavior for -scrollcopyrect please
report a bug.
Alternatively, as with -wireframe, there are many tuning parameters to
try to improve the situation. You can also access these parameters
inside the gui under "Tuning". These parameters can be tweaked:
* The minimum pixel area of a rectangle to be watched for scrolls.
* A list if application names to skip scroll detection.
* Which keystrokes should trigger scroll detection.
* Which applications should have a "terminal" tweak applied to them.
* When repeating keys (e.g. Up arrow) should be discarded to
preserve a scroll.
* Cutoffs for closeness to Top, Bottom, Left, and Right edges of
window for mouse induced scrolls.
* Set timeout parameters for keystroke induced scrolls.
* Set timeout parameters for mouse pointer induced scrolls.
* Have the full screen be periodically refreshed to fix painting
errors.
Q-77: Can x11vnc do client-side caching of pixel data? I.e. so when
that pixel data is needed again it does not have to be retransmitted
over the network.
As of Dec/2006 in the [538]0.9 development tarball there is an
experimental client-side caching implementation enabled by the
"[539]-ncache n" option. In fact, during the test period it was on by
default with n set to 10. To disable it use "-noncache".
It is a simple scheme where a (very large) lower portion of the
framebuffer (i.e. starting just below the user's actual desktop
display) is used for storing pixel data. CopyRect; a fast, essentially
local viewer-side VNC encoding; is used to swap the pixel data in and
out of the actual display area. It gives an excellent speedup for
iconifying/deiconifying and moving windows and re-posting of menus
(often it doesn't feel like VNC at all: there is no delay waiting for
the pixel data to fill in.)
This scheme is nice because it does all of this within the existing
VNC protocol, and so it works with all VNC viewers.
A challenge to doing more sophisticated (e.g. compressed and/or
shared) client-side caching is that one needs to extend the VNC
protocol, modify a viewer and then also convince users to adopt your
modified VNC Viewer (or get the new features to be folded into the
main VNC viewers, patches accepted, etc... likely takes years before
they might be deployed in the field)
A drawback of the "-ncache n" method is that in the VNC Viewer you can
scroll down and actually see the cached pixel data. So it looks like
there is a bug: you can scroll down in your viewer and see a strange
"history" of windows on your desktop. This is working as intended. One
will need to try to adjust the size of his VNC Viewer window so the
cache area cannot be seen. [540]SSVNC (see below) can do this
automatically.
At some point LibVNCServer may implement a "rfbFBCrop" pseudoencoding
that viewers can use to learn which portion of the framebuffer to
actually show to the users (with the hidden part used for caching, or
perhaps something else, maybe double buffering or other offscreen
rendering...)
The Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC) Unix viewer has a nice
[541]-ycrop option to help hide the pixel cache area from view. It
will turn on automatically if the framebuffer appears to be very tall
(height more than twice the width), or you can supply the actual value
for the height. If the screen is resized by scaling, etc, the ycrop
value is scaled as well. In fullscreen mode you cannot scroll past the
end of the actual screen, and in non-fullscreen mode the window
manager frame is adjusted to fit the actual display (so you don't see
the pixel cache region) and the scrollbars are very thin to avoid
distraction and trouble fitting inside your display. Use the "-sbwidth
n" viewer option to make the scrollbars thicker if you like.
Another drawback of the scheme is that it is VERY memory intensive,
the n in "-ncache n" is the factor of increase over the base
framebuffer size to use for caching. It is an even integer and should
be fairly large, 6-12, to achieve good response. This usually requires
about 50-100MB of additional RAM on both the client and server sides.
For example with n=6 a 1280x1024 display will use a framebuffer that
is 1280x7168: everything below row 1024 is the pixel buffer cache. If
you are running on low memory machines or memory is tight because of
other running applications you should not use -ncache.
The reason for so much memory is because the pixel data is not
compressed and so the whole window to be saved must be stored
"offscreen". E.g. for a large web browser window this can be nearly 1
million pixels, and that is only for a single window! One typically
wants to cycle between 5-10 large active windows. Also because both
backing-store (the window's actual contents) and save-unders (the
pixels covered up by the window) are cached offscreen that introduces
an additional factor of 2 in memory use.
However, even in the smallest usage mode with n equal 2 and
[542]-ncache_no_rootpixmap set (this requires only 2X additional
framebuffer memory) there is still a noticable improvement for many
activities, although it is not as dramatic as with, say n equal 12 and
rootpixmap (desktop background) caching enabled.
The large memory consumption of the current implementation can be
thought of as a tradeoff to providing caching and being compatible
with all VNC viewers and also ease of implementing. Hopefully it can
be tuned to use less, or the VNC community will extend the protocol to
allow caching and replaying of compressed blobs of data.
Another option to experiment with is "[543]-ncache_cr". By specifying
it, x11vnc will try to do smooth opaque window moves instead of its
wireframe. This can give a very nice effect (note: on Unix the realvnc
viewer seems to be smoother than the tightvnc viewer), but can lead to
some painting problems, and can be jerky in some circumstances.
Surprisingly, for very slow connections, e.g. modem, the -ncache_cr
option can actually improve window drags. This is probably because no
pixel data (only CopyRect instructions) are sent when dragging a
window. Normally, the wireframe must be sent and this involves
compressing and sending the lines that give rise to the moving box
effect (note that real framebuffer data is sent to "erase" the white
lines of the box.)
If you experience painting errors you can can tap the Alt_L key (Left
"Alt" key) 3 times in a row to signal x11vnc to refresh the screen to
all viewers. You may also need to iconify and then deiconify any
damaged windows to correct their cache data as well. Note that if you
change color viewer depth (e.g. 8bpp to full color) dynamically that
will usually lead to the entire extended framebuffer being resent
which can take a long time over very slow links: it may be better to
reconnect and reset the format right after doing so. x11vnc will try
to detect the format change and clear (make completely black) the
cache region.
Gotcha for older Unix VNC Viewers: The older Unix VNC viewers (e.g.
current TightVNC Unix Viewer) require X server backingstore to keep
off-viewer screen data local. If the viewer-side X server has
backingstore disabled (sadly, currently the default on Linux, etc),
then to get the offscreen pixels the viewer has to ask for a refresh
over the network, thereby defeating the caching. Use something like
this in your viewer-side /etc/X11/xorg.conf file (or otherwise get
your viewer-side system to do it)
Section "Device"
...
Option "backingstore"
...
EndSection
No problems like this have been observed with Windows VNC Viewers:
they all seem to keep their entire framebuffer in local memory. Gotcha
for KDE krdc VNC Viewer: One user found that KDE's krdc viewer has
some sort of hardwired limit on the maximum size of the framebuffer
(64MB?). It fails quickly saying "The connection to the host has been
interrupted." The workaround for his 1280x1024 x11vnc-side display was
to run with "-ncache 10", i.e. a smaller value to be under the krdc
threshold.
Although this scheme is not as quick (nor as compressed) as
nx/nomachine, say, it does provide a good step in the direction of
improving VNC performance by client side caching.
Q-78: Does x11vnc support TurboVNC?
As of Feb/2009 (development tarball) there is an experimental kludge
to let you build x11vnc using TurboVNC's modified TightVNC encoding.
[544]TurboVNC is part of the [545]VirtualGL project. It does two main
things to speed up the TightVNC encoding:
* It eliminates bottlenecks, overheads, wait-times in the TightVNC
encoding implementation and instead only worries about sending
very well (and quickly) compressed JPEG data.
* A fast proprietary JPEG implemention is used (Intel IPP on x86)
instead of the usual libjpeg implementation. [546]TurboJPEG is an
interface library, libturbojpeg, provided by the project that
achieves this.
TurboVNC works very well over LAN and evidently fast Broadband too.
When using it with x11vnc in such a situation you may want to dial
down the delays, e.g. "[547]-wait 5" and "[548]-defer 5" (or even a
smaller setting) to poll and pump things out more quickly.
See the instructions in "x11vnc/misc/turbovnc/README" for how to build
x11vnc with TurboVNC support. You will also need to download the
[549]TurboJPEG software.
In brief, the steps look like this:
cd x11vnc-x.y.z/x11vnc/misc/turbovnc
./apply_turbovnc
cd ../../..
env LDFLAGS='-L/DIR -Xlinker --rpath=/DIR' ./configure
make AM_LDFLAGS='-lturbojpeg'
where you replace "/DIR" with the directory containing libturbojpeg.so
you downloaded separately. If it works out well enough TurboVNC
support will be integrated into x11vnc and more of its tuning features
will be implemented. Support for TurboVNC in [550]SSVNC viewer has
been added as an experiment as well. If you try either one, let us
know how it went.
There also may be some Linux.i686 and Darwin.i386 x11vnc binaries with
TurboVNC support in the [551]misc. bins directory. For other platforms
you will need to compile yourself.
On relatively cheap and old hardware (Althon64 X2 5000+ / GeForce
6200) x11vnc and [552]SSVNC, both TurboVNC enabled, were able to
sustain 13.5 frames/sec (fps) and 15 Megapixels/sec using the
VirtualGL supplied OpenGL benchmark program glxspheres. VirtualGL on
higher-end hardware can sustain [553]20-30 fps with the glxspheres
benchmark.
Potential Slowdown: As we describe [554]elsewhere, unless you use
x11vnc with an X server using, say, NVidia proprietary drivers (or a
virtual X server like Xvfb or Xdummy, or in ShadowFB mode), then the
read rate from the graphics card can be rather slow (e.g. 10 MB/sec)
and becomes the bottleneck when using x11vnc over fast networks. Note
that all of Xorg's drivers currently (2009) have slow read rates (only
proprietary drivers appear to have optimized reads.)
So under these (more or less typical) conditions, the speed
improvement provided by TurboVNC may only be marginal. Look for this
output to see your read rate:
28/02/2009 11:11:07 Autoprobing TCP port
28/02/2009 11:11:07 Autoprobing selected port 5900
28/02/2009 11:11:08 fb read rate: 10 MB/sec
28/02/2009 11:11:08 screen setup finished.
A rate of 10 MB/sec means a 1280x1024x24 screen takes 0.5 seconds to
read in. TurboVNC compresses that to JPEG in a much shorter time. On
the other hand, an NVidia driver may have a read rate of 250 MB/sec
and so only takes 0.02 seconds to read the entire screen in.
[Mouse Cursor Shapes]
Q-79: Why isn't the mouse cursor shape (the little icon shape where
the mouse pointer is) correct as I move from window to window?
On X servers supporting XFIXES or Solaris/IRIX Overlay extensions it
is possible for x11vnc to do this correctly. See a few paragraphs down
for the answer.
Historically, the X11 mouse cursor shape (i.e. little picture: an
arrow, X, I-beam, resizer, etc) is one of the few WRITE-only objects
in X11. That is, an application can tell the X server what the cursor
shape should be when the pointer is in a given window, but a program
(like x11vnc) unfortunately cannot read this information. I believe
this is because the cursor shape is often downloaded to the graphics
hardware (video card), but I could be mistaken.
A simple kludge is provided by the "[555]-cursor X" option that
changes the cursor when the mouse is on the root background (or any
window has the same cursor as the root background.) Note that desktops
like GNOME or KDE often cover up the root background, so this won't
work for those cases. Also see the "[556]-cursor some" option for
additional kludges.
Note that as of Aug/2004 on Solaris using the SUN_OVL overlay
extension and IRIX, x11vnc can show the correct mouse cursor when the
[557]-overlay option is supplied. See [558]this FAQ for more info.
Also as of Dec/2004 XFIXES X extension support has been added to allow
exact extraction of the mouse cursor shape. XFIXES fixes the problem
of the cursor-shape being write-only: x11vnc can now query the X
server for the current shape and send it back to the connected
viewers. XFIXES is available on recent Linux Xorg based distros and
[559]Solaris 10.
The only XFIXES issue is the handling of alpha channel transparency in
cursors. If a cursor has any translucency then in general it must be
approximated to opaque RGB values for use in VNC. There are some
situations where the cursor transparency can also handled exactly:
when the VNC Viewer requires the cursor shape be drawn into the VNC
framebuffer or if you apply a patch to your VNC Viewer to extract
hidden alpha channel data under 32bpp. [560]Details can be found here.
Q-80: When using XFIXES cursorshape mode, some of the cursors look
really bad with extra black borders around the cursor and other cruft.
How can I improve their appearance?
This happens for cursors with transparency ("alpha channel"); regular
X cursors (bitmaps) should be correct. Unfortunately x11vnc 0.7 was
released with a very poor algorithm for approximating the
transparency, which led to the ugly black borders.
The problem is as follows: XFIXES allows x11vnc to retrieve the
current X server cursor shape, including the alpha channel for
transparency. For traditional bitmap cursors the alpha value will be 0
for completely transparent pixels and 255 for completely opaque
pixels; whereas for modern, eye-candy cursors an alpha value between 0
and 255 means to blend in the background colors to that degree with
the cursor colors. The pixel color blending formula is something like
this: Red = Red_cursor * a + Red_background * (1 - a), (where here 0
=< a =< 1), with similar for Green and Blue. The VNC protocol does not
currently support an alpha channel in cursors: it only supports
regular X bitmap cursors and Rich Cursors that have RGB (Red, Green,
Blue) color data, but no "A" = alpha data. So in general x11vnc has to
approximate a cursor with transparency to create a Rich Cursor. This
is easier said than done: some cursor themes have cursors with
complicated drop shadows and other forms of translucency.
Anyway, for the x11vnc 0.7.1 release the algorithm for approximating
transparency is much improved and hopefully gives decent cursor shapes
for most cursor themes and you don't have to worry about it.
In case it still looks bad for your cursor theme, there are (of
course!) some tunable parameters. The "[561]-alphacut n" option lets
you set the threshold "n" (between 0 and 255): cursor pixels with
alpha values below n will be considered completely transparent while
values equal to or above n will be completely opaque. The default is
240. The "[562]-alphafrac f" option tries to correct individual
cursors that did not fare well with the default -alphacut value: if a
cursor has less than fraction f (between 0.0 and 1.0) of its pixels
selected by the default -alphacut, the threshold is lowered until f of
its pixels are selected. The default fraction is 0.33.
Finally, there is an option [563]-alpharemove that is useful for
themes where many cursors are light colored (e.g. "whiteglass".)
XFIXES returns the cursor data with the RGB values pre-multiplied by
the alpha value. If the white cursors look too grey, specify
-alpharemove to brighten them by having x11vnc divide out the alpha
value.
One user played with these parameters and reported back:
Of the cursor themes present on my system:
gentoo and gentoo-blue: alphacut:192 - noalpharemove
gentoo-silver: alphacut:127 and alpharemove
whiteglass and redglass (presumably also handhelds, which is based
heavily on redglass) look fine with the apparent default of alphacut:255.
Q-81: In XFIXES mode, are there any hacks to handle cursor
transparency ("alpha channel") exactly?
As of Jan/2005 libvncserver has been modified to allow an alpha
channel (i.e. RGBA data) for Rich Cursors. So x11vnc can now send the
alpha channel data to libvncserver. However, this data will only be
used for VNC clients that do not support the CursorShapeUpdates VNC
extension (or have disabled it.) It can be disabled for all clients
with the [564]-nocursorshape x11vnc option. In this case the cursor is
drawn, correctly blended with the background, into the VNC framebuffer
before being sent out to the client. So the alpha blending is done on
the x11vnc side. Use the [565]-noalphablend option to disable this
behavior (always approximate transparent cursors with opaque RGB
values.)
The CursorShapeUpdates VNC extension complicates matters because the
cursor shape is sent to the VNC viewers supporting it, and the viewers
draw the cursor locally. This improves response over slow links. Alpha
channel data for these locally drawn cursors is not supported by the
VNC protocol.
However, in the libvncserver CVS there is a patch to the TightVNC
viewer to make this work for CursorShapeUpdates under some
circumstances. This hack is outside of the VNC protocol. It requires
the screens on both sides to be depth 24 at 32bpp (it uses the extra 8
bits to secretly hide the cursor alpha channel data.) Not only does it
require depth 24 at 32bpp, but it also currently requires the client
and server to be of the same endianness (otherwise the hidden alpha
data gets reset to zero by a libvncserver translation function; we can
fix this at some point if there is interest.) The patch is for the
TightVNC 1.3dev5 Unix vncviewer and it enables the TightVNC viewer to
do the cursor alpha blending locally. The patch code should give an
example on how to change the Windows TightVNC viewer to achieve the
same thing (send me the patch if you get that working.)
This patch is applied to the [566]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC)
package we provide.
[Mouse Pointer]
Q-82: Why does the mouse arrow just stay in one corner in my
vncviewer, whereas my cursor (that does move) is just a dot?
This default takes advantage of a [567]tightvnc extension
(CursorShapeUpdates) that allows specifying a cursor image shape for
the local VNC viewer. You may disable it with the [568]-nocursor
option to x11vnc if your viewer does not have this extension.
Note: as of Aug/2004 this should be fixed: the default for
non-tightvnc viewers (or ones that do not support CursorShapeUpdates)
will be to draw the moving cursor into the x11vnc framebuffer. This
can also be disabled via -nocursor.
Q-83: Can I take advantage of the TightVNC extension to the VNC
protocol where Cursor Positions Updates are sent back to all connected
clients (i.e. passive viewers can see the mouse cursor being moved
around by another viewer)?
Use the [569]-cursorpos option when starting x11vnc. A VNC viewer must
support the Cursor Positions Updates for the user to see the mouse
motions (the TightVNC viewers support this.) As of Aug/2004 -cursorpos
is the default. See also [570]-nocursorpos and [571]-nocursorshape.
Q-84: Is it possible to swap the mouse buttons (e.g. left-handed
operation), or arbitrarily remap them? How about mapping button clicks
to keystrokes, e.g. to partially emulate Mouse wheel scrolling?
You can remap the mouse buttons via something like: [572]-buttonmap
13-31 (or perhaps 12-21.) Also, note that xmodmap(1) lets you directly
adjust the X server's button mappings, but in some circumstances it
might be more desirable to have x11vnc do it.
One user had an X server with only one mouse button(!) and was able to
map all of the VNC client mouse buttons to it via: -buttonmap 123-111.
Note that the [573]-debug_pointer option prints out much info for
every mouse/pointer event and is handy in solving problems.
To map mouse button clicks to keystrokes you can use the alternate
format where the keystrokes are enclosed between colons like this
:<KeySym>: in place of the mouse button digit. For a sequence of
keysyms separate them with "+" signs. Look in the include file
<X11/keysymdef.h>, or use xev(1), or -debug_keyboard to find the
keysym names. Button clicks can also be included in the sequence via
the fake keysyms Button1, etc.
As an example, suppose the VNC viewer machine has a mouse wheel (these
generate button 4 and 5 events), but the machine that x11vnc is run on
only has the 3 regular buttons. In normal operation x11vnc will
discard the button 4 and 5 events. However, either of the following
button maps could possibly be of use emulating the mouse wheel events
in this case:
-buttonmap 12345-123:Prior::Next:
-buttonmap 12345-123:Up+Up+Up::Down+Down+Down:
Exactly what keystroke "scrolling" events they should be bound to
depends on one's taste. If this method is too approximate, one could
consider not using [574]-buttonmap but rather configuring the X server
to think it has a mouse with 5 buttons even though the physical mouse
does not. (e.g. 'Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5"'.)
Note that when a keysym-mapped mouse button is clicked down this
immediately generates the key-press and key-release events (for each
keysym in turn if the mapping has a sequence of keysyms.) When the
mouse button goes back up nothing is generated.
If you include modifier keys like Shift_L instead of key-press
immediately followed by key-release the state of the modifier key is
toggled (however the initial state of the modifier key is ignored.) So
to map the right button to type my name 'Karl Runge' I could use this:
-buttonmap 3-:Shift_L+k+Shift_L+a+r+l+space+Shift_L+r+Shift_L+u+n+g+e:
(yes, this is getting a little silly.)
BTW, Coming the other way around, if the machine you are sitting at
does not have a mouse wheel, but the remote machine does (or at least
has 5 buttons configured), this key remapping can be useful:
-remap Super_R-Button4,Menu-Button5
you just tap those two keys to get the mouse wheel scrolls (this is
more useful than the Up and Down arrow keys because a mouse wheel
"click" usually gives a multi-line scroll.)
[Keyboard Issues]
Q-85: How can I get my AltGr and Shift modifiers to work between
keyboards for different languages?
The option [575]-modtweak should help here. It is a mode that monitors
the state of the Shift and AltGr Modifiers and tries to deduce the
correct keycode to send, possibly by sending fake modifier key presses
and releases in addition to the actual keystroke.
Update: As of Jul/2004 -modtweak is now the default (use -nomodtweak
to get the old behavior.) This was done because it was noticed on
newer XFree86 setups even on bland "us" keyboards like "pc104 us"
XFree86 included a "ghost" key with both "<" and ">" it. This key does
not exist on the keyboard (see [576]this FAQ for more info.) Without
-modtweak there was then an ambiguity in the reverse map keysym =>
keycode, making it so the "<" symbol could not be typed.
Also see the [577]FAQ about the -xkb option for a more powerful method
of modifier tweaking for use on X servers with the XKEYBOARD
extension.
When trying to resolve keyboard mapping problems, note that the
[578]-debug_keyboard option prints out much info for every keystroke
and so can be useful debugging things.
Note that one user had a strange setup and none of the above helped.
His solution was to disable all of the above and use [579]-nomodtweak.
This is the simplest form of keystroke insertion and it actually
solved the problem. Try it if the other options don't help.
Q-86: When I try to type a "<" (i.e. less than) instead I get ">"
(i.e. greater than)! Strangely, typing ">" works OK!!
Does your keyboard have a single key with both "<" and ">" on it? Even
if it doesn't, your X server may think your keyboard has such a key
(e.g. pc105 in the XF86Config file when it should be something else,
say pc104.)
Short Cut: Try the [580]-xkb or [581]-sloppy_keys options and see if
that helps the situation. The discussion below is a bit outdated (e.g.
[582]-modtweak is now the default) but it is useful reference for
various tricks and so is kept.
The problem here is that on the Xserver where x11vnc is run there are
two keycodes that correspond to the "<" keysym. Run something like
this to see:
xmodmap -pk | egrep -i 'KeyCode|less|greater'
There are 4 KeySyms per KeyCode; KeyCodes range from 8 to 255.
KeyCode Keysym (Keysym) ...
59 0x002c (comma) 0x003c (less)
60 0x002e (period) 0x003e (greater)
94 0x003c (less) 0x003e (greater)
That keycode 94 is the special key with both "<" and ">". When x11vnc
receives the "<" keysym over the wire from the remote VNC client, it
unfortunately maps it to keycode 94 instead of 59, and sends 94 to the
X server. Since Shift is down (i.e. you are Shifting the comma key),
the X server interprets this as Shifted-94, which is ">".
A workaround in the X server configuration is to "deaden" that special
key:
xmodmap -e "keycode 94 = "
However, one user said he had to do this:
xmodmap -e "keycode 94 = 0x002c 0x003c"
(If the numerical values are different for your setup, substitute the
ones that correspond to your display. The above xmodmap scheme can
often be used to work around other ambiguous keysym to keycode
mappings.)
Alternatively, here are some x11vnc options to try to work around the
problem:
-modtweak
and
-remap less-comma
These are convenient in that they do not modify the actual X server
settings. The former ([583]-modtweak) is a mode that monitors the
state of the Shift and AltGr modifiers and tries to deduce the correct
keycode sequence to send. Since Jul/2004 -modtweak is now the default.
The latter ([584]-remap less-comma) is an immediate remapping of the
keysym less to the keysym comma when it comes in from a client (so
when Shift is down the comma press will yield "<".)
See also the [585]FAQ about the -xkb option as a possible workaround
using the XKEYBOARD extension.
Note that the [586]-debug_keyboard option prints out much info for
every keystroke to aid debugging keyboard problems.
Q-87: Extra Character Inserted, E.g.: When I try to type a "<" (i.e.
less than) instead I get "<," (i.e. an extra comma.)
This is likely because you press "Shift" then "<" but then released
the Shift key before releasing the "<". Because of a [587]keymapping
ambiguity the last event "< up" is interpreted as "," because that key
unshifted is the comma.
This extra character insertion will happen for other combinations of
characters: in general it can happen whenever the Shift key is
released early.
This should not happen in [588]-xkb mode, because it works hard to
resolve the ambiguities. If you do not want to use -xkb, try the
option [589]-sloppy_keys to attempt a similar type of algorithm.
One user had this problem for Italian and German keyboards with the
key containing ":" and "." When he typed ":" he would get an extra "."
inserted after the ":". The solution was -sloppy_keys.
Q-88: I'm using an "international" keyboard (e.g. German "de", or
Danish "dk") and the -modtweak mode works well if the VNC viewer is
run on a Unix/Linux machine with a similar keyboard. But if I run
the VNC viewer on Unix/Linux with a different keyboard (e.g. "us") or
Windows with any keyboard, I can't type some keys like: "@", "$",
"<", ">", etc. How can I fix this?
The problem with Windows is it does not seem to handle AltGr well. It
seems to fake it up by sending Control_L+Alt_R to applications. The
Windows VNC viewer sends those two down keystrokes out on the wire to
the VNC server, but when the user types the next key to get, e.g., "@"
the Windows VNC viewer sends events bringing the up the
Control_L+Alt_R keys, and then sends the "@" keysym by itself.
The Unix/Linux VNC viewer on a "us" keyboard does a similar thing
since "@" is the Shift of the "2" key. The keysyms Shift and "@" are
sent to the VNC server.
In both cases no AltGr is sent to the VNC server, but we know AltGr is
needed on the physical international keyboard to type a "@".
This all worked fine with x11vnc running with the [590]-modtweak
option (it figures out how to adjust the Modifier keys (Shift or
AltGr) to get the "@".) However it fails under recent versions of
XFree86 (and the X.org fork.) These run the XKEYBOARD extension by
default and make heavy use of it to handle international keyboards.
To make a long story short, on these newer XFree86 setups the
traditional X keymap lookup x11vnc uses is no longer accurate. x11vnc
can't find the keysym "@" anywhere in the keymapping! (even though it
is in the XKEYBOARD extended keymapping.)
How to Solve: As of Jul/2004 x11vnc has two changes:
* -modtweak (tweak Modifier keys) is now the default (use
-nomodtweak to go back to the old way)
* there is a new option -xkb to use the XKEYBOARD extension API to
do the Modifier key tweaking.
The [591]-xkb option seems to fix all of the missing keys: "@", "<",
">", etc.: it is recommended that you try it if you have this sort of
problem. Let us know if there are any remaining problems (see the next
paragraph for some known problems.) If you specify the -debug_keyboard
(aka -dk) option twice you will get a huge amount of keystroke
debugging output (send it along with any problems you report.)
Update: as of Jun/2005 x11vnc will try to automatically enable
[592]-xkb if it appears that would be beneficial (e.g. if it sees any
of "@", "<", ">", "[" and similar keys are mapped in a way that needs
the -xkb to access them.) To disable this automatic check use -noxkb.
Known problems:
* One user had to disable a "ghost" Mode_switch key that was causing
problems under -xkb. His physical AltGr key was bound to
ISO_Level3_Shift (which seems to be the XKEYBOARD way of doing
things), while there was a ghost key Mode_switch (which seems to
be obsolete) in the mapping as well. Both of these keysyms were
bound to Mod5 and x11vnc was unfortunately choosing Mode_switch.
From the x11vnc -xkb -dk -dk output it was noted that Mode_switch
was attached to keycode 93 (no physical key generates this
keycode) while ISO_Level3_Shift was attached to keycode 113. The
keycode skipping option was used to disable the ghost key:
[593]-skip_keycodes 93
* In implementing -xkb we noticed that some characters were still
not getting through, e.g. "~" and "^". This is not really an
XKEYBOARD problem. What was happening was the VNC viewer was
sending the keysyms asciitilde and asciicircum to x11vnc, but on
the X server with the international keyboard those keysyms were
not mapped to any keys. So x11vnc had to skip them (Note: as of
May/2005 they are added by default see -add_keysyms below.)
The way these characters are typically entered on international
keyboards is by "dead" (aka "mute") keys. E.g. to enter "~" at the
physical display the keysym dead_tilde is pressed and released
(this usually involves holding AltGr down while another key is
pressed) and then space is pressed. (this can also be used get
characters with the "~" symbol on top, e.g. "ã" by typing "a"
instead of space.)
What to do? In general the VNC protocol has not really solved this
problem: what should be done if the VNC viewer sends a keysym not
recognized by the VNC server side? Workarounds can possibly be
created using the [594]-remap x11vnc option:
-remap asciitilde-dead_tilde,asciicircum-dead_circumflex
etc. Use -remap filename if the list is long. Please send us your
workarounds for this problem on your keyboard. Perhaps we can have
x11vnc adjust automatically at some point. Also see the
[595]-add_keysyms option in the next paragraph.
Update: for convenience "[596]-remap DEAD" does many of these
mappings at once.
* To complement the above workaround using the [597]-remap, an
option [598]-add_keysyms was added. This option instructs x11vnc
to bind any unknown Keysyms coming in from VNC viewers to unused
Keycodes in the X server. This modifies the global state of the X
server. When x11vnc exits it removes the extra keymappings it
created. Note that the -remap mappings are applied first, right
when the Keysym is received from a VNC viewer, and only after that
would -add_keysyms, or anything else, come into play.
Update: -add_keysyms is now on by default. Use -noadd_keysyms to
disable.
Q-89: When typing I sometimes get double, triple, or more of my
keystrokes repeated. I'm sure I only typed them once, what can I do?
This may be due to an interplay between your X server's key autorepeat
delay and the extra time delays caused by x11vnc processing.
Short answer: disable key autorepeating by running the command "xset r
off" on the Xserver where x11vnc is run (restore via "xset r on") or
use the new (Jul/2004) [599]-norepeat x11vnc option. You will still
have autorepeating because that is taken care of on your VNC viewer
side.
Update: as of Dec/2004 -norepeat is now the default. Use -repeat to
disable it.
Details:
suppose you press a key DOWN and it generates changes in large regions
of the screen. The CPU and I/O work x11vnc does for the large screen
change could be longer than your X server's key autorepeat delay.
x11vnc may not get to processing the key UP event until after the
screen work is completed. The X server believes the key has been held
down all this time, and applies its autorepeat rules.
Even without inducing changes in large regions of the screen, this
problem could arise when accessing x11vnc via a dialup modem or
otherwise high latency link (e.g. > 250 ms latency.)
Look at the output of "xset q" for the "auto repeat delay" setting. Is
it low (e.g. < 300 ms)? If you turn off autorepeat completely: "xset r
off", does the problem go away?
The workaround is to manually apply "xset r off" and "xset r on" as
needed, or to use the [600]-norepeat (which has since Dec/2004 been
made the default.) Note that with X server autorepeat turned off the
VNC viewer side of the connection will (nearly always) do its own
autorepeating so there is no big loss here, unless someone is also
working at the physical display and misses his autorepeating.
Q-90: The x11vnc -norepeat mode is in effect, but I still get repeated
keystrokes!!
Are you using x11vnc to log in to an X session via display manager?
(as described in [601]this FAQ) If so, x11vnc is starting before your
session and it disables autorepeat when you connect, but then after
you log in your session startup (GNOME, KDE, ...) could be resetting
the autorepeat to be on. Or it could be something inside your desktop
trying to be helpful that decides to turn it back on.
x11vnc in -norepeat mode will by default reset autorepeat to off 2
times (to help get thru the session startup problem), but it will not
continue to battle with things turning autorepeat back on. It will
also turn autorepeat off whenever it goes from a state of zero clients
to one client. You can adjust the number of resets via "-norepeat N",
or use "-norepeat -1" to have it keep resetting it whenever autorepeat
gets turned back on when clients are connected.
In general you can manually turn autorepeating off by typing "xset r
off", or a using desktop utility/menu, or "x11vnc -R norepeat". If
something in your desktop is automatically turning it back on you
should figure out how to disable that somehow.
Q-91: After using x11vnc for a while, I find that I cannot type some
(or any) characters or my mouse clicks and drags no longer have any
effect, or they lead to strange effects. What happened?
Probably a modifier key, e.g. Control or Alt is "stuck" in a pressed
down state.
This happens for VNC in general by the following mechanism. Suppose on
the Viewer side desktop there is some hot-key to switch
desktops/rooms/spaces, etc. E.g. suppose Alt+LeftArrow moves to the
left desktop/room/space. Or suppose an Alt+hotkey combination
iconifies a window. This can leave the Alt key pressed down on the
remote side.
Consider the sequence that happens. The Alt_L key and then the
LeftArrow key go down. Since you are inside the viewer the Alt_L key
press is sent to the other side (x11vnc) and so it is pressed down in
the remote desktop as well. (by "Alt_L" we mean the Alt key on the
left-hand side of the keyboard.) Your local desktop (where the VNC
Viewer is running) then warps to the new desktop/room/space: Leaving
the Alt_L key still pressed down in the remote desktop.
If someone is sitting at the desktop, or when you return in the viewer
it may be very confusing because the Alt_L is still pressed down but
you (or the person sitting at the desktop) do not realize this.
Depending on which remote desktop (x11vnc side) is used, it can act
very strangely.
A quick workaround when you notice this is to press and release all of
the Alt, Shift, Control, Windows-Flag, modifier keys to free the
pressed one. You need to do this for both the left and right Shift,
Alt, Control, etc. keys to be sure.
Note that many VNC Viewers try to guard against this when they are
notified by the window system that the viewer app has "lost focus".
When it receives the "lost focus" event, the viewer sends VNC
Key-Release events for all modifier keys that are currently pressed
down. This does not always work, however, since it depends on how the
desktop manages these "warps". If the viewer is not notified it cannot
know it needs to release the modifiers.
You can also use the [602]-clear_mods option to try to clear all of
the modifier keys at x11vnc startup. You will still have to be careful
that you do not leave the modifier key pressed down during your
session. It is difficult to prevent this problem from occurring (short
of using [603]-remap to prevent sending all of the problem modifier
keys, which would make the destkop pretty unusable.)
During a session these x11vnc remote control commands can also help:
x11vnc -R clear_mods
x11vnc -R clear_keys
x11vnc -R clear_locks
x11vnc -R clear_all
A similar problem can occur if you accidentally press the Caps_Lock or
Num_Lock down. When these are locked on the remote side it can
sometimes lead to strange desktop behavior (e.g. cannot drag or click
on windows.) As above you may not notice this because the lock isn't
down on the local (Viewer) side. See [604]this FAQ on lock keys
problem. These options may help avoid the problem: [605]-skip_lockkeys
and [606]-capslock. See also [607]-clear_all.
Q-92: The machine where I run x11vnc has an AltGr key, but the local
machine where I run the VNC viewer does not. Is there a way I can map
a local unused key to send an AltGr? How about a Compose key as well?
Something like "[608]-remap Super_R-Mode_switch" x11vnc option may
work. Note that Super_R is the "Right Windoze(tm) Flaggie" key; you
may want to choose another. The -debug_keyboard option comes in handy
in finding keysym names (so does xev(1).)
For Compose how about "-remap Menu-Multi_key" (note that Multi_key is
the official name for Compose.) To do both at the same time: "-remap
Super_R-Mode_switch,Menu-Multi_key" or use "-remap filename" to
specify remappings from a file.
Q-93: I have a Sun machine I run x11vnc on. Its Sun keyboard has just
one Alt key labelled "Alt" and two Meta keys labelled with little
diamonds. The machine where I run the VNC viewer only has Alt keys.
How can I send a Meta keypress? (e.g. emacs needs this)
Here are a couple ideas. The first one is to simply use xmodmap(1) to
adjust the Sun X server. Perhaps xmodmap -e "keysym Alt_L = Meta_L
Alt_L" will do the trick. (there are other ways to do it, one user
used: xmodmap -e "keycode 26 = Meta_L" for his setup.)
Since xmodmap(1) modifies the X server mappings you may not want to do
this (because it affects local work on that machine.) Something like
the [609]-remap Alt_L-Meta_L to x11vnc may be sufficient for ones
needs, and does not modify the X server environment. Note that you
cannot send Alt_L in this case, maybe -remap Super_L-Meta_L would be a
better choice if the Super_L key is typically unused in Unix.
Q-94: Running x11vnc on HP-UX I cannot type "#" I just get a "3"
instead.
One user reports this problem on HP-UX Rel_B.11.23. The problem was
traced to a strange keyboard mapping for the machine (e.g. xmodmap -pk
output) that looked like:
...
039 2 at at at
...
047 3 numbersign numbersign numbersign
and similar triple mappings (with two in the AltGr/Mode_switch group)
of a keysum to a single keycode.
Use the [610]-nomodtweak option as a workaround. You can also use
xmodmap to correct these mappings in the server, e.g.:
xmodmap -e "keycode 47 = 3 numbersign"
Also, as of Feb/2007, set the environment variable MODTWEAK_LOWEST=1
(either in your shell or via "-env MODTWEAK_LOWEST=1" option) to
handle these mappings better.
Q-95: Can I map a keystroke to a mouse button click on the remote
machine?
This can be done directly in some X servers using AccessX and
Pointer_EnableKeys, but is a bit awkward. It may be more convenient to
have x11vnc do the remapping. This can be done via the [611]-remap
option using the fake "keysyms" Button1, Button2, etc. as the "to"
keys (i.e. the ones after the "-")
As an example, consider a laptop where the VNC viewer is run that has
a touchpad with only two buttons. It is difficult to do a middle
button "paste" because (using XFree86/Xorg Emulate3Buttons) you have
to click both buttons on the touch pad at the same time. This
remapping:
[612]-remap Super_R-Button2
maps the Super_R "flag" key press to the Button2 click, thereby making
X pasting a bit easier.
Note that once the key goes down, the button down and button up events
are generated immediately on the x11vnc side. When the key is released
(i.e. goes up) no events are generated.
Q-96: How can I get Caps_Lock to work between my VNC viewer and
x11vnc?
This is a little tricky because it is possible to get the Caps_Lock
state out of sync between your viewer-side machine and the x11vnc-side
X server. For best results, we recommend not ever letting the
Caps_Lock keypresses be processed by x11vnc. That way when you press
Caps_Lock in the viewer your local machine goes into the Caps_Lock on
state and sends keysym "A" say when you press "a". x11vnc will then
fake things up so that Shift is held down to generate "A". The
[613]-skip_lockkeys option should help to accomplish this. For finer
grain control use something like: "[614]-remap Caps_Lock-None".
Also try the [615]-nomodtweak and [616]-capslock options.
Another useful option that turns off any Lock keys on the remote side
at startup and end is the [617]-clear_all option. During a session you
can run these remote control commands to modify the Lock keys:
x11vnc -R clear_locks
x11vnc -R clear_all
the former will try to unset any Lock keys, the latter will do same
and also try to make it so no key is pressed down (e.g. "stuck" Alt_L,
etc.)
[Screen Related Issues and Features]
Q-97: The remote display is larger (in number of pixels) than the
local display I am running the vncviewer on. I don't like the
vncviewer scrollbars, what I can do?
vncviewer has a option (usually accessible via F8 key or -fullscreen
option) for vncviewer to run in full screen, where it will
automatically scroll when the mouse is near the edge of the current
view. For quick scrolling, also make sure Backing Store is enabled on
the machine vncviewer is run on. (XFree86/Xorg disables it by default
for some reason, add Option "backingstore" to XF86Config on the
vncviewer side.)
BTW, contact me if you are having problems with vncviewer in
fullscreen mode with your window manager (i.e. no keyboard response.)
I have a workaround for vncviewer using XGrabServer().
There may also be scaling viewers out there (e.g. TightVNC or UltraVNC
on Windows) that automatically shrink or expand the remote framebuffer
to fit the local display. Especially for hand-held devices. See also
[618]the next FAQ on x11vnc scaling.
Q-98: Does x11vnc support server-side framebuffer scaling? (E.g. to
make the desktop smaller.)
As of Jun/2004 x11vnc provides basic server-side scaling. It is a
global scaling of the desktop, not a per-client setting. To enable it
use the "[619]-scale fraction" option. "fraction" can either be a
floating point number (e.g. -scale 0.75) or the alternative m/n
fraction notation (e.g. -scale 3/4.) Note that if fraction is greater
than one the display is magnified.
Extra resources (CPU, memory I/O, and memory) are required to do the
scaling. If the machine is slow where x11vnc is run with scaling
enabled, the interactive response can be unacceptable. OTOH, if run
with scaling on a fast machine the performance degradation is usually
not a big issue or even noticeable.
It may help to compile x11vnc with compiler option -O3 or -O4 to speed
up the scaling code. Set the CFLAGS env. var. before running
configure.
Also, if you just want a quick, rough "thumbnail" of the display you
can append ":nb" to the fraction to turn on "no blending" mode. E.g.:
"-scale 1/3:nb" Fonts will be difficult to read, but the larger
features will be recognizable. BTW, "no blending" mode is forced on
when scaling 8bpp PseudoColor displays (because blending an indexed
colormap is a bad idea and leads to random colors, use :fb to force it
on.)
One can also use the ":nb" with an integer scale factor (say "-scale
2:nb") to use x11vnc as a screen magnifier for vision impaired
[620]applications. Since with integer scale factors the framebuffers
become huge and scaling operations time consuming, be sure to use
":nb" for the fastest response.
In general for a scaled display if you are using a TightVNC viewer you
may want to turn off jpeg encoding (e.g. vncviewer -nojpeg host:0.)
There appears to be a noise enhancement effect, especially for regions
containing font/text: the scaling can introduce some pixel artifacts
that evidently causes the tight encoding algorithm to incorrectly
detect the regions as image data and thereby introduce additional
pixel artifacts due to the lossiness of the jpeg compression
algorithm. Experiment to see if -nojpeg vncviewer option improves the
readability of text when using -scale to shrink the display size. Also
note that scaling may actually slow down the transfer of text regions
because after being scaled they do not compress as well. (this can
often be a significant slowdown, e.g. 10X.)
Another issue is that it appears VNC viewers require the screen width
to be a multiple of 4. When scaling x11vnc will round the width to the
nearest multiple of 4. To disable this use the ":n4" sub option (like
":nb" in the previous paragraph; to specify both use a comma:
":nb,n4", etc.)
If one desires per-client scaling for something like 1:1 from a
workstation and 1:2 from a smaller device (e.g. handheld), currently
the only option is to run two (or more) x11vnc processes with
different scalings listening on separate ports ([621]-rfbport option,
etc.)
Update: As of May/2006 x11vnc also supports the UltraVNC server-side
scaling. This is a per-client scaling by factors 1/2, 1/3, ... and so
may be useful for PDA's ("-scale 1/2", etc. will give similar results
except that it applies to all clients.) You may need to supply
"-rfbversion 3.6" for this to be recognized by UltraVNC viewers.
BTW, whenever you run two or more x11vnc's on the same X display and
use the [622]GUI, then to avoid all of the x11vnc's simultaneously
answering the gui you will need to use something like [623]"-connect
file1 -gui ..." with different connect files for each x11vnc you want
to control via the gui (or remote-control.) The "-connect file1" usage
gives separate communication channels between a x11vnc process and the
gui process. Otherwise they all share the same X property channels:
VNC_CONNECT and X11VNC_REMOTE.
Update: As of Mar/2005 x11vnc now scales the mouse cursor with the
same scale factor as the screen. If you don't want that, use the
[624]"-scale_cursor frac" option to set the cursor scaling to a
different factor (e.g. use "-scale_cursor 1" to keep the cursor at its
natural unscaled size.)
Q-99: Does x11vnc work with Xinerama? (i.e. multiple monitors joined
together to form one big, single screen.)
Yes, it should generally work because it simply polls the big
effective screen.
If the viewing-end monitor is not as big as the remote Xinerama
display, then the vncviewer scrollbars, etc, will have to be used to
pan across the large area. However one user started two x11vnc's, one
with "-clip 1280x1024+0+0" and the other with "-clip 1280x1024+1280+0"
to split the big screen into two and used two VNC viewers to access
them.
As of Jun/2008: Use "-clip xinerama0" to clip to the first xinerama
sub-screen (if xinerama is active.) xinerama1 for the 2nd sub-screen,
etc. This way you don't need to figure out the WxH+X+Y of the desired
xinerama sub-screen. screens are sorted in increasing distance from
the (0,0) origin (I.e. not the Xserver's order.)
There are a couple potential issues with Xinerama however. If the
screen is not rectangular (e.g. 1280x1024 and 1024x768 monitors joined
together), then there will be "non-existent" areas on the screen. The
X server will return "garbage" image data for these areas and so they
may be distracting to the viewer. The [625]-blackout x11vnc option
allows you to blacken-out rectangles by manually specifying their
WxH+X+Y geometries. If your system has the libXinerama library, the
[626]-xinerama x11vnc option can be used to have it automatically
determine the rectangles to be blackened out. (Note on 8bpp
PseudoColor displays the fill color may not be black.) Update:
[627]-xinerama is now on by default.
Some users have reported that the mouse does not behave properly for
their Xinerama display: i.e. the mouse cannot be moved to all regions
of the large display. If this happens try using the [628]-xwarppointer
option. This instructs x11vnc to fake mouse pointer motions using the
XWarpPointer function instead of the XTestFakeMotionEvent XTEST
function. (This may be due to a bug in the X server for XTEST when
Xinerama is enabled.) Update: As of Dec/2006 [629]-xwarppointer will
be applied automatically if Xinerama is detected. To disable use:
-noxwarppointer
Q-100: Can I use x11vnc on a multi-headed display that is not Xinerama
(i.e. separate screens :0.0, :0.1, ... for each monitor)?
You can, but it is a little bit awkward: you must start separate
x11vnc processes for each screen, and on the viewing end start up
separate VNC viewer processes connecting to them. e.g. on the remote
end:
x11vnc -display :0.0 -bg -q -rfbport 5900
x11vnc -display :0.1 -bg -q -rfbport 5901
(this could be automated in the display manager Xsetup for example)
and then on the local machine where you are sitting:
vncviewer somehost:0 &
vncviewer somehost:1 &
Note: if you are running on Solaris 8 or earlier you can easily hit up
against the maximum of 6 shm segments per process (for Xsun in this
case) from running multiple x11vnc processes. You should modify
/etc/system as mentioned in another [630]FAQ to increase the limit. It
is probably also a good idea to run with the [631]-onetile option in
this case (to limit each x11vnc to 3 shm segments), or even
[632]-noshm to use no shm segments.
Q-101: Can x11vnc show only a portion of the display? (E.g. for a
special purpose application or a very large screen.)
As of Mar/2005 x11vnc has the "[633]-clip WxH+X+Y" option to select a
rectangle of width W, height H and offset (X, Y). Thus the VNC screen
will be the clipped sub-region of the display and be only WxH in size.
One user used -clip to split up a large [634]Xinerama screen into two
more managable smaller screens.
This also works to view a sub-region of a single application window if
the [635]-id or [636]-sid options are used. The offset is measured
from the upper left corner of the selected window.
Q-102: Does x11vnc support the XRANDR (X Resize, Rotate and
Reflection) extension? Whenever I rotate or resize the screen x11vnc
just seems to crash.
As of Dec/2004 x11vnc supports XRANDR. You enable it with the
[637]-xrandr option to make x11vnc monitor XRANDR events and also trap
X server errors if the screen change occurred in the middle of an X
call like XGetImage. Once it traps the screen change it will create a
new framebuffer using the new screen.
If the connected vnc viewers support the NewFBSize VNC extension
(Windows TightVNC viewer and RealVNC 4.0 windows and Unix viewers do)
then the viewer will automatically resize. Otherwise, the new
framebuffer is fit as best as possible into the original viewer size
(portions of the screen may be clipped, unused, etc.) For these
viewers you can try the [638]-padgeom option to make the region big
enough to hold all resizes and rotations. We have fixed this problem
for the TightVNC Viewer on Unix: [639]SSVNC
If you specify "-xrandr newfbsize" then vnc viewers that do not
support NewFBSize will be disconnected before the resize. If you
specify "-xrandr exit" then all will be disconnected and x11vnc will
terminate.
Q-103: Independent of any XRANDR, can I have x11vnc rotate and/or
reflect the screen that the VNC viewers see? (e.g. for a handheld
whose screen is rotated 90 degrees.)
As of Jul/2006 there is the [640]-rotate option allow this. E.g's:
"-rotate +90", "-rotate -90", "-rotate x", etc.
Q-104: Why is the view in my VNC viewer completely black? Or why is
everything flashing around randomly?
See the next FAQ for a possible explanation.
Q-105: I use Linux Virtual Consoles (VC's) to implement 'Fast User
Switching' between users' sessions (e.g. Betty is on Ctrl-Alt-F7,
Bobby is on Ctrl-Alt-F8, and Sid is on Ctrl-Alt-F1: they use those
keystrokes to switch between their sessions.) How come the view in a
VNC viewer connecting to x11vnc is either completely black or
otherwise all messed up unless the X session x11vnc is attached to is
in the active VC?
This seems to have to do with how applications (the X server processes
in this case) must "play nicely" if they are not on the active VC
(sometimes called VT for virtual terminal.) That is, they should not
read from the keyboard or mouse or manage the video display unless
they have the active VC. Given that it appears the XGetImage() call
must ultimately retrieve the framebuffer data from the video hardware
itself, it would make sense x11vnc's polling wouldn't work unless the
X session had active control of the VC.
There does not seem to be an easy way to work around this. Even xwd(1)
doesn't work in this case (try it.) Something would need to be done at
a lower level, say in the XFree86/Xorg X server. Also, using the
Shadow Framebuffer (a copy of the video framebuffer is kept in main
memory) does not appear to fix the problem.
If no one is sitting at the workstation and you just want to remotely
switch the VC over to the one associated with your X session (so
x11vnc can poll it correctly), one can use the chvt(1) command, e.g.
"chvt 7" for VC #7.
Q-106: I am using x11vnc where my local machine has "popup/hidden
taskbars" and the remote display where x11vnc runs also has
"popup/hidden taskbars" and they interfere and fight with each other.
What can I do?
When you move the mouse to the edge of the screen where the popups
happen, the taskbars interfere with each other in strange ways. This
sometimes happens where the local machine is GNOME or Mac OS X and the
remote machine is GNOME. Is there a way to temporarily disable one or
both of these magic desktop taskbars?
One x11vnc user suggests: it should be straightforward to right mouse
click on the task bar panel, and uncheck "enable auto-hide" from the
panel properties dialog box. This will make the panel always visible.
Q-107: Help! x11vnc and my KDE screensaver keep switching each other
on and off every few seconds.
This is a new (Jul/2006) problem seen, say, on the version of KDE that
is shipped with SuSE 10.1. It is not yet clear what is causing this...
If you move the mouse through x11vnc the screensaver shuts off like it
should but then a second or two after you stop moving the mouse the
screensaver snaps back on.
This may be a bug in kdesktop_lock. For now the only workaround is to
disable the screensaver. You can try using another one such as
straight xscreensaver (see the instructions [641]here for how to
disable kdesktop_lock.) If you have more info on this or see it
outside of KDE please let us know.
Update: It appears this is due to kdesktop_lock enabling the screen
saver when the Monitor is in DPMS low-power state (e.g. standby,
suspend, or off.) In Nov/2006 the x11vnc [642]-nodpms option was added
as a workaround. Normally it is a good thing that the monitor powers
down (since x11vnc can still poll the framebuffer in this state), but
if you experience the kdesktop_lock problem you can specify the
"-nodpms" option to keep the Monitor out of low power state while VNC
clients are connected. This is basically the same as typing "xset dpms
force on" periodically. (if you don't want to do these things just
disable the screensaver.) Feel free to file a bug against
kdesktop_lock with KDE.
Q-108: I am running the beryl 3D window manager (or compiz, MythTv,
Google Earth, or some other OpenGL app) and I do not get screen
updates in x11vnc.
This appears to be because the 3D OpenGL/GLX hardware screen updates
do not get reported via the XDAMAGE mechanism. So this is a bug in
[643]beryl/compiz or XDAMAGE/Xorg or the (possibly 3rd party) video
card driver.
As a workaround apply the [644]-noxdamage option. As of Feb/2007
x11vnc will try to autodetect the problem and disable XDAMAGE if is
appears to be missing a lot of updates. But if you know you are using
beryl you might as well always supply -noxdamage. Thanks to [645]this
user who reported the problem and discovered the workaround.
A developer for [646]MiniMyth reports that the 'alphapulse' tag of the
theme G.A.N.T. can also cause problems, and should be avoided when
using VNC.
Please report a bug or complaint to Beryl/Compiz and/or Xorg about
this: running x11vnc with -noxdamage disables a nice improvement in
responsiveness (especially for typing) and also leads to unnecessary
CPU and memory I/O load due to the extra polling.
Q-109: Can I use x11vnc to view my VMWare session remotely?
Yes, since VMWare usually runs as an X application you can view it via
x11vnc in the normal way.
Note that VMWare has several viewing modes:
* Normal X application window (with window manager frame)
* Quick-Switch mode (with no window manager frame)
* Fullscreen mode
The way VMWare does Fullscreen mode on Linux is to display the Guest
desktop in a separate Virtual Console (e.g. VC 8) (see [647]this FAQ
on VC's for background.) Unfortunately, this Fullscreen VC is not an X
server. So x11vnc cannot access it (however, [648]see this discussion
of -rawfb for a possible workaround.) x11vnc works fine with "Normal X
application window" and "Quick-Switch mode" because these use X.
Update: It appears the in VMWare 5.x the Fullscreen mode is X, so
x11vnc access does work.
One user reports he left his machine with VMWare in the Fullscreen
mode, and even though his X session wasn't in the active VC, he could
still connect x11vnc to the X session and pass the keystrokes Ctrl-Alt
(typing "blind") to the VMWare X app. This induced VMWare to switch
out of Fullscreen into Normal X mode and he could continue working in
the Guest desktop remotely.
Aside: Sometimes it is convenient (for performance, etc.) to start
VMWare in its own X session using startx(1). This can be used to have
a minimal window manger (e.g. twm or even no window manager), to
improve response. One can also cut the display depth (e.g. to 16bpp)
in this 2nd X session to improve video performance. This 2nd X session
emulates Fullscreen mode to some degree and can be viewed via x11vnc
as long as the VMWare X session [649]is in the active VC.
Also note that with a little bit of playing with "xwininfo -all
-children" output one can extract the (non-toplevel) window-id of the
of the Guest desktop only when VMWare is running as a normal X
application. Then one can export just the guest desktop (i.e. without
the VMWare menu buttons) by use of the [650]-id windowid option. The
caveats are the X session VMWare is in must be in the active VC and
the window must be fully visible, so this mode is not terribly
convenient, but could be useful in some circumstances (e.g. running
VMWare on a very powerful server machine in a server room that happens
to have a video card, (but need not have a monitor, Keyboard or
mouse).)
[Exporting non-X11 devices via VNC]
Q-110: Can non-X devices (e.g. a raw framebuffer) be viewed (and even
controlled) via VNC with x11vnc?
As of Apr/2005 there is support for this. Two options were added:
"[651]-rawfb string" (to indicate the raw frame buffer device, file,
etc. and its parameters) and "[652]-pipeinput command" (to provide an
external program that will inject or otherwise process mouse and
keystroke input.) Some useful [653]-pipeinput schemes, VID, CONSOLE,
and UINPUT, have since been built into x11vnc for convenience.
This non-X mode for x11vnc is somewhat experimental because it is so
removed in scope from the intended usage of the tool. Incomplete
attempt is made to make all of the other options consistent with non-X
framebuffer polling. So all of the X-related options (e.g.
-add_keysyms, -xkb) are just ignored or may cause an error if used. Be
careful applying such an option via remote control.
The format for the -rawfb string is:
-rawfb <type>:<object>@<W>x<H>x<bpp>[-<BPL>][:<R>/<G>/<B>][+<offset>]
There are also some useful aliases (e.g. "console".) Some examples:
-rawfb shm:210337933@800x600x32:ff/ff00/ff0000
-rawfb map:/dev/fb0@1024x768x16
-rawfb map:/tmp/Xvfb_screen0@640x480x8+3232
-rawfb file:/tmp/my.pnm@250x200x24+37
-rawfb file:/dev/urandom@128x128x8
-rawfb snap:/dev/video0@320x240x24 -24to32
-rawfb console
-rawfb vt2
-rawfb video
-rawfb setup:mycmd.sh
So the type can be "shm" for shared memory objects, and "map" or
"file" for file objects. "map" uses mmap(2) to map the file into
memory and is preferred over "file" (that uses the slower lseek(2)
access method.) Only use file if map isn't working. BTW, "mmap" is an
alias for "map" and if you do not supply a type and the file exists,
map is assumed (see the -help output and below for some exceptions to
this.) The "snap:" setting applies the [654]-snapfb option with
"file:" type reading (this is useful for exporting webcams or TV tuner
video; see [655]the next FAQ for more info.)
Also, if the string is of the form "setup:cmd" then cmd is run and the
first line of its output retrieved and used as the rawfb string. This
allows initializing the device, determining WxHxB, etc.
The object will be the numerical shared memory id for the case of shm.
The idea here is some other program has created this shared memory
segment and periodically updates it with new framebuffer data. x11vnc
polls the area for changes. See shmat(2) and ipcs(8) for more info.
The ipcs command will list current shared memory segments on the
system. Sometimes you can snoop on a program's framebuffer it did not
expect you would be polling!
The object will be the path to the regular or character special file
for the cases of map and file. The idea here is that in the case of a
regular file some other program is writing/updating framebuffer image
data to it. In the case of a character special (e.g. /dev/fb0) it is
the kernel that is "updating" the framebuffer data.
In most cases x11vnc needs to be told the width, height, and number of
bits per pixel (bpp) of the framebuffer. This is the @WxHxB field. For
the case of the Linux framebuffer device, /dev/fb0, the fbset(8) may
be of use (but may not always be accurate for what is currently
viewable.) In general some guessing may be required, especially for
the bpp. Update: in "-rawfb console" mode x11vnc will use the linuxfb
API to try to guess (it is still not always accurate.) Also try
"-rawfb vtN" for the N-th Linux text console (aka virtual terminal.)
If the number of Bytes Per Line is not WxHxB/8 (i.e. the framebuffer
lines are padded) you can specify this information after WxHxB via
"-BPL", e.g. @800x600x16-2048
Based on the bpp x11vnc will try to guess the red, green, and blue
masks (these indicate which bits correspond to each color.) It if gets
it wrong you can specify them manually via the optional ":R/G/B"
field. E.g. ":0xff0000/0x00ff00/0x0000ff" (this is the default for
32bpp.)
Finally, the framebuffer may not begin at the beginning of the memory
object, so use the optional "+offset" parameter to indicate where the
framebuffer information starts. So as an example, the Xvfb virtual
framebuffer has options -shmem and -fbdir for exporting its virtual
screen to either shm or a mapped file. The format of these is XWD and
so the initial header should be skipped. BTW, since XWD is not
strictly RGB the view will only be approximate, but usable. Of course
for the case of Xvfb x11vnc can poll it much better via the [656]X
API, but you get the idea.
By default in -rawfb mode x11vnc will actually close any X display it
happened to open. This is basically to shake out bugs (e.g it will
crash rather than mysteriously interacting with the X display.) If you
want x11vnc to keep the X display open while polling the raw
framebuffer prefix a "+" sign at the beginning of the string (e.g.
+file:/dev/urandom@64x64x8) This could be convenient for keeping the
remote control channel active (it uses X properties.) The "-connect
/path/to/file" mechanism could also be used for remote control to
avoid the X property channel. Rare usage, but if you also supply
-noviewonly in this "+" mode then the mouse and keyboard input are
still sent to the X display, presumably for doing something amusing
with /dev/fb...
Interesting Devices:. Here are some aliases for interesting device
files that can be polled via -rawfb:
-rawfb console /dev/fb0 Linux Console
-rawfb vt2 /dev/vcsa2 Linux Console (e.g. virtual ter
minal #2)
-rawfb video /dev/video0 Video4Linux Capture device
-rawfb rand /dev/urandom Random Bytes
-rawfb null /dev/zero Zero Bytes (black screen)
The Linux console, /dev/fb0, etc needs to have its driver enabled in
the kernel. Some of the drivers are video card specific and
accelerated. The console is either the Text consoles (usually
tty1-tty6), or X graphical display (usually starting at tty7.) In
addition to the text console other graphical ones may be viewed and
interacted with as well, e.g. DirectFB or SVGAlib apps, VMWare non-X
fullscreen, or [657]Qt-embedded apps (PDAs/Handhelds.) By default the
pipeinput mechanisms UINPUT and CONSOLE (keystrokes only) are
automatically attempted in this mode under "-rawfb console".
The Video4Linux Capture device, /dev/video0, etc is either a Webcam or
a TV capture device and needs to have its driver enabled in the
kernel. See [658]this FAQ for details. If specified via "-rawfb Video"
then the pipeinput method "VID" is applied (it lets you change video
parameters dynamically via keystrokes.)
The last two, /dev/urandom and /dev/zero are just for fun, but are
also useful in testing.
All of the above [659]-rawfb options are just for viewing the raw
framebuffer (although some of the aliases do imply keystroke and mouse
pipeinput methods.) That may be enough for certain applications of
this feature (e.g. suppose a [660]video camera mapped its framebuffer
into memory and you just wanted to look at it via VNC.)
To handle the pointer and keyboard input from the viewer users the
"-pipeinput cmd" option was added to indicate a helper program to
process the user input. The input is streamed to it and looks
something like this:
Pointer 1 205 257 0 None
Pointer 1 198 253 0 None
Pointer 1 198 253 1 ButtonPress-1
Pointer 1 198 253 0 ButtonRelease-1
Pointer 1 198 252 0 None
Keysym 1 1 119 w KeyPress
Keysym 1 0 119 w KeyRelease
Keysym 1 1 65288 BackSpace KeyPress
Keysym 1 0 65288 BackSpace KeyRelease
Keysym 1 1 112 p KeyPress
Keysym 1 0 112 p KeyRelease
Run "-pipeinput tee:/bin/cat" to get a description of the format. Note
that the -pipeinput option is independent of -rawfb mode and so may
have some other interesting uses. The "tee:" prefix means x11vnc will
both process the user input and pipe it to the command. The default is
to just pipe it to the -pipeinput command.
Note the -pipeinput helper program could actually control the raw
framebuffer. In the libvncserver CVS a simple example program
x11vnc/misc/slide.pl is provided that demonstrates a simple jpeg
"slideshow" application. Also the builtin "-pipeinput VID" mode does
this for webcams and TV capture devices (/dev/video0.)
The -pipeinput program is run with these environment variables set:
X11VNC_PID, X11VNC_PROG, X11VNC_CMDLINE, X11VNC_RAWFB_STR to aid its
knowing what is up.
Another example provided in libvncserver CVS is a script to inject
keystrokes into the Linux console (e.g. the virtual consoles:
/dev/tty1, /dev/tty2, etc) in x11vnc/misc/vcinject.pl. It is based on
the vncterm/LinuxVNC.c program also in the libvncserver CVS. So to
view and interact with VC #2 (assuming it is the [661]active VC) one
can run something like:
x11vnc -rawfb map:/dev/fb0@1024x768x16 -pipeinput './vcinject.pl 2'
This assumes your Linux framebuffer device (/dev/fb0) is properly
configured. See fbset(8) and other documentation. Try
"file:/dev/fb0@WxHxB" as a last resort. Starting with x11vnc 0.8.1,
the above VC injection is built in, as well as WxHxB determination.
Just use something like:
x11vnc -rawfb console
this will try to guess the active virtual console (via /dev/tty0) and
also the /dev/fb0 WxHxB and rgb masks automatically. Use, e.g.,
"-rawfb console3" to force the VT number. This input method can be
used generally via "-pipeinput CONSOLE". Also starting with x11vnc
0.8.2 the "-pipeinput UINPUT" mode is tried first (it does both
keyboard and mouse input) and then falls back to CONSOLE mode if it is
not available. Here is the -help output for this mode:
If the rawfb string begins with "console" the framebuffer device
/dev/fb0 is opened (this requires the appropriate kernel modules to
be installed) and so is /dev/tty0. The latter is used to inject
keystrokes (not all are supported, but the basic ones are.) You
will need to be root to inject keystrokes. /dev/tty0 refers to the
active VT, to indicate one explicitly, use "console2", etc. using
the VT number.
If the Linux version seems to be 2.6 or later and the "uinput"
module appears to be present, then the uinput method will be used
instead of /dev/ttyN. uinput allows insertion of BOTH keystrokes
and mouse input and so it preferred when accessing graphical (e.g.
Qt-embedded) linux console apps. See -pipeinput UINPUT below for
more information on this mode (you may want to also use the
-nodragging and -cursor none options.) Use "console0", etc or
-pipeinput CONSOLE to force the /dev/ttyN method.
Note you can change VT remotely using the chvt(1) command.
Sometimes switching out and back corrects the framebuffer state.
To skip input injecting entirely use "consolex".
The string "/dev/fb0" (1, etc) can be used instead of "console".
This can be used to specify a different framebuffer device, e.g.
/dev/fb1. As a shortcut the "/dev/" can be dropped. If the name is
something nonstandard, use "console:/dev/foofb"
If you do not want x11vnc to guess the framebuffer's WxHxB and
masks automatically (sometimes the kernel gives inaccurate
information), specify them with a @WxHxB at the end of the string.
The above is just an example of what can be done. Note that if you
really want to view and interact with the Linux Text console it is
better to use the more accurate and faster LinuxVNC program. The
advantage x11vnc -rawfb might have is that it can allow interaction
with a non-text application, e.g. one based on SVGAlib or
[662]Qt-embedded Also, for example the [663]VMWare Fullscreen mode is
actually viewable under -rawfb and can be interacted with if uinput is
enabled.
If the Linux uinput driver is available then full keystroke and mouse
input into the Linux console can be performed. You may be able to
enable uinput via commands like these:
modprobe uinput
mknod /dev/input/uinput c 10 223
The -rawfb and -pipeinput features are intended to help one creatively
"get out of a jam" (say on a legacy or embedded device) where X is
absent or doesn't work properly. Feedback and bug reports are welcome.
For more control and less overhead use libvncserver in your own C
program that passes the framebuffer to libvncserver.
Q-111: Can I export the Linux Console (Virtual Terminals) via VNC
using x11vnc?
Yes, you may need to be root to access the devices that make up the
linux console.
To access the active Linux console via the computer's framebuffer try
something like:
x11vnc -rawfb console
x11vnc -rawfb console2
These will try to access the framebuffer through /dev/fb (or /dev/fb0,
etc.) and if it succeeds it will show any text or graphics that is
currently displayed. Keystrokes will be injected via the device
/dev/tty0 (to force an explicit virtual terminal append a number, e.g.
"console2" to select /dev/tty2.)
If your Linux system does not have a framebuffer device (/dev/fb) you
can get one by adding, e.g., vga=0x31B boot parameter. This enables
the VGA framebuffer device at 1280x1024x24. 0x317 gives 1024x768x16,
etc. You can also enable a Linux framebuffer device by modprobing a
framebuffer driver specific to your video card.
Note that this "-rawfb console" mode shows the contents of the
hardware framebuffer, and so will show whatever is on the screen. It
has no concept of Virtual Terminals WRT what there is to view, it
always shows the active virtual terminal.
Another mode is specific to the Linux text Virtual Terminals, it shows
their text and colors (but no graphics) regardless of whether it is
the active VT or not. Enable this mode like this:
x11vnc -rawfb vt
x11vnc -rawfb vt2
The former will select the active one, the latter the 2nd VT. x11vnc
implements this mode by opening the current console text file
"/dev/vcsa2" instead of "/dev/fb". In this way it provides the basic
functionality of the LibVNCServer LinuxVNC program.
The vt mode can be a useful way to try to get a machine's X server
working remotely, e.g. you edit /etc/X11/xorg.conf and then type
startx (or similar, e.g. gdm) in the virtual terminal. A 2nd x11vnc
could be used to see if the X server is now working correctly.
Q-112: Can I export via VNC a Webcam or TV tuner framebuffer using
x11vnc?
Yes, this is possible to some degree with the [664]-rawfb option.
There is no X11 involved: snapshots from the video capture device are
used for the screen image data. See the [665]previous FAQ on -rawfb
for background. For best results, use x11vnc version 0.8.1 or later.
Roughly, one would do something like this:
x11vnc -rawfb snap:/dev/video@320x240x32
This requires that the system allows simple read(2) access to the
video device. This is true for video4Linux on Linux kernel 2.6 and
later (it won't work for 2.4, you'll need a separate program to
snapshot to a file that you point -rawfb to; ask me if it is not clear
what to do.)
The "snap:" enforces [666]-snapfb mode which appears to be necessary.
The read pointer for video capture devices cannot be repositioned
(which would be needed for scanline polling), but you can read a full
frame of data from the device.
On Linux, if the Video4Linux API is present or the v4l-info(1) program
(related to xawtv) exists in in PATH, then x11vnc can be instructed to
try it to determine the -rawfb WxHxB parameters for you automatically.
In this case one would just type:
x11vnc -rawfb video
or "-rawfb video1" for the 2nd video device, etc.
x11vnc has also been extended to use the Video4Linux API over v4l-info
if it is available at build time. This enables setting parameters
(e.g. size and brightness) via x11vnc. See the description below.
Without Video4Linux you will need to initialize the settings of the
video device using something like xawtv or spcaview (and then hope the
settings persist until x11vnc reopens the device.)
Many video4linux drivers tend to set the framebuffer to be 24bpp (as
opposed to 32bpp.) Since this can cause problems with VNC viewers,
etc, the [667]-24to32 option will be automatically imposed when in
24bpp.
Note that by its very nature, video capture involves rapid change in
the framebuffer. This is especially true for cameras where slight
wavering in brightness is always happening. This can lead to much
network bandwidth consumption for the VNC traffic and also local CPU
and I/O resource usage. You may want to experiment with "dialing down"
the framerate via the [668]-wait, [669]-slow_fb, or [670]-defer
options. Decreasing the window size and bpp also helps.
Setting Camera/Tuner parameters via x11vnc:
There is also some support for setting parameters of the capture
device. This is done via "-rawfb video:<settings>". This could be
useful for unattended startup at boottime, etc. Here is the -help
description:
A more sophisticated video device scheme allows initializing the
device's settings using:
-rawfb video:<settings>
The prefix could also be, as above, e.g. "video1:" to specify the
device file. The v4l API must be available for this to work.
Otherwise, you will need to try to initialize the device with an
external program, e.g. xawtv, spcaview, and hope they persist when
x11vnc re-opens the device.
<settings> is a comma separated list of key=value pairs. The
device's brightness, color, contrast, and hue can be set to
percentages, e.g. br=80,co=50,cn=44,hu=60.
The device filename can be set too if needed (if it does not start
with "video"), e.g. fn=/dev/qcam.
The width, height and bpp of the framebuffer can be set via, e.g.,
w=160,h=120,bpp=16.
Related to the bpp above, the pixel format can be set via the
fmt=XXX, where XXX can be one of: GREY, HI240, RGB555, RGB565,
RGB24, and RGB32 (with bpp 8, 8, 16, 16, 24, and 32 respectively.)
See http://www.linuxtv.org for more info (V4L api.)
For TV/rf tuner cards one can set the tuning mode via tun=XXX where
XXX can be one of PAL, NTSC, SECAM, or AUTO.
One can switch the input channel by the inp=XXX setting, where XXX
is the name of the input channel (Television, Composite1, S-Video,
etc.) Use the name that is in the information about the device that
is printed at startup.
For input channels with tuners (e.g. Television) one can change
which station is selected by the sta=XXX setting. XXX is the
station number. Currently only the ntsc-cable-us (US cable)
channels are built into x11vnc. See the -freqtab option below to
supply one from xawtv. If XXX is greater than 500, then it is
interpreted as a raw frequency in KHz.
Example:
-rawfb video:br=80,w=320,h=240,fmt=RGB32,tun=NTSC,sta=47
one might need to add inp=Television too for the input channel to
be TV if the card doesn't come up by default in that one.
Note that not all video capture devices will support all of the
above settings.
See the -pipeinput VID option below for a way to control the
settings through the VNC Viewer via keystrokes.
As above, if you specify a "@WxHxB..." after the <settings> string
they are used verbatim: the device is not queried for the current
values. Otherwise the device will be queried.
Also, if you supply the "-pipeinput VID" (or use "-rawfb Video")
option you can control the settings to some degree via keystroke
mappings, e.g. B to increase the brightness or Up arrow to change the
TV station:
For "-pipeinput VID" and you are using the -rawfb for a video
capture device, then an internal list of keyboard mappings is used
to set parameters of the video. The mappings are:
"B" and "b" adjust the brightness up and down.
"H" and "h" adjust the hue.
"C" and "c" adjust the colour.
"N" and "n" adjust the contrast.
"S" and "s" adjust the size of the capture screen.
"I" and "i" cycle through input channels.
Up and Down arrows adjust the station (if a tuner)
F1, F2, ..., F6 will switch the video capture pixel
format to HI240, RGB565, RGB24, RGB32, RGB555, and
GREY respectively. See -rawfb video for details.
See also the [671]-freqtab option to supply your own xawtv channel to
frequency mappings for your country (only ntsc-cable-us is built into
x11vnc.)
Q-113: Can I connect via VNC to a Qt-embedded/Qtopia application
running on my handheld or PC using the Linux console framebuffer (i.e.
not X11)?
Yes, the basic method for this is the [672]-rawfb scheme where the
Linux console framebuffer (usually /dev/fb0) is polled and the uinput
driver is used to inject keystrokes and mouse input. Often you will
just have to type:
x11vnc -rawfb console
(you may need to enable the uinput driver on the system via "modprobe
uinput; mknod /dev/input/uinput c 10 223") If this does not find the
correct frame buffer properties figure them out or guess them and use
something like:
x11vnc -rawfb /dev/fb0@640x480x16
Also, to force usage of the uinput injection method use "-pipeinput
UINPUT". See the [673]-pipeinput description for tunable parameters,
etc.
One problem with the x11vnc uinput scheme is that it cannot guess the
mouse motion "acceleration" used by the windowing application (e.g.
QWS or X11.) For X11 and Qt-embedded the acceleration is usually 2
(i.e. a dx of 1 from the mouse yields a 2 pixel displacement of the
mouse cursor.) The default x11vnc uses is 2, since that is often used.
However for one Qt-embedded system we needed to do:
x11vnc -rawfb console -pipeinput UINPUT:accel=4.0
to get reasonable positioning of the mouse.
Even with the correct acceleration setting there is still some drift
(probably because of the mouse threshold where the acceleration kicks
in) and so x11vnc needs to reposition the cursor from 0,0 about 5
times a second. See the [674]-pipeinput UINPUT option for tuning
parameters that can be set (there are some experimental thresh=N
tuning parameters as well)
Currently, one can expect mouse input to be a little flakey. All in
all, the Linux framebuffer input mechanism for Qt-embedded framebuffer
apps is not perfect, but it is usable.
If you need to create a smaller x11vnc binary for a handheld
environment be sure to run strip(1) on it and also consider
configuring with, e.g. "env CPPFLAGS='-DSMALL_FOOTPRINT=1' ./configure
..." to remove rarely used features and large texts (use 2 or 3
instead of 1 to remove more.) Currently (Jul/2006) this can lower the
size of the x11vnc from 1.1MB to 0.6-0.7MB.
The x11vnc uinput method applies to nearly anything on the Linux
framebuffer console, not just Qt-embedded/Qtopia. DirectFB, SDL using
fbcon driver, SVGAlib applications can also be viewed and interacted
with. Even a Linux X session can be viewed and interacted with without
using X11 (and x11vnc does not have to terminate when the X server
restarts!) The Linux Text consoles (F1-F6) also work.
Note that Qt-embedded supplies its own VNC graphics driver, but it
cannot do both the Linux console framebuffer and VNC at the same time,
which is often what is desired from VNC.
Update: We are finding some setups like Qtopia on the IPAQ do not
allow mouse input via uinput. Please help us debug this problem by
trying x11vnc on your device and letting us know what does and does
not work.
Q-114: Now that non-X11 devices can be exported via VNC using x11vnc,
can I build it with no dependencies on X11 header files and libraries?
Yes, as of Jul/2006 x11vnc enables building for [675]-rawfb only
support. Just do something like when building:
./configure --without-x (plus any other flags)
make
You can then test via "ldd x11vnc" that the binary does not depend on
libX11.so, etc. See the previous FAQ's for non-X11 framebuffer usage.
If you use this for an interesting non-X11 application please let us
know what you did.
Q-115: Does x11vnc support Mac OS X Aqua/Quartz displays natively
(i.e. no X11 involved)?
Yes, since Nov/2006 in the development tree (x11vnc-0.8.4 tarball)
there is support for native Mac OS X Aqua/Quartz displays using the
[676]-rawfb mechanism described above. The mouse and keyboard input is
achieved via Mac OS X API's.
So you can use x11vnc as an alternative to [677]OSXvnc (aka Vine
Server), or [678]Apple Remote Desktop (ARD). Perhaps there is some
x11vnc feature you'd like to use on Mac OS X, etc. For a number of
activities (e.g. window drags) it seems to be faster than OSXvnc.
Notes:
X11: x11vnc will also work (as it has for years) with a X11 server
(XDarwin) running on Mac OS X (people often install this software to
display remote X11 apps on their Mac OS X system, or use some old
favorites locally such as xterm.) However in this case x11vnc will
only work reasonably in single window [679]-id windowid mode (and the
window may need to have mouse focus.)
If you do not have the DISPLAY env. variable set, x11vnc will assume
native Aqua/Quartz on Mac OS X, however if DISPLAY is set it will
assume an X11 connection. Use "-rawfb console" to force the native
display (or unset DISPLAY.)
Update: Leopard sets DISPLAY by default in all sessions. Since it
starts with the string "/tmp/" x11vnc will use that to know if it
should ignore it. Use "-display :0.0" to force it.
Building: If you don't have the X11 build and runtime packages
installed you will need to build it like this:
(cd to the e.g. x11vnc-0.9, source directory)
./configure --without-x
make
Win2VNC/x2vnc: One handy use is to use the [680]-nofb mode to
redirect mouse and keyboard input to a nearby Mac (i.e. one to the
side of your desk) via [681]x2vnc or Win2VNC. See [682]this FAQ for
more info.
Options: Here are the Mac OS X specific x11vnc options:
-macnodim For the native Mac OS X server, disable dimming.
-macnosleep For the native Mac OS X server, disable display sleep
.
-macnosaver For the native Mac OS X server, disable screensaver.
-macnowait For the native Mac OS X server, do not wait for the
user to switch back to his display.
-macwheel n For the native Mac OS X server, set the mouse wheel
speed to n (default 5.)
-macnoswap For the native Mac OS X server, do not swap mouse
buttons 2 and 3.
-macnoresize For the native Mac OS X server, do not resize or rese
t
the framebuffer even if it is detected that the scree
n
resolution or depth has changed.
-maciconanim n For the native Mac OS X server, set n to the number
of milliseconds that the window iconify/deiconify
animation takes. In -ncache mode this value will be
used to skip the animation if possible. (default 400)
-macmenu For the native Mac OS X server, in -ncache client-sid
e
caching mode, try to cache pull down menus (not perfe
ct
because they have animated fades, etc.)
PasteBoard/Clipboard: There is a bug that the Clipboard (called
PasteBoard on Mac it appears) exchange will not take place unless
x11vnc was started from inside the Aqua display (e.g. started inside a
Terminal app window.) Otherwise it cannot connect to the PasteBoard
server. So Clipboard exchange won't work for our standard "ssh in"
startup scheme.
Hopefully this deficiency can be removed, but until then for Clipboard
exchange to work you will need to start x11vnc inside the desktop
session (i.e. either start it running before you leave, or start up a
2nd x11vnc inside from a 1st one started outside, or use the apple
script below)
Here also is a osascript trick that seems to work (it opens the
Terminal app and instructs it to start x11vnc):
#!/bin/sh
#
# start_x11vnc: start x11vnc in a Terminal window
# (this will allow Clipboard/Pasteboard exchange to work)
tmp=/tmp/start_x11vnc.$$
cat > $tmp <<END
tell application "Terminal"
activate
do script with command "$HOME/x11vnc -rfbauth .vnc/passwd -ssl SAVE"
end tell
END
osascript $tmp
rm -f $tmp
where you should customize the x11vnc command line to your needs and
the full path to the binary. Save it in a file e.g. "start_x11vnc" and
then after you SSH in just type "./start_x11vnc" (or have ssh run the
command for you.) Then once you are connected via VNC, iconify the
Terminal windows (you can't delete them since that will kill x11vnc.)
Q-116: Can x11vnc be used as a VNC reflector/repeater to improve
performance for the case of a large number of simultaneous VNC viewers
(e.g. classroom broadcasting or a large demo)?
Yes, as of Feb/2007 there is the "[683]-reflect host:N" option to
connect to the VNC server "host:N" (either another x11vnc or any other
VNC server) and re-export it. VNC viewers then connect to the
x11vnc(s) running -reflect.
The -reflect option is the same as: "-rawfb vnc:host:N". See the
[684]-rawfb description under "VNC HOST" for more details.
You can replace "host:N" with "listen" or "listen:port" for reverse
connections.
One can set up a number of such reflectors/repeaters to spread the
resource usage around, e.g.:
C -------<-------|
C -------<-------|
C -------<-------|---- R -----|
C -------<-------| |
C -------<-------| |
|
C -------<-------| |
C -------<-------| |
C -------<-------|---- R -----|
C -------<-------| |
C -------<-------| |
|====== S
C -------<-------| |
C -------<-------| |
C -------<-------|---- R -----|
C -------<-------| |
C -------<-------| |
|
C -------<-------| |
C -------<-------| |
C -------<-------|---- R -----|
C -------<-------|
C -------<-------|
Where "S" is the original VNC Server, "C" denote VNC viewer clients,
and "R" denotes an x11vnc running -reflect to "S".
Ideally, a client "C" will be fairly close network-wise to its "R". It
is fine to run the "R" on the same machine as one of its "C's". A nice
setup for a large, (e.g. 64-128) viewer classroom broadcast case would
be to run R's on areas isolated by network switches, e.g. one R per
switch.
In an extreme case (e.g. 1000 viewers) one might actually need a 2nd
layer of R's in the tree. If you try something like that let us know!
There are many resource savings in doing something like the above. The
first obvious one is network bandwidth savings. Another is less CPU
load on "S" since it handles many fewer simultaneous connections.
Also, if there are a few clients C on very slow links, their presence
does not slow down every other client, just the clients on their "R".
One way a slow client affects things is if there are some large
framebuffer writes (e.g. jpeg image region) then the repeater may
block waiting for that large write to finish before going onto the
next client (however, if the write is small enough, the kernel will
buffer it and the server can go on to service the next client.)
The x11vnc -reflect implementation uses the libvncclient library in
the LibVNCServer project to handle the connection to "S". It is not
currently very efficient since it simply does its normal framebuffer
polling scheme on the libvncclient framebuffer (which it then
re-exports via VNC to its clients C.) However, CopyRect and
CursorShape encodings are preserved in the reflection and that helps.
Dragging windows with the mouse can be a problem (especially if S is
not doing wireframing somehow, consider [685]-nodragging if the
problem is severe) For a really fast reflector/repeater it would have
to be implemented from scratch with performance in mind. See these
other projects:
[686]http://sourceforge.net/projects/vnc-reflector/,
[687]http://www.tightvnc.com/projector/ (closed source?),
Automation via Reverse Connections: Instead of having the R's
connect directly to S and then the C's connect directly to the R they
should use, some convenience can be achieved by using reverse
connections (the x11vnc "[688]"-connect host1,host2,..." option.)
Suppose all the clients "C" are started up in Listen mode:
client1> vncviewer -listen
client2> vncviewer -listen
client3> vncviewer -listen
...
client64> vncviewer -listen
(e.g. client1> is the cmdline prompt on machine client1 ... etc) and
all the repeaters R are started like this:
repeater1> x11vnc -reflect listen -connect client1,client2,...client8
repeater2> x11vnc -reflect listen -connect client9,client10,...client16
...
repeater8> x11vnc -reflect listen -connect client57,client58,...client64
and finally the main server is started to kick the whole thing into
motion:
vncserver> x11vnc -display :0 -connect repeater1,repeater2,...repeater8
(or instruct a non-x11vnc VNC server to reverse connect to the
repeaters.) For a classroom broadcasting setup one might have the
first two sets of commands start automatically at bootup or when
someone logs in, and then start everything up with the S server. One
may even be able to script the forward connection bootstrap case, let
us know what you did. A really nice thing would be some sort of
auto-discovery of your repeater, etc...
Q-117: Can x11vnc be used during a Linux, Solaris, etc. system
Installation so the Installation can be done remotely?
This can be done, but it doesn't always work because it depends on how
the OS does its install. We have to "sneak in" somehow. Note that some
OS's have a remote install (ssh etc.) built in and so you might want
to use that instead.
Usually the OS install will have to be a network-install in order to
have networking up during the install. Otherwise, you may have a
(slim) chance to configure the networking manually (ifconfig(8) and
route(8).)
To avoid library dependencies problems in the typical minimal (e.g.
busybox) installation OS it is a good idea to build a statically
linked x11vnc binary. A way that often works is to do a normal build
and then paste the final x11vnc link line into a shell script. Then
change the "gcc" to "gcc -static" and run the shell script. You may
need to disable features (e.g. "--without-xfixes") if there is not a
static library for the feature available. You may also need to add
extra link options (e.g. "-lXrender") to complete library dependencies
manually.
Let's call the binary x11vnc.static. Place it on a webserver
somewhere. It may be possible to retrieve it via scp(1) too.
During the install you need to get a shell to retreive x11vnc.static
and run it.
If the Solaris install is an older X-based one, there will be a menu
for you to get a terminal window. From that window you might be able
to retrieve x11vnc.static via wget, scp, or ftp. Remember to do "chmod
755 ./x11vnc.static" and then find the -auth file as in [689]this FAQ.
If it is a Linux install that uses an X server (e.g. SuSE and probably
Fedora), then you can often get a shell by pressing Ctrl-Alt-F2 or
similar. Then get the x11vnc binary via something like this:
cd /tmp
wget http://192.168.0.22/x11vnc.static
chmod 755 ./x11vnc.static
Find the name of the auth file as in [690]this FAQ. (maybe run "ps
wwwwaux | grep auth".) Then run it like this:
./x11vnc.static -forever -nopw -display :0 -auth /tmp/wherever/the/authfile
then press Alt-F7 to go back to the X install. You should now be able
to connect via a vnc viewer and continue the install. Watch out for
the display being :1, etc.
If there is a firewall blocking incoming connections during the
install, use the [691]"-connect hostname" option option for a reverse
connection to the hostname running the VNC viewer in listen mode.
Debian based installs are either console-text or console-framebuffer
based. These are install (or expert) and installgui (or expertgui)
boot lines, respectively. For the console-text based installs you
probably need to add a boot cmd line option like vga=0x314 (which is
800x600x16) to get the console-text to use the linux framebuffer
device properly.
For a Debian console-text based install after the network is
configured press Ctrl-Alt-F2 to get a shell. Retrieve the binary via
wget as above and chmod 755 it. Then run it something like this:
sleep 10; ./x11vnc.static -forever -nopw -rawfb console
then before the sleep is over press Alt-F1 to get back to the install
virtual console. You should be able to connect via a VNC viewer and
continue with the install.
For a recent (2009) Debian install we booted with "expert vga=0x301"
and "expert vga=0x311" to get console text based installs at 640x480x8
and 640x480x16, respectively (replace "expert" with "install" if you
like.) Otherwise it was giving a 16 color 640x480x4 (4 bit per pixel)
display which x11vnc could not handle.
For Debian console-framebuffer GUI based installs (installgui or
expertgui) we have not be able to enter keystrokes or mouse motions.
This may be resolved if the install had the Linux kernel module
uinput, but it doesn't; one can wget uinput.ko and then run insmod on
it, but the module must match the installation kernel. So, failing
that, you can only do the GUI view-only, which can be handy to watch a
long network install from your desk instead of in front of the machine
being installed. For these, after the network is configured press
Ctrl-Alt-F2 to get a shell. Retrieve the binary via wget as above and
chmod 755 it. Then run it something like this:
sleep 10; ./x11vnc.static -forever -nopw -rawfb console
then before the sleep is over press Alt-F5 to get back to the GUI
install console. You should be able to connect via a VNC viewer and
watch the install.
[Misc: Clipboard, File Transfer/Sharing, Printing, Sound, Beeps,
Thanks, etc.]
Q-118: Does the Clipboard/Selection get transferred between the
vncviewer and the X display?
As of Jan/2004 x11vnc supports the "CutText" part of the rfb protocol.
Furthermore, x11vnc is able to hold the PRIMARY and CLIPBOARD
selection (Xvnc does not seem to do this.) If you don't want the
Clipboard/Selection exchanged use the [692]-nosel option. If you don't
want the PRIMARY selection to be polled for changes use the
[693]-noprimary option. (with a similar thing for CLIPBOARD.) You can
also fine-tune it a bit with the [694]-seldir dir option and also
[695]-input.
You may need to watch out for desktop utilities such as KDE's
"Klipper" that do odd things with the selection, clipboard, and
cutbuffers.
Q-119: Can I use x11vnc to record a Shock Wave Flash (or other format)
video of my desktop, e.g. to record a tutorial or demo?
Yes, it is possible with a number of tools that record VNC and
transform it to swf format or others. One such popular tool is
[696]pyvnc2swf. There are a number of [697]tutorials (broken link?) on
how to do this. Another option is to use the vnc2mpg that comes in the
LibVNCServer package.
An important thing to remember when doing this is that tuning
parameters should be applied to x11vnc to speed up its polling for
this sort of application, e.g. "-wait 10 -defer 10".
Q-120: Can I transfer files back and forth with x11vnc?
As of Oct/2005 and May/2006 x11vnc enables, respectively, the TightVNC
and UltraVNC file transfer implementations that were added to
libvncserver. This currently works with TightVNC and UltraVNC viewers
(and Windows viewers only support filetransfer it appears... but they
do work to some degree under Wine on Linux.)
The [698]SSVNC Unix VNC viewer supports UltraVNC file transfer by use
of a Java helper program.
TightVNC file transfer is off by default, if you want to enable it use
the [699]-tightfilexfer option.
UltraVNC file transfer is off by default, to enable it use something
like "-rfbversion 3.6 -permitfiletransfer"
options (UltraVNC incorrectly uses the RFB protocol version to
determine if its features are available, so x11vnc has to pretend to
be version 3.6.) As of Sep/2006 "-ultrafilexfer" is an alias for these
two options. Note that running as RFB version 3.6 may confuse other
VNC Viewers.
Sadly you cannot do both -tightfilexfer and -ultrafilexfer at the same
time because the latter requires setting the version to 3.6 and
tightvnc will not do filetransfer when it sees that version number.
Also, because of the way the LibVNCServer TightVNC file transfer is
implemented, you cannot do Tightvnc file transfer in -unixpw mode.
However, UltraVNC file transfer does work in -unixpw (but if a client
tries it do a filetransfer during the login process it will be
disconnected.)
IMPORTANT: please understand if -ultrafilexfer or -tightfilexfer is
specified and you run x11vnc as root for, say, inetd or display
manager (gdm, kdm, ...) access and you do not have it switch users via
the [700]-users option, then VNC Viewers that connect are able to do
filetransfer reads and writes as *root*.
The UltraVNC and TightVNC settings can be toggled on and off inside
the gui or by -R remote control. However for TightVNC the changed
setting only applies for NEW clients, current clients retain their
TightVNC file transfer ability. For UltraVNC it works better, however
if an UltraVNC client has initiated a file transfer dialog it will
remain in effect until the dialog is closed. If you want to switch
between UltraVNC and TightVNC file transfer in the gui or by remote
control you will probably be foiled by the "-rfbversion 3.6" issue.
Q-121: Which UltraVNC extensions are supported?
Some of them are supported. To get UltraVNC Viewers to attempt to use
these extensions you will need to supply this option to x11vnc:
-rfbversion 3.6
Or use [701]-ultrafilexfer which is an alias for the above option and
"-permitfiletransfer". UltraVNC evidently treats any other RFB version
number as non-UltraVNC.
Here are a list of the UltraVNC extensions supported by x11vnc:
* ServerInput: "Toggle Remote Input and Remote Blank Monitor"
* FileTransfer: "Open File Transfer..."
* SingleWindow: "Select Single Window..."
* TextChat: "Open Chat..."
* 1/n Server Scaling
* rfbEncodingUltra compression encoding
The [702]SSVNC Unix VNC viewer supports these UltraVNC extensions.
To disable SingleWindow and ServerInput use [703]-noultraext (the
others are managed by LibVNCServer.) See this option too:
[704]-noserverdpms.
Also, the [705]UltraVNC repeater proxy is supported for use with
reverse connections: "[706]-connect repeater://host:port+ID:NNNN". Use
it for both plaintext and SSL connections. This mode can send any
string before switching to the VNC protocol, and so could be used with
other proxy/gateway tools.
Q-122: Can x11vnc emulate UltraVNC's Single Click helpdesk mode for
Unix? I.e. something very simple for a naive user to initiate a
reverse vnc connection from their Unix desktop to a helpdesk
operator's VNC Viewer.
Yes, UltraVNC's [707]Single Click (SC) mode can be emulated fairly
well on Unix.
We use the term "helpdesk" below, but it could be any sort of remote
assistance you want to set up, e.g. something for Unix-using friends
or family to use. This includes [708]Mac OS X.
Assume you create a helpdesk directory "hd" on your website:
http://www.mysite.com/hd (any website that you can upload files to
should work, although remember the user will be running the programs
you place there.)
In that "hd" subdirectory copy an x11vnc binary to be run on the Unix
user's machine (e.g. Linux, etc) and also create a file named "vnc"
containing the following:
#!/bin/sh
webhost="http://www.mysite.com/hd" # Your helpdesk dir URL.
vnchost="ip.someplace.net" # Your host running 'vncviewer -listen'
# It could also be your IP number. If it is
# a router/firewall, you will need to
# configure it to redirect port 5500 to you
r
# workstation running 'vncviewer -listen'
dir=/tmp/vnc_helpdesk.$$ # Make a temporary working dir.
mkdir $dir || exit 1
cd $dir || exit 1
trap "cd /tmp; rm -rf $dir" 0 2 15 # Cleans up on exit.
wget $webhost/x11vnc # Fetch x11vnc binary. If multi-
chmod 755 ./x11vnc # platform, use $webhost/`uname`/x11vnc
# or similar.
./x11vnc -connect_or_exit $vnchost -rfbport 0 -nopw
with the hostnames / IP addresses customized to your case.
On the helpdesk VNC viewer machine (ip.someplace.net in this example)
you have the helpdesk operator running VNC viewer in listen mode:
vncviewer -listen
or if on Windows, etc. somehow have the VNC viewer be in "listen"
mode.
Then, when the naive user needs assistance you instruct him to open up
a terminal window on his Unix desktop and paste the following into the
shell:
wget -qO - http://www.mysite.com/hd/vnc | sh -
and then press Enter. You could have this instruction on a web page or
in an email you send him, etc. This requires that the wget is
installed on the user's Unix machine (he might only have curl or lynx,
see below for more info.)
So I guess this is about 3-4 clicks (start a terminal and paste) and
pressing "Enter" instead of "single click"...
See [709]this page for some variations on this method, e.g. how to add
a password, SSL Certificates, etc.
If you don't have a website (there are many free ones) or don't want
to use one you will have to email him all of the ingredients (x11vnc
binary and a launcher script) and tell him how to run it. This could
be easy or challenging depending on the skill of the naive unix
user...
A bit of obscurity security could be put in with a -passwd, -rfbauth
options, etc. (note that x11vnc will require a password even for
reverse connections.) More info [710]here.
Firewalls: If the helpdesk (you) with the vncviewer is behind a
NAT/Firewall/Router the [711]router will have to be configured to
redirect a port (i.e. 5500 or maybe different one if you like) to the
vncviewer machine. If the vncviewer machine also has its own
host-level firewall, you will have to open up the port there as well.
NAT-2-NAT: There is currently no way to go "NAT-2-NAT", i.e. both User
and Helpdesk workstations behind NAT'ing Firewall/Routers without
configuring a router to do a port redirection (i.e. on your side, the
HelpDesk.) To avoid modifying either firewall/router, one would need
some public (IP address reachable on the internet) redirection/proxy
service. Perhaps such a thing exists. [712]http://sc.uvnc.com provides
this service for their UltraVNC Single Click users.
Very Naive Users:
If it is beyond the user how to open a terminal window and paste in a
command (you have my condolences...) you would have to somehow setup
his Web browser to download the "vnc" file (or a script containing the
above wget line) and prompt the user if he wants to run it. This may
be tricky to set up (which is probably a good thing to not have the
web browser readily run arbitrary programs downloaded from the
internet...)
One command-line free way, tested with KDE, is to name the file vnc.sh
and then instruct the user to right-click on the link and do "Save
Link As" to his Desktop. It will appear as an icon, probably one that
looks like a terminal or a command line prompt. He next should
right-click on the icon and select "Properties" and go to the
"Permissions" tab. Then in that dialog select the checkbox "Is
executable". He should then be able to click on the icon to launch it.
Another option is to right-click on the icon and select "Open With ->
Other ..." and for the name of the application type in "/bin/sh".
Unfortunately in both cases the command output is lost and so errors
cannot be debugged as easily. A similar thing appears to work in GNOME
if under "Properties -> Permissions" they click on "Execute" checkbox
for "Owner". Then when they click on the icon, they will get a dialog
where they can select "Run in Terminal". In general for such cases, if
it is feasible, it might be easier to ssh to his machine and set
things up yourself...
SSL Encrypted Helpdesk Connections:
As of Apr/2007 x11vnc supports reverse connections in SSL and so we
can do this. On the Helpdesk side (Viewer) you will need STUNNEL or
better use the [713]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC) package we
provide that automates all of the SSL for you.
To do this create a file named "vncs" in the website "hd" directory
containing the following:
#!/bin/sh
webhost="http://www.mysite.com/hd" # Your helpdesk dir URL.
vnchost="ip.someplace.net" # Your host running 'vncviewer -listen'
# It could also be your IP number. If it is
# a router/firewall, you will need to
# configure it to redirect port 5500 to you
r
# workstation running 'vncviewer -listen'
dir=/tmp/vnc_helpdesk.$$ # Make a temporary working dir.
mkdir $dir || exit 1
cd $dir || exit 1
trap "cd /tmp; rm -rf $dir" 0 2 15 # Cleans up on exit.
wget $webhost/x11vnc # Fetch x11vnc binary. If multi-
chmod 755 ./x11vnc # platform, use $webhost/`uname`/x11vnc
# or similar.
./x11vnc -connect_or_exit $vnchost -rfbport 0 -nopw -ssl # Note -ssl option.
with the hostnames or IP addresses customized to your case.
The only change from the "vnc" above is the addition of the [714]-ssl
option to x11vnc. This will create a temporary SSL cert: openssl(1)
will need to be installed on the user's end. A fixed SSL cert file
could be used to avoid this (and provide some authentication; more
info [715]here.)
The naive user will be doing this:
wget -qO - http://www.mysite.com/hd/vncs | sh -
(or perhaps even use https:// if available.)
But before that, the helpdesk operator needs to have "vncviewer
-listen" running as before, however he needs an SSL tunnel at his end.
The easiest way to do this is use [716]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer
(SSVNC). Start it, and select Options -> 'Reverse VNC Connection
(-listen)'. Then UN-select 'Verify All Certs' (this can be enabled
later if you want; you'll need the x11vnc SSL certificate), and click
'Listen'.
If you don't want to use SSVNC for the viewer, but rather set up
STUNNEL manually instead, make a file "stunnel.cfg" containing:
foreground = yes
pid =
[vnc]
accept = 5500
connect = localhost:5501
and run:
stunnel ./stunnel.cfg
and then start the "vncviewer -listen 1" (i.e. 1 to correspond to the
5501 port.) Note that this assumes the stunnel install created a
Server SSL cert+key, usually /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem (not all distros
will do this.) Also, that file is by default only readable by root, so
stunnel needs to be run as root. If your system does not have a key
installed or you do not want to run stunnel as root (or change the
permissions on the file), you can use x11vnc to create one for you for
example:
x11vnc -sslGenCert server self:mystunnel
answer the prompts with whatever you want; you can take the default
for all of them if you like. The openssl(1) package must be installed.
See [717]this link and [718]this one too for more info on SSL certs.
This creates $HOME/.vnc/certs/server-self:mystunnel.pem, then you
would change the "stunnel.cfg" to look something like:
foreground = yes
pid =
cert = /home/myusername/.vnc/certs/server-self:mystunnel.pem
[vnc]
accept = 5500
connect = localhost:5501
In any event, with stunnel having been setup, the naive user is
instructed to paste in and run:
wget -qO - http://www.mysite.com/hd/vncs | sh -
to pick up the vncs script this time.
Of course if a man-in-the-middle can alter what the user downloads
then all bets are off!.
More SSL variations and info about certificates can be found
[719]here.
OpenSSL libssl.so.0.9.7 problems:
If you build your own stunnel or x11vnc for deployment, you may want
to statically link libssl.a and libcrypto.a into it because Linux
distros are currently a bit of a mess regarding which version of
libssl is installed.
You will find the [720]details here.
Q-123: Can I (temporarily) mount my local (viewer-side) Windows/Samba
File share on the machine where x11vnc is running?
You will have to use an external network redirection for this.
Filesystem mounting is not part of the VNC protocol.
We show a simple [721]Samba example here.
First you will need a tunnel to redirect the SMB requests from the
remote machine to the one you sitting at. We use an ssh tunnel:
sitting-here> ssh -C -R 1139:localhost:139 far-away.east
Or one could combine this with the VNC tunnel at the same time, e.g.:
sitting-here> ssh -C -R 1139:localhost:139 -t -L 5900:localhost:5900 far-away
.east 'x11vnc -localhost -display :0'
Port 139 is the Windows Service port. For Windows systems instead of
Samba, you may need to use the actual IP address of the Window machine
instead of "localhost" in the -R option (since the Windows service
does not listen on localhost by default.)
Note that we use 1139 instead of 139 on the remote side because 139
would require root permission to listen on (and you may have a samba
server running on it already.)
The ssh -C is to enable compression, which might speed up the data
transfers.
Depending on the remote system side configuration, it may or may not
be possible to mount the SMB share as a non-root user. Try it first as
a non-root user and if that fails you will have to become root.
We will assume the user name is "fred" and we will try to mount the
viewer-side Windows SMB share "//haystack/pub" in
/home/fred/smb-haystack-pub.
far-away> mkdir -p /home/fred/smb-haystack-pub
far-away> smbmount //haystack/pub /home/fred/smb-haystack-pub -o username=fre
d,ip=127.0.0.1,port=1139
(The 2nd command may need to be run as root.) Then run "df" or "ls -l
/home/fred/smb-haystack-pub" to see if it is mounted properly. Consult
the smbmount(8) and related documentation (it may require some
fiddling to get write permissions correct, etc.) To unmount:
far-away> smbumount /home/fred/smb-haystack-pub
At some point we hope to fold some automation for SMB ssh redir setup
into the [722]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC) package we provide (as
of Sep 2006 it is there for testing.)
Q-124: Can I redirect CUPS print jobs from the remote desktop where
x11vnc is running to a printer on my local (viewer-side) machine?
You will have to use an external network redirection for this.
Printing is not part of the VNC protocol.
We show a simple Unix to Unix [723]CUPS example here. Non-CUPS port
redirections (e.g. LPD) should also be possible, but may be a bit more
tricky. If you are viewing on Windows SMB and don't have a local cups
server it may be trickier still (see below.)
First you will need a tunnel to redirect the print requests from the
remote machine to the one you sitting at. We use an ssh tunnel:
sitting-here> ssh -C -R 6631:localhost:631 far-away.east
Or one could combine this with the VNC tunnel at the same time, e.g.:
sitting-here> ssh -C -R 6631:localhost:631 -t -L 5900:localhost:5900 far-away
.east 'x11vnc -localhost -display :0'
Port 631 is the default CUPS port. The above assumes you have a Cups
server running on your viewer machine (localhost:631), if not, use
something like my-cups-srv:631 (the viewer-side Cups server) in the -R
instead.
Note that we use 6631 instead of 631 on the remote side because 631
would require root permission to listen on (and you likely have a cups
server running on it already.)
Now the tricky part: to get applications to notice your cups
server/printer on localhost:6631.
If you have administrative privilege (i.e. root password) on the
x11vnc side where the desktop is running, it should be easy to add the
printer through some configuration utility (e.g. in KDE: Utilities ->
Printing -> Printing Manager, and then supply admin password, and then
Add Printer/Class, and then fill in the inquisitive wizard. Most
important is the "Remote IPP server" panel where you put in localhost
for Host and 6631 for Port.) The main setting you want to convey is
the host is localhost and the port is non-standard (e.g. 6631.) Some
configuration utilities will take an Internet Printing Protocol (IPP)
URI, e.g. http://localhost:6631/printers/,
ipp://localhost:6631/printers/printer-name,
ipp://localhost:6631/ipp/printer-name, etc. Check your CUPS
documentation and admin interfaces to find what the syntax is and what
the "printer name" is.
If you do not have root or print admin privileges, but are running a
recent (version 1.2 or greater) of the Cups client software, then an
easy way to temporarily switch Cups servers is to create the directory
and file: $HOME/.cups/client.conf on the remote side with a line like:
ServerName localhost:6631
When not using x11vnc for remote access you can comment the above line
out with a '#' (or rename the client.conf file), to have normal cups
operation.
Unfortunately, running applications may need to be restarted to notice
the new printers (libcups does not track changes in client.conf.)
Depending on circumstances, a running application may actually notice
the new printers without restarting (e.g. no print dialog has taken
place yet, or there are no CUPS printers configured on the remote
side.)
Cups client software that is older (1.1) does not support appending
the port number, and for newer ones there is a bug preventing it from
always working (fixed in 1.2.3.) Kludges like these at the command
line will work:
far-away> env CUPS_SERVER=localhost IPP_PORT=6631 lpstat -p -d
far-away> env CUPS_SERVER=localhost IPP_PORT=6631 lpr -P myprinter file.ps
far-away> env CUPS_SERVER=localhost IPP_PORT=6631 firefox
but are somewhat awkward since you have to retroactively set the env.
var IPP_PORT. Its value cannot be broadcast to already running apps
(like the $HOME/.cups/client.conf trick sometimes does.) A common
workaround for an already running app is to somehow get it to "Print
To File", e.g. file.ps and then use something like the lpr example
above. Also, the option "-h host:port" works with CUPS lp(1) and
lpr(1).
You can also print to Windows shares printers in principle. You may do
this with the smbspool(8) command, or configure the remote CUPS via
lpadmin(8), etc, to use a printer URI something like
smb://machine:port/printer (this may have some name resolution
problems WRT localhost.) Also, as with SMB mounting, the port redir
(-R) to the Windows machine must use the actual IP address instead of
"localhost".
At some point we hope to fold some automation for CUPS ssh redir setup
into the [724]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC) package we provide (as
of Sep 2006 it is there for testing.)
Q-125: How can I hear the sound (audio) from the remote applications
on the desktop I am viewing via x11vnc?
You will have to use an external network audio mechanism for this.
Audio is not part of the VNC protocol.
We show a simple Unix to Unix esd example here (artsd should be
possible too, we have also verified the esd Windows port works for the
method described below.)
First you will need a tunnel to redirect the audio from the remote
machine to the one you sitting at. We use an ssh tunnel:
sitting-here> ssh -C -R 16001:localhost:16001 far-away.east
Or one could combine this with the VNC tunnel at the same time, e.g.:
sitting-here> ssh -C -R 16001:localhost:16001 -t -L 5900:localhost:5900 far-a
way.east 'x11vnc -localhost -display :0'
Port 16001 is the default ESD uses. So when an application on the
remote desktop makes a sound it will connect to this tunnel and be
redirected to port 16001 on the local machine (sitting-here in this
example.) The -C option is an attempt to compress the audio a little
bit.
So we next need a local (sitting-here) esd daemon running that will
receive those requests and play them on the local sound device:
sitting-here> esd -promiscuous -port 16001 -tcp -bind 127.0.0.1
See the esd(1) man page for the meaning of the options (the above are
not very secure.) (This method also works with the EsounD windows port
esd.exe)
To test this sound tunnel, we use the esdplay program to play a simple
.wav file:
far-away> esdplay -s localhost:16001 im_so_happy.wav
If you hear the sound (Captain Kirk in this example), that means you
are in great shape.
To run individual audio applications you can use the esddsp(1)
command:
far-away> esddsp -s localhost:16001 xmms
Then you could try playing some sounds inside xmms. You could also set
the environment variable ESPEAKER=localhost:16001 to not need to
supply the -s option all the time. (for reasons not clear, sometimes
esddsp can figure it out on its own.) All the script esddsp does is to
set ESPEAKER and LD_PRELOAD for you so that when the application opens
the sound device (usually /dev/dsp) its interactions with the device
will be intercepted and sent to the esd daemon running on sitting-here
(that in turn writes them to the real, local /dev/dsp.)
Redirecting All sound:
It does not seem to be possible to switch all of the sound of the
remote machine from its sound device to the above esd+ssh tunnel
without some preparation. But it can be done reasonably well if you
prepare (i.e. restart) the desktop with this in mind.
Here is one way to redirect all sound. The idea is we run the entire
desktop with sound directed to localhost:16001. When we are sitting at
far-away.east we run "esd -promiscuous -port 16001 -tcp -bind
127.0.0.1" on far-away.east (to be able to hear the sound.) However,
when we are sitting at sitting-here.west we kill that esd process and
run that same esd command on sitting-here.west and start up the above
ssh tunnel. This is a little awkward, but with some scripts one would
probably kill and restart the esd processes automatically when x11vnc
is used.
So next we have to run the whole desktop pointing toward our esd. Here
is a simple way to test. Log in to the machine via the "FailSafe"
desktop. Then in the lone terminal type something like:
esddsp -s localhost:16001 gnome-session
or:
esddsp -s localhost:16001 startkde
where the last part is whatever command starts your desktop (even
fvwm2.) This causes the environment variables ESPEAKER and LD_PRELOAD
to be set appropriately and every application (processes with the
desktop as an ancestor) will use them. If this scheme works well you
can make it less klunky by adding the command to your ~/.xsession,
etc. file that starts your default desktop. Or you may be able to
configure your desktop to use localhost:16001, or whatever is needed,
via a gui configuration panel. Some Notes:
* Not all audio applications are compatible with the esd and artsd
mechanisms, but many are.
* The audio is not compressed so you probably need a broadband or
faster connection. Listening to music may not be very pleasant...
(Although we found streaming music from across the US over cable
modem worked OK, but took 200 KB/sec, to use less bandwidth
consider something like "ssh far-away.east 'cat favorite.mp3' |
mpg123 -b 4000 -")
* Linux does not seem to have the concept of LD_PRELOAD_64 so if you
run on a mixed 64- and 32-bit ABI system (e.g. AMD x86_64) some of
the applications will fail to run because LD_PRELOAD will point to
libraries of the wrong wordsize.
* At some point we hope to fold some automation for esd or artsd ssh
redir setup into the [725]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC) package
we provide (as of Sep/2006 it is there for testing.)
Q-126: Why don't I hear the "Beeps" in my X session (e.g. when typing
tput bel in an xterm)?
As of Dec/2003 "Beep" XBell events are tracked by default. The X
server must support the XKEYBOARD extension (this is not on by default
in Solaris, see Xserver(1) for how to turn it on via +kb), and so you
won't hear them if the extension is not present.
If you don't want to hear the beeps use the [726]-nobell option. If
you want to hear the audio from the remote applications, consider
trying a [727]redirector such as esd.
Q-127: Does x11vnc work with IPv6?
Currently the only way to do this is via [728]inetd. You configure
x11vnc to be run from inetd or xinetd and instruct it to listen on an
IPv6 address. For xinetd the setting "flags = IPv6" will be needed.
Unfortunately this will be inefficient if multiple VNC Viewers are
connected at the same time (there will be a separate x11vnc for each
connection.) Some sort of ipv4-to-ipv6 redirector tool (perhaps even a
perl script) could be useful to avoid this.
Also note that not all VNC Viewers are [729]IPv6 enabled, so a
redirector could even be needed on the client side.
Contributions:
Q-128: Thanks for your program and for your help! Can I make a
donation?
Please do (any amount is appreciated; very few have donated) and thank
you for your support! Click on the PayPal button below for more info.
[x-click-but04.gif]-Submit
References
1. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/
2. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-thanks
3. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xperms
4. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-build
5. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-missing-xtest
6. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-solaris251build
7. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-binaries
8. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-viewer-download
9. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-cmdline-opts
10. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-config-file
11. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-gui-tray
12. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-change-port
13. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-firewalls
14. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-firewall-out
15. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-quiet-bg
16. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-sigpipe
17. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-tight139
18. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-krdcprob
19. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-tru64-crash
20. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-build-customizations
21. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-win2vnc
22. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-win2vnc-8bpp
23. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-macosx-nofb
24. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-8bpp
25. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-overlays
26. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-directcolor
27. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-windowid
28. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-transients-id
29. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-24bpp
30. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-noshm
31. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xterminal-xauth
32. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-sunrays
33. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-stop-bg
34. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-remote_control
35. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-passwd
36. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-passwd-noecho
37. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-passwdfile
38. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-multipasswd
39. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-unix-passwords
40. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-custom-passwords
41. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-forever-shared
42. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-allow-opt
43. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-tcp_wrappers
44. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-listen-interface
45. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-listen-localhost
46. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-input-opt
47. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-accept-opt
48. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-users-opt
49. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-blockdpy
50. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-gone-lock
51. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssh-unix
52. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssh-putty
53. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-ext
54. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-int
55. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-viewers
56. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-java-viewer-proxy
57. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-portal
58. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-ca
59. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-service
60. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-display-manager
61. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-inetd
62. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-avahi
63. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-userlogin
64. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-loop
65. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-java-http
66. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-reverse-connect
67. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-reverse-connect-proxy
68. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xvfb
69. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-headless
70. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-solshm
71. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-less-resource
72. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-more-resource
73. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-slow-link
74. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xdamage
75. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xdamage-opengl
76. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-pointer-mode
77. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-wireframe
78. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-scrollcopyrect
79. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-client-caching
80. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-turbovnc
81. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-cursor-shape
82. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xfixes-alpha
83. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xfixes-alpha-hacks
84. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-cursor-arrow
85. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-cursor-positions
86. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-buttonmap-opt
87. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-altgr
88. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-greaterless
89. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-greaterless-sloppy
90. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xkbmodtweak
91. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-repeated-keys
92. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-repeated-keys-still
93. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-mod-stuck-down
94. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-remap-opt
95. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-sun-alt-meta
96. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-hpux-multi-key
97. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-remap-button-click
98. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-remap-capslock
99. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-scrollbars
100. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-scaling
101. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xinerama
102. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-multi-screen
103. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-clip-screen
104. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xrandr
105. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-rotate
106. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-black-screen
107. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-linuxvc
108. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-hidden-taskbars
109. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-kde-screensaver
110. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-beryl
111. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-vmware
112. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-rawfb
113. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-linux-vt
114. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-video
115. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-qt-embedded
116. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-no-x11
117. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-macosx
118. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-reflect
119. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-os-install
120. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-clipboard
121. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-record-swf
122. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-filexfer
123. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ultravnc
124. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-singleclick
125. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-smb-shares
126. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-cups
127. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-sound
128. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-beeps
129. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ipv6
130. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-thanks
131. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-display
132. http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Remote-X-Apps.html
133. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-auth
134. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-display-manager
135. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-find
136. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-users
137. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#firewalls
138. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/miscbuild.html
139. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_libssl-problems
140. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#solarisbuilding
141. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_sunos4.html
142. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#building
143. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-build
144. http://www.linuxpackages.net/search_view.php?by=name&name=x11vnc
145. http://software.opensuse.org/search?baseproject=openSUSE%3A11.1&p=1&q=x11vnc
146. http://gentoo-wiki.com/HOWTO_Use_VNC_to_connect_to_existing_X_Sessions
147. http://gentoo-portage.com/x11-misc/x11vnc
148. http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/ports.cgi?query=x11vnc&stype=all
149. http://www.freshports.org/net/x11vnc
150. http://pkgsrc.se/x11/x11vnc
151. http://openports.se/x11/x11vnc
152. http://www.archlinux.org/packages/search/?q=x11vnc
153. http://mike.saunby.googlepages.com/
154. http://www.focv.com/ipkg/
155. http://packages.sw.be/x11vnc/
156. http://dag.wieers.com/rpm/packages/x11vnc/
157. http://packages.debian.org/x11vnc
158. http://www.sunfreeware.com/
159. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/bins
160. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-httpdir
161. http://www.tightvnc.com/download.html
162. http://www.realvnc.com/products/free/4.1/download.html
163. http://sourceforge.net/projects/cotvnc/
164. http://www.ultravnc.com/
165. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
166. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html
167. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-gui
168. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-gui-tray
169. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-gui
170. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-gui
171. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-N
172. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-autoport
173. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#firewalls
174. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-reverse-connect
175. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#ssl-tunnel
176. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
177. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/vncxfer
178. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#firewalls
179. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-reverse-connect-proxy
180. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#tunnelling
181. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#ssl-tunnel
182. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssh
183. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
184. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-q,
185. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-bg
186. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-o
187. http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=389750
188. http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=399408
189. http://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=136924
190. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-noxrecord
191. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#solarisbuilding
192. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nofb
193. http://fredrik.hubbe.net/x2vnc.html
194. http://www.hubbe.net/~hubbe/win2vnc.html
195. http://www.deboer.gmxhome.de/
196. http://sourceforge.net/projects/win2vnc/
197. http://fredrik.hubbe.net/x2vnc.html
198. http://freshmeat.net/projects/x2x/
199. http://zapek.com/?page_id=26
200. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-visual
201. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-macosx
202. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-flashcmap
203. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-8to24
204. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-notruecolor
205. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-8bpp
206. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-overlay
207. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-8to24
208. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-overlay
209. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-8to24
210. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-flashcmap
211. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-fixscreen
212. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-8to24
213. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-id
214. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-8to24
215. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-overlay
216. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-overlays
217. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-id
218. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sid
219. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-24to32
220. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
221. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-display
222. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-noshm
223. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-flipbyteorder
224. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-auth
225. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_xauth_pain
226. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-noshm
227. http://www.sun.com/sunray/index.html
228. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/sunray.html
229. http://wiki.sun-rays.org/index.php/Remote_Control_Toolkit
230. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-remote
231. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-query
232. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-forever
233. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-bg
234. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-clear_mods
235. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-clear_keys
236. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-clear_all
237. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-remote
238. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-query
239. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-config-file
240. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-gui
241. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-storepasswd
242. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rfbauth
243. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-passwdfile
244. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-usepw
245. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-viewpasswd
246. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-passwd
247. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-passwdfile
248. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rfbauth
249. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-passwdfile
250. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw
251. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw_nis
252. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-localhost
253. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-stunnel
254. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
255. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
256. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-localhost
257. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#tunnelling
258. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-ext
259. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-accept
260. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-accept-opt
261. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw_cmd
262. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-passwdfile
263. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-passwdfile
264. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw_cmd
265. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw
266. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-passwdfile
267. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-passwdfile
268. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-passwdfile
269. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-accept-opt
270. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-forever
271. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-shared
272. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#tunnelling
273. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
274. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-passwd
275. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-passwdfile
276. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-allow
277. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-localhost
278. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-tcp_wrappers
279. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-inetd
280. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-listen
281. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-allow
282. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-localhost
283. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-allow
284. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-localhost
285. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-input
286. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-accept
287. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-viewonly
288. ftp://ftp.x.org/
289. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/dtVncPopup
290. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-gone
291. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-afteraccept
292. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-users
293. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/blockdpy.c
294. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-accept
295. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-gone
296. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-forcedpms
297. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-clientdpms
298. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-grabkbd
299. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-grabptr
300. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-grabptr
301. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-gone
302. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-afteraccept
303. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#tunnelling
304. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
305. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#tunnelling
306. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
307. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-localhost
308. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rfbauth
309. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-passwdfile
310. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/chainingssh.html#gateway_double_ssh
311. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#tunnelling
312. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-connect
313. http://www.stunnel.org/
314. http://stunnel.mirt.net/
315. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
316. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-stunnel
317. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslverify
318. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-int
319. http://www.stunnel.org/
320. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl.html
321. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#ss_vncviewer
322. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
323. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl.html
324. http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1677
325. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl.html
326. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-inetd
327. http://sc.uvnc.com/javaviewer/index.html
328. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
329. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-viewers
330. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-httpdir
331. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-http
332. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
333. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-https
334. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-stunnel
335. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
336. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#ss_vncviewer
337. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
338. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-ext
339. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
340. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-viewers
341. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
342. http://www.openssl.org/
343. http://sourceforge.net/projects/vencrypt/
344. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-vencrypt
345. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-anontls
346. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-viewers
347. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_ssl-vnc-viewers
348. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl.html
349. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#ss_vncviewer
350. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl.html
351. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-stunnel
352. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-stunnel
353. http://www.stunnel.org/
354. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_viewer-side-stunnel
355. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#ss_vncviewer
356. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
357. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-httpdir
358. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-http
359. http://sc.uvnc.com/javaviewer/index.html
360. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
361. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_ssl-router-redir
362. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-https
363. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-portal
364. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-java-viewer-proxy
365. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-portal
366. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#firewalls
367. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-httpsredir
368. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rfbport
369. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-httpport
370. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-https
371. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-output.html
372. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/java_console_direct.html
373. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
374. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-ext
375. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ss_vncviewer
376. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-portal.html
377. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl.html
378. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
379. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-httpsredir
380. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-viewers
381. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/java_console_proxy.html
382. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#ss_vncviewer
383. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
384. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-portal.html
385. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl.html
386. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_display-manager-continuously
387. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-inetd
388. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-userlogin
389. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_x11vnc_loop
390. http://club.mandriva.com/xwiki/bin/view/KB/XwinXset
391. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#firewalls
392. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-auth
393. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-reopen
394. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_dtlogin_solaris
395. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-localhost
396. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#tunnelling
397. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-localhost
398. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
399. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-N
400. http://www.jirka.org/gdm-documentation/x241.html
401. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_loop
402. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-loop
403. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xterminal-xauth
404. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#firewalls
405. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-inetd
406. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-q,
407. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-auth
408. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-userlogin
409. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-avahi
410. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-mdns
411. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-zeroconf
412. http://www.avahi.org/
413. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-inetd
414. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw
415. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-display_WAIT
416. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_stunnel-inetd
417. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-loop
418. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-find
419. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-create
420. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-svc
421. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xdmsvc
422. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-display_WAIT
423. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/find_display.html
424. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-find
425. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-find
426. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw
427. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-unix-passwords
428. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-svc
429. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-users
430. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-int
431. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-localhost
432. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw
433. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-users
434. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xvfb
435. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#ss_vncviewer
436. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-create
437. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-svc
438. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-display_WAIT
439. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-linuxvc
440. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xdmsvc
441. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-loop
442. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-loop
443. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-svc
444. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-httpdir
445. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-http
446. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-java-viewer-proxy
447. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-connect
448. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-remote
449. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-connect_or_exit
450. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-vncconnect
451. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-proxy
452. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-proxy
453. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-proxy
454. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_localaccess
455. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_localaccess
456. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_findcreatedisplay
457. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-display_WAIT
458. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-find
459. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-create
460. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-svc
461. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xdmsvc
462. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-add_keysyms
463. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_findcreatedisplay
464. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-linuxvc
465. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/Xdummy
466. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-find
467. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/xdm_one_shot.html
468. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_display-manager-continuously
469. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_findcreatedisplay
470. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-display_WAIT
471. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-find
472. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-create
473. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-svc
474. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xdmsvc
475. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/shm_clear
476. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-onetile
477. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-noshm
478. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-noshm
479. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nap
480. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-wait
481. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sb
482. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-onetile
483. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-fs
484. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-threads
485. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-defer
486. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-id
487. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#fb_read_slow
488. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-turbovnc
489. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-solid
490. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-scrollcopyrect
491. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-wireframe
492. http://www.tightvnc.com/
493. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
494. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-wireframe
495. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-scrollcopyrect
496. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-solid
497. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-speeds
498. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nodragging
499. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-fs
500. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-wait
501. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-defer
502. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-progressive
503. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-id
504. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nosel
505. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nocursor
506. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nocursorpos
507. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-readtimeout
508. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-fixscreen
509. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#fb_read_slow
510. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xd_area
511. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xd_mem
512. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-noxdamage
513. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-noxdamage
514. http://minimyth.org/
515. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-beryl
516. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#fb_read_slow
517. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-pointer_mode
518. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-pointer_mode
519. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nodragging
520. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-pointer_mode
521. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-threads
522. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-wireframe
523. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-scrollcopyrect
524. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-pointer-mode
525. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#fb_read_slow
526. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-wireframe
527. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-wireframe
528. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-wireframe
529. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#fb_read_slow
530. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-scrollcopyrect
531. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-wireframe
532. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-wirecopyrect
533. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-wireframe
534. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-fixscreen
535. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-scr_skip
536. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-scale
537. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-scrollcopyrect
538. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#beta-test
539. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ncache
540. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
541. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html#ycrop
542. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ncache_no_rootpixmap
543. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ncache_cr
544. http://www.virtualgl.org/About/TurboVNC
545. http://www.virtualgl.org/
546. http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=117509&package_id=166100
547. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-wait
548. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-defer
549. http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=117509&package_id=166100
550. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
551. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/bins
552. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
553. http://www.virtualgl.org/About/Reports
554. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#fb_read_slow
555. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-cursor
556. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-cursor
557. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-overlay
558. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#infaq_the-overlay-mode
559. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#solaris10-build
560. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xfixes-alpha-hacks
561. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-alphacut
562. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-alphafrac
563. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-alpharemove
564. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nocursorshape
565. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-noalphablend
566. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
567. http://www.tightvnc.com/
568. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nocursor
569. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-cursorpos
570. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nocursorpos
571. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nocursorshape
572. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-buttonmap
573. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-debug_pointer
574. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-buttonmap
575. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-modtweak
576. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-greaterless
577. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xkbmodtweak
578. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-debug_keyboard
579. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-modtweak
580. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xkb
581. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sloppy_keys
582. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-modtweak
583. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-modtweak
584. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-remap
585. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xkbmodtweak
586. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-debug_keyboard
587. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-greaterless
588. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xkb
589. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sloppy_keys
590. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-modtweak
591. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xkb
592. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xkb
593. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-skip_keycodes
594. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-remap
595. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-add_keysyms
596. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-remap
597. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-remap
598. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-add_keysyms
599. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-norepeat
600. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-norepeat
601. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-display-manager
602. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-clear_mods
603. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-remap
604. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-remap-capslock
605. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-skip_lockkeys
606. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-capslock
607. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-clear_all
608. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-remap
609. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-remap
610. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nomodtweak
611. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-remap
612. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-remap
613. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-skip_lockkeys
614. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-remap
615. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nomodtweak
616. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-capslock
617. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-clear_all
618. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-scaling
619. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-scale
620. http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/ssb22/setup/vnc-magnification.html
621. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rfbport
622. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-gui
623. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-connect
624. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-scale_cursor
625. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-blackout
626. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xinerama
627. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xinerama
628. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xwarppointer
629. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xwarppointer
630. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-solshm
631. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-onetile
632. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-noshm
633. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-clip
634. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xinerama
635. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-id
636. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-id
637. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-xrandr
638. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-padgeom
639. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
640. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rotate
641. http://www.jwz.org/xscreensaver/man1.html
642. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nodpms
643. http://www.beryl-project.org/
644. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-noxdamage
645. http://www.dslinux.org/blogs/pepsiman/?p=73
646. http://minimyth.org/
647. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-linuxvc
648. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-rawfb
649. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-linuxvc
650. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-id
651. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rawfb
652. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-pipeinput
653. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-pipeinput
654. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-snapfb
655. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-video
656. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xvfb
657. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-qt-embedded
658. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-video
659. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rawfb
660. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-video
661. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-linuxvc
662. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-qt-embedded
663. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-vmware
664. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rawfb
665. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-rawfb
666. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-snapfb
667. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-24to32
668. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-wait
669. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-slow_fb
670. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-defer
671. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-freqtab
672. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-rawfb
673. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-pipeinput
674. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-pipeinput
675. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rawfb
676. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rawfb
677. http://www.testplant.com/products/vine_server/OS_X
678. http://www.apple.com/remotedesktop/
679. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-id
680. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-id
681. http://fredrik.hubbe.net/x2vnc.html
682. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-win2vnc
683. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-reflect
684. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rawfb
685. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nodragging
686. http://sourceforge.net/projects/vnc-reflector/
687. http://www.tightvnc.com/projector/
688. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-connect
689. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-display-manager
690. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-display-manager
691. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-connect
692. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nosel
693. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-noprimary
694. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-seldir
695. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-input
696. http://www.unixuser.org/~euske/vnc2swf/
697. http://wolphination.com/linux/2006/06/30/how-to-record-videos-of-your-desktop/
698. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
699. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-tightfilexfer
700. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-users
701. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ultrafilexfer
702. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
703. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-noultraext
704. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-noserverdpms
705. http://www.uvnc.com/addons/repeater.html
706. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-connect
707. http://www.uvnc.com/addons/singleclick.html
708. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-macosx
709. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/single-click.html
710. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/single-click.html
711. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html#firewalls
712. http://sc.uvnc.com/
713. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
714. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
715. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/single-click.html
716. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
717. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/single-click.html
718. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl.html
719. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/single-click.html
720. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/single-click.html#libssl-problems
721. http://www.samba.org/
722. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
723. http://www.cups.org/
724. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
725. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
726. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-nobell
727. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-sound
728. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-inetd
729. http://jungla.dit.upm.es/~acosta/paginas/vncIPv6.html
=======================================================================
http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/chainingssh.html:
_________________________________________________________________
Chaining ssh's: Note that for use of a ssh gateway and -L redirection
to an internal host (e.g. "-L 5900:otherhost:5900") the VNC traffic
inside the firewall is not encrypted and you have to manually log into
otherhost to start x11vnc. Kyle Amon shows a method where you chain
two ssh's together that encrypts all network traffic and also
automatically starts up x11vnc on the internal workstation:
#!/bin/sh
#
gateway="example.com" # or "user@example.com"
host="labyrinth" # or "user@hostname"
user="kyle"
# Need to sleep long enough for all of the passwords and x11vnc to start up.
# The </dev/null below makes the vncviewer prompt for passwd via popup window.
#
(sleep 10; vncviewer -encodings "copyrect tight zrle zlib hextile" \
localhost:0 </dev/null >/dev/null) &
# Chain the vnc connection thru 2 ssh's, and connect x11vnc to user's display:
#
exec /usr/bin/ssh -t -L 5900:localhost:5900 $gateway \
/usr/bin/ssh -t -L 5900:localhost:5900 $host \
sudo /usr/bin/x11vnc -localhost -auth /home/$user/.Xauthority \
-rfbauth .vnc/passwd -display :0
Also note the use of sudo(1) to switch to root so that the different
user's .Xauthority file can be accessed. See the visudo(8) manpage for
details on how to set this up (remove the sudo if you do not want to
do this). One can also chain together ssh's for reverse connections
with vncviewers using the -listen option. For this case -R would
replace the -L (and 5500 the 5900, see the #2 example script above).
If the gateway machine's sshd is configured with GatewayPorts=no (the
default) then the double chaining of "ssh -R ..." will be required for
reverse connections to work.
=======================================================================
http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/miscbuild.html:
_________________________________________________________________
Misc. Build problems: We collect here rare build problems some users
have reported and the corresponding workarounds. See also the [1]FAQ's
on building.
_________________________________________________________________
ENV parameter: One user had a problem where the build script below was
failing because his work environment had the ENV variable set to a
script that was resetting his PATH so that gcc could no longer be
found. Make sure you do not have any ENV or BASH_ENV in your
environment doing things like that. Typing "unset ENV", etc. before
configuring and building should clear it.
_________________________________________________________________
Bash xpg: One user had his bash shell compiled with
--enable-xpg-echo-default that causes some strange behavior with
things like echo "\\1 ..." the configure script executes. In
particular instead of getting "\1" the non-printable character "^A" is
produced, and causes failures at compile time like:
../rfb/rfbconfig.h:9:22: warning: extra tokens at end of #ifndef directive
The workaround is to configure like this:
env CONFIG_SHELL=/bin/sh /bin/sh ./configure
i.e. avoid using the bash with the misbehavior. A bug has been filed
against autoconf to guard against this.
_________________________________________________________________
AIX: one user had to add the "X11.adt" package to AIX to get build
header files like XShm.h, etc.
_________________________________________________________________
Ubuntu Feisty Fawn 7.04: In May/2007 one user said he needed to add
these packages to compile x11vnc on that Linux distro and version:
apt-get install build-essential make bin86 libjpeg62-dev libssl-dev libxtst-d
ev
Note that Ubuntu is based on Debian, so perhaps this is the list
needed on Debian (testing?) as well. To build in Avahi (mDNS service
advertising) support it would appear that libavahi-client-dev is
needed as well.
_________________________________________________________________
Exceedingly slow compilation: x11vnc has a couple of files which
contain very large "case statements" (over 100 cases) that on some
platforms can take a very long time to compile (in extreme cases over
an hour). However on 32bit Linux with intel/amd processor and gcc
these files usually take less than 10 seconds to compile. For 64bit
systems using gcc the problem appears to be much worse.
The two files with the large number of cases, remote.c and x11vnc.c,
have no real need to be optimized (the code is used only very
infrequently). So it is fine to supply "-O0" (disables optimization)
to CFLAGS when compiling them. However, it is tricky with
autoconf/automake to do this (especially since both the compiler and
make versions have a big effect).
So if the compile times are getting too long for you for these two
files you will need to manually change some things. First, run
configure and when it has finished, edit the generated file
x11vnc/Makefile and put these lines at the very top:
x11vnc-x11vnc.o : CFLAGS += -O0
x11vnc-remote.o : CFLAGS += -O0
Those lines assume gnu make (gmake) is being used. If you are using
another make, say Solaris make, insert these instead:
x11vnc-x11vnc.o := CFLAGS += -O0
x11vnc-remote.o := CFLAGS += -O0
You could write a build shell script that modified the Makefile this
way before running make.
The "-O0" (note it is "capital Oh" followed by "zero") assumes the gcc
compiler. If you are using a different compiler you will need to find
the command line option to disable optimization, or otherwise have the
lines set CFLAGS to the empty string.
_________________________________________________________________
References
1. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-build
=======================================================================
http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/sunray.html:
Sun Ray Notes:
You can run x11vnc on your (connected or disconnected) [1]SunRay
session (Please remember to use settings like [2]-wait 200, [3]-sb 15,
and not running a screensaver animation (blank instead) to avoid being
a resource hog! x11vnc does induce a lot of memory I/O from polling
the X server. It also helps to have a solid background color, e.g.
[4]-solid).
News: Sun Ray Remote Control Toolkit: See the nice set of tools in the
[5]Sun Ray Remote Control Toolkit that launch x11vnc automatically for
you for certain usage modes.
You have to know the name of the machine your SunRay session X server
is running on (so you can ssh into it and start x11vnc). You also need
to know the X11 DISPLAY number for the session: on a SunRay it could
be a large number, e.g. :137, since there are many people with X
sessions (Xsun processes) on the same machine. If you don't know it,
you can get it by running who(1) in a shell on the SunRay server and
looking for the dtlocal entry with your username (and if you don't
even know which server machine has your session, you could login to
all possible ones looking at the who output for your username...).
I put some code in my ~/.dtprofile script that stores $DISPLAY
(including the hostname) in a ~/.sunray_current file at session
startup (and deletes it when the X session ends) to make it easy to
get at the hostname and X11 display number info for my current X
sessions when I ssh in and am about to start x11vnc.
SunRay Gotcha #1: Note that even though your SunRay X11 DISPLAY is
something like :137, x11vnc still tries for port 5900 as its listening
port if it can get it, in which case the VNC display (i.e. the
information you supply to the VNC viewer) is something like
sunray-server:0 (note the :0 corresponding to port 5900, it is not
:137). If it cannot get 5900, it tries for 5901, and so on. You can
also try to force the port (and thereby the VNC display) using the
[6]-rfbport NNNN option.
Especially on a busy Sun Ray server it is often difficult to find free
ports for both VNC and the HTTP Java applet server to listen on. This
script, [7]vnc_findports may be of use for doing this automatically.
It suggests x11vnc command line options based on netstat output that
lists the occupied ports. It is even more difficult to start
vncserver/Xvnc on a busy Sun Ray because then 3 ports (HTTP, VNC, and
X11), all separated by 100 are needed! This script, [8]findvncports
may be helpful as well. Both scripts start at VNC display :10 and work
their way up.
SunRay Gotcha #2: If you get an error like:
shmget(tile) failed.
shmget: No space left on device
when starting up x11vnc that most likely means all the shared memory
(shm) slots are filled up on your machine. The Solaris default is only
100, and that can get filled up in a week or so on a SunRay server
with lots of users. If the shm slot is orphaned (e.g. creator process
dies) the slot is not reclaimed. You can view the shm slots with the
"ipcs -mA" command. If there are about 100 then you've probably hit
this problem. They can be cleaned out (by the owner or by root) using
the ipcrm command. I wrote a script [9]shm_clear that finds the
orphans and lists or removes them. Longer term, have your SunRay
sysadmin add something like this to /etc/system:
set shmsys:shminfo_shmmax = 0x2000000
set shmsys:shminfo_shmmni = 0x1000
SunRay Gotcha #3: Some SunRay installations have implemented
suspending certain applications when a SunRay session is in a
disconnected state (e.g. Java Badge pulled out, utdetach, etc). This
is a good thing because it limits hoggy or runaway apps from wasting
the shared CPU resource. Think how much CPU and memory I/O is wasted
by a bunch of Firefox windows running worthless Flash animations while
your session is disconnected!
So some sites have implemented scripts to suspend (e.g. kill -STOP)
certain apps when your badge is removed from the SunRay terminal. When
you reattach, it kill -CONT them. This causes problems for viewing the
detached SunRay session via x11vnc: those suspended apps will not
respond (their windows will be blank or otherwise inactive).
What to do? Well, since you are going to be using the application you
might as well unfreeze it rather than starting up a 2nd instance. Here
is one way to do it using the kill -CONT mechanism:
kill -CONT `ps -ealf | grep ' T ' | grep $LOGNAME | awk '{print $4}'`
If you want to be a good citizen and re-freeze them before you exit
x11vnc this script could be of use:
#!/bin/sh
#
# kill -STOP/-CONT script for x11vnc (or other) SunRay usage ("freezes"
# certain apps from hogging resources when disconnected).
#
# Put here a pattern that matches the apps that are frozen:
#
appmatch="java_vm|jre|netscape-bin|firefox-bin|realplay|acroread|mozilla-bin"
if [ "X$1" = "Xfreeze" ]; then
pkill -STOP -U $LOGNAME "$appmatch"
elif [ "X$1" = "Xthaw" ]; then
pkill -CONT -U $LOGNAME "$appmatch"
elif [ "$RFB_MODE" = "afteraccept" -a "$RFB_STATE" = "NORMAL" ]; then
# a valid x11vnc login.
if [ "$RFB_CLIENT_COUNT" = "1" ]; then
# only one client present.
pkill -CONT -U $LOGNAME "$appmatch"
fi
elif [ "$RFB_MODE" = "gone" -a "$RFB_STATE" = "NORMAL" ]; then
# a valid x11vnc login.
if [ "$RFB_CLIENT_COUNT" = "0" ]; then
# last client present has just left.
pkill -STOP -U $LOGNAME "$appmatch"
fi
fi
exit 0
If you called the script "goodcitizen" you could type "goodcitizen
thaw" to unfreeze them, and then "goodcitizen freeze" to refreeze
them. One could also use these x11vnc options "-afteraccept
goodcitizen -gone goodcitizen" to do it automatically.
SunRay Gotcha #4: Recent versions of the Sun Ray Server Software
SRSS (seems to be version 3.0 or 3.1) have a "misfeature" that when
the session is disconnected (i.e. badge/smartcard out) the screen
locker (xscreensaver) will freeze the X server just when the "Enter
Password" dialog box appears. So you cannot unlock the screen remotely
via x11vnc!
Update: please see Bob Doolittle's detailed description of the this
issue at the [10]bottom of this section.
Here "freeze" means "stop other X clients from inserting keyboard and
mouse input and from viewing the current contents of the screen". Or
something like that; the upshot is x11vnc can't do its normal thing.
There are several workarounds for this.
1) The easiest one by far is to put these lines in your
$HOME/.dtprofile file:
SUN_SUNRAY_UTXLOCK_PREF="/usr/openwin/bin/xlock -mode blank"
export SUN_SUNRAY_UTXLOCK_PREF
One might argue that xlock isn't particularly "pretty". (Just IMHO,
but if something like this not being pretty actually gets in the way
of your work I think some introspection may be in order. :-)
2) The problem has been traced to the pam_sunray.so PAM module.
Evidently xscreensaver invokes this pam module and it communicates
with utsessiond who in turn instructs the Xsun server to not process
any synthetic mouse/keyboard input or to update the screen
framebuffer. It is not clear if this is by design (security?) or
something else.
In any event, the problem can be avoided, somewhat drastically, by
commenting out the corresponding line in /etc/pam.conf:
#xscreensaver auth sufficient /opt/SUNWut/lib/pam_sunray.so syncondisplay
Leave the other xscreensaver pam authentication lines unchanged. The
dtsession-SunRay line may also need to be commented out to avoid the
problem for CDE sessions. N.B. it is possible the application of a
SSRS patch, etc, may re-enable that /etc/pam.conf line. It may be
difficult to convince a sysadmin to make this change.
3) A more forceful way is to kill the xscreensaver process from a
shell prompt whenever you connect via x11vnc and the screen is in a
locked state:
pkill -U $LOGNAME '^xscreensaver$'
And then after you are in be sure to restart it by typing something
like:
xscreensaver &
You may want to avoid restarting it until you are about to disconnect
your VNC viewer (since if it locks the screen while you are working
you'll be stuck again).
3') The above idea can be done a bit more cleanly by having x11vnc do
it. Suppose we called the following script xss_killer:
#!/bin/sh
#
# xss_killer: kill xscreensaver after a valid x11vnc client logs in.
# Restart xscreensaver and lock it when the last client
# disconnects.
PATH=/usr/openwin/bin:/usr/bin:$PATH
export PATH
if [ "$RFB_MODE" = "afteraccept" -a "$RFB_STATE" = "NORMAL" ]; then
# a valid x11vnc login.
if [ "$RFB_CLIENT_COUNT" = "1" ]; then
# only one client present.
pkill -U $LOGNAME '^xscreensaver$'
pkill -KILL -U $LOGNAME -f xscreensaver/hacks
fi
elif [ "$RFB_MODE" = "gone" -a "$RFB_STATE" = "NORMAL" ]; then
# a valid x11vnc login.
if [ "$RFB_CLIENT_COUNT" = "0" ]; then
# last client present has just left.
xscreensaver -nosplash &
sleep 1
xscreensaver-command -lock &
fi
fi
Then we would run x11vnc with these options: "-afteraccept xss_killer
-gone xss_killer". The [11]-afteraccept option (introduced in version
0.8) is used to run a command after a vncviewer has successfully
logged in (note that this is a VNC login, not a Unix login, so you may
not want to do this if you are really paranoid...)
Note if you use the above script and also plan to Ctrl-C (SIGINT)
x11vnc you have to run the xscreensaver in a new process group to
avoid killing it as well. One way to do this is via this kludge:
perl -e 'setpgrp(0,0); exec "xscreensaver -nosplash &"'
in the above script.
4) There appears to be a bug in pam_sunray.so in that it doesn't seem
to honor the convention that, say, DISPLAY=unix:3 means to use Unix
sockets to connect to display 3 on the local machine (this is a bit
faster than TCP sockets). Rather, it thinks the display is a non-local
one to a machine named "unix" (that usually does not resolve to an IP
address).
Amusingly, this can be used to bypass the pam_sunray.so blocking of
Xsun that prevents one from unlocking the screen remotely via x11vnc.
One could put something like this in $HOME/.dtprofile to kill any
existing xscreensavers and then start up a fresh xscreensaver using
DISPLAY=unix:N
# stop/kill any running xscreensavers (probably not running yet, but to be sure
)
xscreensaver-command -exit
pkill -U $LOGNAME '^xscreensaver$'
env DISPLAY=`echo $DISPLAY | sed -e 's/^.*:/unix:/'` xscreensaver &
Important: Note that all of the above workarounds side-step the
pam_sunray.so PAM module in one way or another. You'll need to see if
that is appropriate for your site's SunRay / smartcard usage. Also,
these hacks may break other things and so you may want to test various
scenarios carefully. E.g. check corner cases like XDMCP/dtremote,
NSCM, etc.
Update May 2008: Here is a useful description of this issue from Bob
Doolittle who is a developer for Sun Ray at Sun. I don't have the time
to digest and distill it and then adjust the above methods to provide
a clearer description, so I just include below the description he sent
me with the hope that it will help some users:
In SRSS 4.0 and earlier, the purpose of pam_sunray.so in the "auth"
PAM stack of screensavers is to enable NSCM (and, although this is
much less commonly used, "SC", which is configured when 3rd-party
software is installed to allow smartcards to be used as part of the
authentication process) to work. It should have no effect with
smartcards. Currently, however, it does block the PAM stack for all
sessions, which causes xscreensaver, when it locks a disconnected
session, to not process any mouse or keyboard events as you
describe (unless xscreensaver does an X server grab, however, other
applications should still be able to draw in the session although
xscreensaver may be playing tricks like putting a black window on
top of everything). In both of the NSCM and SC models,
authentication occurs in a separate session before SRSS will
reconnect to the user session, in which case pam_sunray.so causes
xscreensaver to just unlock the screen without prompting the user
to enter their password again. To do this, pam_sunray.so has to
block until the session becomes reconnected, so it can query SRSS
at that time to determine whether the user has already
authenticated or not. In SRSS 4.0 and earlier releases,
pam_sunray.so could have been optimized to not block smartcard
sessions, although since the session is disconnected this typically
isn't important (except in the x11vnc case, as you've observed).
In SRSS 4.1, however, for increased security the out-of-session
authentication model has been extended to *all* session types, so
pam_sunray.so will be required in all cases unless users are
willing to authenticate twice upon hotdesking (e.g. when their card
is inserted). In future, we may do away with pam_sunray.so, and in
fact with any traditional screen locker in the user session, since
SRSS itself will be providing better security than a screen locker
running entirely within the user's X session is capable of
providing.
Your trick of setting DISPLAY to unix:DPY will effectively disable
pam_sunray.so (I'm not sure I'd call that a bug - you're going out
of your way to do something that wouldn't occur in the normal
course of events, and really provides no useful value other than to
tickle this behavior in pam_sunray.so). This will mean that, in
SRSS 4.0 and earlier releases, users will be prompted for their
passwords twice when reconnecting to their sessions for NSCM and SC
session types. In 4.1, disabling pam_sunray.so in this way will
cause this double-authentication to occur for *all* sessions,
including simple smartcard sessions. Users may be willing to pay
that price in order to be able to use x11vnc in disconnected
sessions. I like this hack, personally. It's a little less
convenient than some of the other approaches you describe, but it's
lighter-weight and more secure than most of the other approaches,
and provides the value of being able to use x11vnc in locked
sessions.
Here are some other minor notes: - I wouldn't recommend storing
your display in your .dtprofile, unless you're willing to live with
a single session at a time. Personally, I often find myself using
several sessions, in several FoGs, for short periods of time so
this would certainly break. IMO it's pretty easy to use $DISPLAY to
do what you want on the fly, as needed, so I don't think the price
of breaking multiple-session functionality would be worth the
convenience, to me at least. Here's some ksh/bash syntax to extract
the hostname and display number on the fly which you may find
useful:
HOSTNAME=${DISPLAY%:*}
FULLDPY=${DISPLAY#*:}
DPYNUM=${FULLDPY%.*}
A final note may give you some insight into other clever hacks in
this area: - Check out utaction. It's a very handy little utility
that can be run as a daemon in the user session which will invoke a
specified command upon session connects and/or disconnects.
Personally, I start one up in my .dtprofile as follows:
utaction -c $HOME/.srconnectrc -d $HOME/.srdisconnectrc &
This then allows me to construct a .srconnectrc script containing
useful commands I'd like to have run every time I insert my
smartcard, and a .srdisconnectrc script of commands to be run every
time I remove my smartcard (or, connect/disconnect to my session
via NSCM or SC). This can be used for things like notifying a chat
client of away status, as well as some of the hacks you've
described on your page such as freeze/unfreeze, or perhaps to
terminate an xscreensaver and start up a new one with the unix:DPY
$DISPLAY specification as you describe (although it probably makes
most sense to do this at login time, as opposed to every connect or
disconnect event).
References
1. http://www.sun.com/sunray/index.html
2. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-wait
3. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sb
4. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-solid
5. http://wiki.sun-rays.org/index.php/Remote_Control_Toolkit
6. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rfbport
7. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/vnc_findports
8. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/findvncports
9. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/shm_clear
10. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/sunray.html#doolittle
11. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-afteraccept
=======================================================================
http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl.html:
_________________________________________________________________
Notes on x11vnc SSL Certificates and Key Management:
The simplest scheme ("x11vnc -ssl TMP") is where x11vnc generates a
temporary, self-signed certificate each time (automatically using
openssl(1)) and the VNC viewer client accepts the certificate without
question (e.g. user clicks "Yes" in a dialog box. Perhaps the dialog
allows them to view the certificate too). Also note stunnel's default
is to quietly accept all certificates.
The encryption this provides protects against all passive sniffing of
the VNC traffic and passwords on the network and so it is quite good,
but it does not prevent a Man-In-The-Middle attack: e.g. an attacker
intercepts the VNC client stream and sends it his own Public key for
SSL negotiation (pretending to be the server). Then it makes a
connection to SSL x11vnc itself and forwards the data back and forth.
He can see all the traffic and modify it as well.
Most people don't seem to worry about Man-In-The-Middle attacks these
days; they are more concerned about passive sniffing. Perhaps someday
that will change if attack tools are used more widely to perform the
attack. There are hacker tools like dsniff/webmitm and cain that
implement SSL Man-In-The-Middle attacks. They rely on the client not
bothering to check the cert.
If you are not worried about Man-In-The-Middle attacks you do not have
to read the techniques described in the rest of this page.
To prevent Man-In-The-Middle attacks, certificates must somehow be
verified. This requires the VNC client side have some piece of
information that can be used to verify the SSL x11vnc server.
Alternatively, although rarely done, x11vnc could verify VNC Clients'
certificates, see the [1]-sslverify option that is discussed briefly
below.
There are a number of ways to have the client authenticate x11vnc. The
quickest way perhaps would be to copy (safely) the certificate x11vnc
prints out:
26/03/2006 21:12:00 Creating a temporary, self-signed PEM certificate...
...
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIC4TCCAkqgAwIBAgIJAMnwCaOjvEKaMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBAUAMIGmMQswCQYD
VQQGEwJBVTEOMAwGA1UEBxMFTGludXgxITAfBgNVBAsTGGFuZ2VsYS0xMTQzNDI1
NTIwLjQxMTE2OTEPMA0GA1UEChMGeDExdm5jMS4wLAYDVQQDEyV4MTF2bmMtU0VM
(more lines) ...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
to the client machine(s) and have the client's SSL machinery (e.g.
stunnel, Web Browser, or Java plugin) import the certificate. That way
when the connection to x11vnc is made the client can verify that is it
the desired server on the other side of the SSL connection.
So, for example suppose the user is using the SSL enabled Java VNC
Viewer and has incorporated the x11vnc certificate into his Web
browser on the viewing side. If he gets a dialog that the certificate
is not verified he knows something is wrong. It may be a
Man-In-The-Middle attack, but more likely x11vnc certificate has
changed or expired or his browser was reinstalled and lost the
certificate, etc, etc.
As another example, if the user was using [2]stunnel with his VNC
viewer (this is mentioned [3]in this FAQ), e.g. STUNNEL.EXE on
Windows, then he would have to set the "CAfile = path-to-the-cert" and
"verify = 2" options in the stunnel.conf file before starting up the
tunnel. If a x11vnc certificate cannot be verified, stunnel will drop
the connection (and print a failure message in its log file).
A third example, using the VNC viewer on Unix with stunnel the wrapper
script can be used this way: "[4]ss_vncviewer -verify ./x11vnc.crt
far-away.east:0" where ./x11vnc.crt is the copied certificate x11vnc
printed out.
Note that in principle the copying of the certificate to the client
machine(s) itself could be altered in a Man-In-The-Middle attack! You
can't win. It is unlikely the attacker could predict how you were
going to send it unless you had, say, done it many times before the
same way. SSH is a very good way to send it (but of course it too
depends on public keys being sent unaltered between the two
machines!). If you are really paranoid, I'm sure you'll figure out a
really good way to transport the certificates. See the Certificate
Authority scheme below for a way to make this easier (you just have to
do it once).
_________________________________________________________________
Saving SSL certificates and keys:
Now, it would be very inconvenient to copy the new temporary
certificate every time x11vnc is run in SSL mode. So for convenience
there is the "SAVE" keyword (this is now the default) to instruct
x11vnc to save the certificate it creates:
x11vnc -ssl SAVE -display :0 ...
This way it will save the certificate and private key in these files:
~/.vnc/certs/server.crt
~/.vnc/certs/server.pem
The ".crt" file contains only the certificate and should be copied to
the VNC Viewer machine(s) that will be authenticating the x11vnc
server. The ".pem" file contains both the certificate and the private
key and should be kept secret. (If you don't like the default location
~/.vnc/certs, e.g. it is on an NFS share and you are worried about
local network sniffing, use the [5]-ssldir dir option to point to a
different directory.)
So the next time you run "x11vnc -ssl SAVE ..." it will read the
server.pem file directly instead of creating a new one.
You can manage multiple SSL x11vnc server keys in this simple way by
using:
x11vnc -ssl SAVE-key2 -display :0 ...
etc, where you put whatever name you choose for the key after "SAVE-".
E.g. "-ssl SAVE-fred".
Also, if you want to be prompted to possibly change the made up names,
etc. that x11vnc creates (e.g. "x11vnc-SELF-SIGNED-CERT-7762" for the
CommonName) for the certificates distinguished name (DN), then use
"x11vnc -ssl SAVE_PROMPT ...", "x11vnc -ssl SAVE_PROMPT-fred ..." etc.
when you create the key the first time.
Tip: when prompting, if you choose the CommonName entry to be the full
internet hostname of the machine the clients will be connecting to
then that will avoid an annoying dialog box in their Web browsers that
warn that the CommonName doesn't match the hostname.
_________________________________________________________________
Passphrases for server keys:
Well, since now with the "SAVE" keyword the certificate and key will
be longer lived, one can next worry about somebody stealing the
private key and pretending to be the x11vnc server! How to guard
against this?
The first is that the file is created with perms 600 (i.e. -rw-------)
to make it harder for an untrusted user to copy the file. A better way
is to also encrypt the private key with a passphrase. You are prompted
whether you want to do this or not when the key is first created under
"-ssl SAVE" mode ("Protect key with a passphrase? [y]/n"). It is
suggested that you use a passphrase. The inconvenience is every time
you run "x11vnc -ssl SAVE ..." you will need to supply the passphrase
to access the private key:
06/04/2006 11:39:11 using PEM /home/runge/.vnc/certs/server.pem 0.000s
A passphrase is needed to unlock an OpenSSL private key (PEM file).
Enter passphrase>
before x11vnc can continue.
_________________________________________________________________
Being your own Certificate Authority:
A very sophisticated way that scales well if the number of users is
large is to use a Certificate Authority (CA) whose public certificate
is available to all of the VNC clients and whose private key has been
used to digitally sign the x11vnc server certificate(s).
The idea is as follows:
* A special CA cert and key is generated.
* Its private key is always protected by a good passphrase since it
is only used for signing.
* The CA cert is (safely) distributed to all machines where VNC
clients will run.
* One or more x11vnc server certs and keys are generated.
* The x11vnc server cert is signed with the CA private key.
* x11vnc is run using the server key. (e.g. "[6]-ssl SAVE")
* VNC clients (viewers) can now authenticate the x11vnc server
because they have the CA certificate.
The advantage is the CA cert only needs to be distributed once to the
various machines, that can be done even before x11vnc server certs are
generated.
As above, it is important the CA private key and the x11vnc server key
are kept secret, otherwise someone could steal them and pretend to be
the CA or the x11vnc server if they copied the key. It is recommended
that the x11vnc server keys are also protected via a passphrase (see
the previous section).
Optionally, VNC viewer certs and keys could also be generated to
enable the x11vnc server to authenticate each client. This is not
normally done (usually a simple viewer password scheme is used), but
this can be useful in some situations. These optional steps go like
this:
* One or more VNC client certs and keys are generated.
* These VNC client certs are signed with the CA private key.
* The VNC client certs+keys are safely distributed to the
corresponding client machines.
* x11vnc is told to verify clients by using the CA cert. (e.g.
"[7]-sslverify CA")
* When VNC clients (viewers) connect, they must authenticate
themselves to x11vnc by using their client key.
Again, it is a good idea if the client private keys are protected with
a passphrase, otherwise if stolen they could be used to gain access to
the x11vnc server. Once distributed to the client machines, there is
no need to keep the client key on the CA machine that generated and
signed it. You can keep the client certs if you like because they are
public, and they could also be used let in only a subset of all the
clients. (see [8]-sslverify)
_________________________________________________________________
How to do the above CA steps with x11vnc:
Some utility commands are provided to ease the cert+key creation,
signing, and management: [9]-sslGenCA, [10]-sslGenCert,
[11]-sslDelCert, [12]-sslEncKey, [13]-sslCertInfo. They basically run
the openssl(1) command for you to manage the certs/keys. It is
required that openssl(1) is installed on the machine and available in
PATH. All commands can be pointed to an alternate toplevel certificate
directory via the [14]-ssldir option if you don't want to use the
default ~/.vnc/certs.
1) To generate your Certificate Authority (CA) cert and key run this:
x11vnc -sslGenCA
Follow the prompts, you can modify any information strings you care
to. You will also be required to encrypt the CA private key with a
passphrase. This generates these files:
~/.vnc/certs/CA/cacert.pem (the CA public certificate)
~/.vnc/certs/CA/private/cakey.pem (the CA private key)
If you want to use a different directory use [15]-ssldir It must
supplied with all subsequent SSL utility options to point them to the
correct directory.
2) To generate a signed x11vnc server cert and key run this:
x11vnc -sslGenCert server
As with the CA generation, follow the prompts and you can modify any
information strings you care to. This will create the files:
~/.vnc/certs/server.crt (the server public certificate)
~/.vnc/certs/server.pem (the server private key + public cert)
It is recommended to protect the server private key with a passphrase
(you will be prompted whether you want to). You will need to provide
it whenever you start x11vnc using this key.
3) Start up x11vnc using this server key:
x11vnc -ssl SAVE -display :0 ...
(SAVE corresponds to server.pem, see [16]-sslGenCert server somename
info on creating additional server keys, server-somename.crt ...)
4) Next, safely copy the CA certificate to the VNC viewer (client)
machine(s). Perhaps:
scp ~/.vnc/CA/cacert.pem clientmachine:.
5) Then the tricky part, make it so the SSL VNC Viewer uses this
certificate. There are a number of ways this might be done, it depends
on what your client and/or SSL tunnel is. Some examples:
For the SSL Java VNC viewer supplied with x11vnc in
classes/ssl/VncViewer.jar or classes/ssl/SignedVncViewer.jar:
* Import the cacert.pem cert into your Web Browser (e.g. Edit ->
Preferences -> Privacy & Security -> Manage Certificates ->
WebSites -> Import)
* Or Import the cacert.pem cert into your Java Plugin (e.g. run
ControlPanel, then Security -> Certificates -> Secure Site ->
Import)
When importing, one would give the browser/java-plugin the path to the
copied cacert.pem file in some dialog. Note that the Web browser or
Java plugin is used for the server authentication. If the user gets a
"Site not verified" message while connecting he should investigate
further.
For the use of stunnel (e.g. on Windows) one would add this to the
stunnel.conf:
# stunnel.conf:
client = yes
options = ALL
CAfile = /path/to/cacert.pem # or maybe C:\path\to\cacert.pem
[myvncssl]
accept = 5901
connect = far-away.east:5900
(then point the VNC viewer to localhost:1).
Here is an example for the Unix stunnel wrapper script
[17]ss_vncviewer:
ss_vncviewer -verify ./cacert.pem far-away.east:0
_________________________________________________________________
Tricks for server keys:
To create additional x11vnc server keys do something like this:
x11vnc -sslGenCert server myotherkey
and use it this way:
x11vnc -ssl SAVE-myotherkey ...
The files will be ~/.vnc/certs/server-myotherkey.{crt,pem}
You can also create a self-signed server key:
x11vnc -sslGenCert server self:third_key
and use it this way:
x11vnc -ssl SAVE-self:third_key ...
This key is not signed by your CA. This can be handy to have a key set
separate from your CA when you do not want to create a 2nd CA
cert+key.
_________________________________________________________________
Using external CA's:
You don't have to use your own CA cert+key you can use a third
party's. Perhaps you have a company-wide CA or you can even have your
x11vnc certificate signed by a professional CA (e.g. www.thawte.com or
www.verisign.com).
The advantage to doing this is that the VNC client machines will
already have the CA certificates installed and you don't have to
install it on each machine.
To generate an x11vnc server cert+key this way you should generate a
"request" for a certicate signing something like this:
x11vnc -sslGenCert server req:external
This will create the request file:
~/.vnc/certs/server-req:external.req
Which you should send to the external CA. When you get the signed
certificate back from them, save it in the file:
~/.vnc/certs/server-req:external.crt
and create the .pem this way:
mv ~/.vnc/certs/server-req:external.key ~/.vnc/certs/server-req:external.
pem
chmod 600 ~/.vnc/certs/server-req:external.pem
cat ~/.vnc/certs/server-req:external.crt >> ~/.vnc/certs/server-req:external.
pem
You also rename the two files (.crt and .pem) to have a shorter
basename if you like.
_________________________________________________________________
Using Client Keys for Authentication:
You can optionally create certs+keys for your VNC client machines as
well. After distributing them to the client machines you can have
x11vnc verify the clients using SSL. Here is how to do this:
x11vnc -sslGenCert client dilbert
x11vnc -sslGenCert client wally
x11vnc -sslGenCert client alice
...
As usual, follow the prompts if you want to change any of the info
field values. As always, it is a good idea to protect the private keys
with a passphrase. These files are created:
~/.vnc/certs/clients/dilbert.crt
~/.vnc/certs/clients/dilbert.pem
...
Note that these are kept in a clients subdirectory.
Next, safely copy the .pem files to each corresponding client machine
and incorporate them into the VNC viewer / SSL software (see the ideas
mentioned above for the CA and server keys). The only difference is
these certificates might be referred to as "My Certificates" or
"Client Certificates". They are used for client authentication (which
is relatively rare for SSL).
After copying them you can delete the clients/*.pem files for extra
safety because the private keys are not needed by the x11vnc server.
You don't really need the clients/*.crt files either (because they
have been signed by the CA). But they could come in handy if you
wanted to let in just one client and are necessary for self-signed
client certificates.
Now start up x11vnc and instruct it to verify connecting clients via
SSL and the CA cert:
x11vnc -ssl SAVE -sslverify CA
For arbitrary self-signed client certificates (no CA) it might be
something like this:
x11vnc -ssl SAVE -sslverify path/to/client.crt
x11vnc -ssl SAVE -sslverify path/to/client-hash-dir
x11vnc -ssl SAVE -sslverify path/to/certs.txt
Where client.crt would be an individual client certificate;
client-hash-dir a directory of file names based on md5 hashes of the
certs (see [18]-sslverify); and certs.txt signifies a single file full
of client certificates.
Finally, connect with your VNC viewer using the key. Here is an
example for the Unix stunnel wrapper script [19]ss_vncviewer: using
client authentication (and the standard server authentication with the
CA cert):
ss_vncviewer -mycert ./dilbert.pem -verify ./cacert.pem far-away.east:0
Our [20]SSVNC enhanced tightvnc viewer can also use these openssl .pem
files (you can load them via Certs... -> MyCert dialog).
It is also possible to use [21]-sslverify on a per-client key basis,
and also using self-signed client keys (x11vnc -sslGenCert client
self:dilbert)
Now a tricky part is to get Web browsers or Java Runtime to import and
use the openssl .pem cert+key files. See the next paragraph on how to
convert them to pkcs12 format. If you find a robust way to import them
and and get them to use the cert please let us know!
Here is how to convert our openssl crt/pem files to pkcs12 format
(contains both the client certificate and key) that can be read by Web
browsers and Java for use in client authentication:
openssl pkcs12 -export -in mycert.crt -inkey mycert.pem -out mycert.p12
it will ask for a passphrase to protect mycert.p12. Some software
(e.g. Java ControlPanel) may require a non-empty passphrase. Actually,
since our .pem contains both the certificate and private key, you
could just supply it for the -in and remove the -inkey option. It
appears that for certificates only importing, our .crt file is
sufficient and can be read by Mozilla/Firefox and Java...
If you have trouble getting your Java Runtime to import and use the
cert+key, there is a workaround for the [22]SSL-enabled Java applet.
On the Web browser URL that retrieves the VNC applet, simply add a
"/?oneTimeKey=..." applet parameter (see [23]ssl-portal for more
details on applet parameters; you don't need to do the full portal
setup though). The value of the oneTimeKey will be the very long
string that is output of the onetimekey program found in the
classes/ssl x11vnc directory. Or you can set oneTimeKey=PROMPT in
which case the applet will ask you to paste in the long string. These
scheme is pretty ugly, but it works. A nice application of it is to
make one time keys for users that have already logged into a secure
HTTPS site via password. A cgi program then makes a one time key for
the logged in user to use: it is passed back over HTTPS as the applet
parameter in the URL and so cannot be sniffed. x11vnc is run to use
that key via [24]-sslverify.
Update: as of Apr 2007 in the 0.9.1 x11vnc tarball there is a new
option setting "[25]-users sslpeer=" that will do a switch user much
like [26]-unixpw does, but this time using the emailAddress field of
the Certificate subject of the verified Client. This mode requires
[27]-sslverify turned on to verify the clients via SSL. This mode can
be useful in situations using [28]-create or [29]-svc where a new X
server needs to be started up as the authenticated user (but unlike in
-unixpw mode, the unix username is not obviously known).
_________________________________________________________________
Additional utlities:
You can get information about your keys via [30]-sslCertInfo. These
lists all your keys:
x11vnc -sslCertInfo list
x11vnc -sslCertInfo ll
(the latter is long format).
These print long output, including the public certificate, for
individual keys:
x11vnc -sslCertInfo server
x11vnc -sslCertInfo dilbert
x11vnc -sslCertInfo all (every key, very long)
If you want to add a protecting passphrase to a key originally created
without one:
x11vnc -sslEncKey SAVE
x11vnc -sslEncKey SAVE-fred
To delete a cert+key:
x11vnc -sslDelCert SAVE
x11vnc -sslDelCert SAVE-fred
x11vnc -sslDelCert wally
(but rm(1) will be just as effective).
_________________________________________________________________
More info:
See also this [31]article for some some general info and examples
using stunnel and openssl on Windows with VNC. Also
[32]http://www.stunnel.org/faq/certs.html
References
1. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslverify
2. http://stunnel.mirt.net/
3. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-ext
4. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ss_vncviewer
5. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssldir
6. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssl
7. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslverify
8. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslverify
9. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslGenCA
10. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslGenCert
11. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslDelCert
12. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslEncKey
13. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslCertInfo
14. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssldir
15. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssldir
16. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-ssldir
17. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ss_vncviewer
18. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslverify
19. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ss_vncviewer
20. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
21. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslverify
22. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-viewers
23. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-portal.html
24. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslverify
25. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-users
26. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw
27. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslverify
28. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-create
29. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-svc
30. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslCertInfo
31. http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1677
32. http://www.stunnel.org/faq/certs.html
=======================================================================
http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-portal.html:
_________________________________________________________________
Using Apache as an SSL Gateway to x11vnc servers inside a firewall:
Background:
The typical way to allow access to x11vnc (or any other VNC server)
running on multiple workstations inside a firewall is via SSH. The
user somewhere out on the Internet logs in to the SSH gateway machine
and uses port forwarding (e.g. ssh -t -L 5900:myworkstation:5900
user@gateway) to set up the encrypted channel that VNC is then
tunneled through. Next he starts up the VNC viewer on the machine
where he is sitting directed to the local tunnel port (e.g.
localhost:0).
The SSH scheme is nice because it is a widely used and well tested
login technique for users connecting to machines inside their company
or home firewall. For VNC access it is a bit awkward, however, because
SSH needs to be installed on the Viewer machine and the user usually
has to rig up his own port redirection plumbing (however, see [1]our
other tool).
Also, some users have restrictive work environments where SSH and
similar applications are prohibited (i.e. only outgoing connections to
standard WWW ports from a browser are allowed, perhaps mediated by a
proxy server). These users have successfully used the method described
here for remote access.
With the SSL support in x11vnc and the SSL enabled Java VNC viewer
applet, a convenient and secure alternative exists that uses the
Apache webserver as a gateway. The idea is that the company or home
internet connection is already running apache as a web server (either
SSL or non-SSL) and we add to it the ability to act as a gateway for
SSL VNC connections. The only thing needed on the Viewer side is a
Java enabled Web Browser: the user simply enters a URL that starts the
entire VNC connection process. No VNC or SSH specific software needs
to be installed on the viewer side machine.
The stunnel VNC viewer stunnel wrapper script provided
([2]ss_vncviewer) can also take advantage of the method described here
with its -proxy option.
Simpler Solutions: This apache solution may be too much for you. It is
mainly intended for automatically redirecting to multiple workstations
inside the firewall. If you only have one inside machine that you want
to access, the method described here is overly complicated. See
[3]below for some simpler (non-SSH) encrypted setups.
There are numerous ways to achieve this with Apache. We present one of
the simplest ones here.
Important: these sorts of schemes allow incoming connections from
anywhere on the Internet to fixed ports on machines inside the
firewall. Care must be taken to implement and test thoroughly. If one
is paranoid one can (and should) add [4]extra layers of protection.
(e.g. extra passwords, packet filtering, SSL certificate verification,
etc).
Also, it is easy to miss the point that unless precautions are taken
to verify SSL Certificates, then the VNC Viewer is vulnerable to
man-in-the-middle attacks (but not to the more common passive sniffing
attacks). Note that there are hacker tools like dsniff/webmitm and
cain that implement SSL Man-In-The-Middle attacks. They rely on the
client not bothering to check the cert.
_________________________________________________________________
The Holy Grail: a single https port (443)
Before we discuss the self-contained apache examples here, we want to
mention that many x11vnc users who read this page and implement the
apache SSL VNC portal ask for something that (so far) seems difficult
or impossible to do entirely inside apache:
* A single port, 443 (the default https:// port), is open to the
Internet
* It is HTTPS/SSL encrypted
* It handles both VNC traffic and Java VNC Applet downloads.
* And the server can also serve normal HTTPS webpages, CGI, etc.
It is the last item that makes it tricky (otherwise the method
described on this page will work). If you are interested in such a
solution and are willing to run a separate helper program
(connect_switch) [5]look here.
_________________________________________________________________
Example:
The scheme described here sets up apache on the firewall/gateway as a
regular Web proxy into the intranet and allows connections to a single
fixed port on a limited set of machines.
The configuration described in this section does not use the mod_ssl
apache module (the optional configuration described in the section
"Downloading the Java applet to the browser via HTTPS" does take
advantage of mod_ssl)
In this example suppose the gateway machine running apache is named
"www.gateway.east" (e.g. it may also provide normal web service). We
also choose the Internet-facing port for this VNC service to be port
563. One could choose any port, including the [6]default HTTP port 80.
Detail: We choose 563 because it is the rarely used SNEWS port that is
often allowed by Web proxies for the CONNECT method. The idea is the
user may be coming out of another firewall using a proxy (not the one
we describe here, that is, the case when two proxies are involved,
e.g. one at work and another Apache (described here) at home
redirecting into our firewall; the "double proxy" or "double firewall"
problem). Using port 563 simplifies things because CONNECT's to it are
usually allowed by default.
We also assume all of the x11vnc servers on the internal machines are
all listening on port 5915 ("-rfbport 5915") instead of the default
5900. This is to limit any unintended proxy redirections to a lesser
used port, and also to stay out of the way of normal VNC servers on
the same machines. One could obviously implement a scheme that handles
different ports, but we just discuss this simple setup here.
So we basically assume x11vnc has been started this way on all of the
workstations to be granted VNC access:
x11vnc -ssl SAVE -http -display :0 -forever -rfbauth ~/.vnc/passwd -rfbport 5
915
i.e. we force SSL VNC connections, port 5915, serve the Java VNC
viewer applet, and require a VNC password (another option would be
[7]-unixpw). The above command could also be run out of [8]inetd(8).
It can also be used to [9]autodetect the user's display and Xauthority
data.
These sections are added to the httpd.conf apache configuration file
on www.gateway.east:
# In the global section you need to enable these modules.
# Note that the ORDER MATTERS! mod_rewrite must be before mod_proxy
# (so that we can check the allowed host list via rewrite)
#
LoadModule rewrite_module modules/mod_rewrite.so
LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so
LoadModule proxy_connect_module modules/mod_proxy_connect.so
LoadModule proxy_ftp_module modules/mod_proxy_ftp.so
LoadModule proxy_http_module modules/mod_proxy_http.so
<IfDefine SSL>
LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so
</IfDefine>
# Near the bottom of httpd.conf you put the port 563 virtual host:
Listen 563
<VirtualHost *:563>
# Allow proxy CONNECT requests *only* to port 5915.
# If the machines use different ports, e.g. 5916 list them here as well:
#
ProxyRequests On
AllowCONNECT 5915
RewriteEngine On
# Convenience rules to expand applet parameters. These do not have a traili
ng "/"
#
# /vnc for http jar file downloading:
#
RewriteRule /vnc/([^/]+)$ /vnc/$1/index.vnc?CONNECT=$1+5915&PO
RT=563&urlPrefix=_2F_vnc_2F_$1 [R,NE,L]
RewriteRule /vnc/trust/([^/]+)$ /vnc/$1/index.vnc?CONNECT=$1+5915&PO
RT=563&urlPrefix=_2F_vnc_2F_$1&trustAllVncCerts=yes [R,NE,L]
RewriteRule /vnc/proxy/([^/]+)$ /vnc/$1/proxy.vnc?CONNECT=$1+5915&PO
RT=563&urlPrefix=_2F_vnc_2F_$1&forceProxy=yes [R,NE,L]
RewriteRule /vnc/trust/proxy/([^/]+)$ /vnc/$1/proxy.vnc?CONNECT=$1+5915&PO
RT=563&urlPrefix=_2F_vnc_2F_$1&forceProxy=yes&trustAllVncCerts=yes [R,NE,L]
# Read in the allowed host to vnc display mapping file. It looks like:
#
# host1 15
# host2 15
# ...
#
# the display "15" means 5815 for http applet download, 5915 for SSL vnc.
#
RewriteMap vnchosts txt:/dist/apache/conf/vnc.hosts
# Proxy: check for the CONNECT hostname and port being in the vnc.hosts list
.
#
RewriteCond %{THE_REQUEST} ^CONNECT [NC]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^(.*):(.*)$
RewriteCond ${vnchosts:%1|NOTFOUND} NOTFOUND
RewriteRule ^.*$ /VNCFAIL [F,L]
RewriteCond %{THE_REQUEST} ^CONNECT [NC]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^(.*):(.*)$
RewriteCond 59${vnchosts:%1}=%2 !^(.*)=(\1)$
RewriteRule ^.*$ /VNCFAIL [F,L]
# Remap /vnc to the proxy http download (e.g. http://host:5815)
#
# First, fail if it starts with the string /vnc0:
#
RewriteRule ^/vnc0.* /VNCFAIL [F,L]
#
# Next, map the prefix to /vnc0/host:protocol:port
#
RewriteRule ^/vnc/([^/]+)/(.*) /vnc0/$1:http:58${vnchosts:$1|NOTFOUND}/$2
[NE]
#
# Drop any not found:
#
RewriteRule ^/vnc0.*NOTFOUND.* /VNCFAIL [F,L]
# Construct the proxy URL and retrieve it:
#
RewriteRule ^/vnc0/([^/]+):([^/]+):([^/]+)/(.*) $2://$1:$3/$4 [P,NE,L]
</VirtualHost>
Then restart apache (perhaps: "apachectl stop; apachectl start").
Note that the listing of allowed internal workstations is done in an
external file (/dist/apache/conf/vnc.hosts in the example above), the
format is like this:
# allowed vnc hosts file:
hostname1 15
hostname2 15
...
You list the hostname and the VNC display (always 15 in our example).
Only to these hosts will the external VNC viewers be able to connect
to (via the HTTP CONNECT method).
The above setup requires mod_rewrite and mod_proxy be enabled in the
apache web server. In this example they are loaded as modules (and
note that mod_rewrite must be listed before mod_proxy);
The user at the Java enabled Web browser would simply enter this URL
into the browser:
http://www.gateway.east:563/vnc/host2
to connect to internal workstation host2, etc.
Important: do not put a trailing "/" on the URL, since that will
defeat the RewriteRules that look for the hostname at the very end.
There will be a number of SSL certificate, etc, dialogs he will have
to respond to in addition to any passwords he is required to provide
(this depends on how you set up user authentication for x11vnc).
If a second Web proxy is involved (i.e. the user's browser is inside
another firewall and policy requires using a Web proxy server) then
use this URL:
http://www.gateway.east:563/vnc/proxy/host2
This will involve downloading a signed java viewer applet jar file
that is able to interact with the internal proxy for the VNC
connection. See [10]this FAQ for more info on how this works. Note:
sometimes with the Proxy case if you see 'Bad Gateway' error you will
have to wait 10 or so seconds and then his reload. This seems to be
due to having to wait for a Connection Keepalive to terminate...
For completeness, the "trust" cases that skip a VNC certificate dialog
(discussed below) would be entered as:
http://www.gateway.east:563/vnc/trust/host2
http://www.gateway.east:563/vnc/trust/proxy/host2
You can of course choose shorter or more easy to remember URL formats.
Just change the Convenience RewriteRules in httpd.conf.
_________________________________________________________________
Port Variations:
Note that you can run this on the default HTTP port 80 instead of port
563. If you do not expect to have a browser connecting from inside a
proxying firewall (where sometimes only connections to ports 443 and
563 are allowed) this should be fine. Use "80" instead of "563" in the
httpd.conf config file (you may need to merge it with other default
port 80 things you have there).
Then the URL's will be a bit simpler:
http://www.gateway.east/vnc/host2
http://www.gateway.east/vnc/trust/host2
etc.
Besides 80 one could use any other random port number (since there are
so many port scans on 80, a little obscurity might be useful).
One option is to use port "443" (the default https:// port) instead of
"563". In this case Apache is not configured for mod_ssl; we just
happen to use port "443" in the way any random port would be used.
This could be handy if the Viewer side environment is restrictive in
that it only allows outgoing connections to ports 80 and 443 (and,
say, you didn't want to use port 80, or you wanted to use 80 for
something else). Another reason for using 443 would be some web proxy
environments only allow the CONNECT method to go to port 443 (and not
even the case 563 we use above).
_________________________________________________________________
Details:
Let's go through the httpd.conf additions in detail from the top.
The LoadModules directives load the necessary apache modules. Note
that mod_rewrite must be listed first. If you are compiling from
scratch something like this worked for us:
./configure --enable-proxy=shared --enable-proxy-connect=shared --enable-ssl=
shared --enable-rewrite=shared --prefix=/dist/apache
Then the VirtualHost *:563 virtual host section starts.
The "ProxyRequests On" and "AllowCONNECT 5915" enable the web server
to forward proxy requests to port 5915 (and only this port) INSIDE the
firewall. Think about the implications of this thoroughly and test it
carefully.
The RewriteRule's are for convenience only so that the URL entered
into the Web browser does not need the various extra parameters, e.g.:
http://www.gateway.east:563/vnc/host2/index.vnc?CONNECT=host2+5915&PORT=563,
blah,blah...
(or otherwise make direct edits to index.vnc to set these parameters).
The forceProxy=yes parameter is passed to the applet to force the use
of a outgoing proxy socket connection. Use it only if the Web browser
is inside a separate Web proxying environment (i.e. large corporation)
The rewrites with parameter urlPrefix are described under [11]Tricks
for Better Response. The "trust" ones (also described under Tricks)
with trustAllVncCerts tell the Java VNC applet to skip a dialog asking
about the VNC Certificate. They are a bit faster and more reliable
than the original method. In the best situation they lead to being
logged in 20 seconds or less (without them the time to login can be
much longer since a number of connections must timeout).
All of the x11vnc Java Viewer applet parameters are described in the
file classes/ssl/README
The external file /dist/apache/conf/vnc.hosts containing the allowed
VNC server hostnames is read in. Its 2nd column contains the VNC
display of the host (always 15 in our example; if you make it vary you
will need to adjust some lines in the httpd.conf accordingly, e.g.
AllowCONNECT). This list is used to constrain both the Jar file
download URL and the proxy CONNECT the VNC viewer makes to only the
intended VNC servers.
Limiting the proxy CONNECT is done with the two sets of RewriteCond
conditions.
Limiting the Jar file download URL is done in the remaining 4
RewriteRule's.
Note that these index.vnc and VncViewer.jar downloads to the browser
are not encrypted via SSL, and so in principle could be tampered with
by a really bad guy. The subsequent VNC connection, however, is
encrypted through a single SSL connection (it makes a CONNECT straight
to x11vnc). [12]See below for how to have these initial downloads
encrypted as well (if the apache web server has SSL/mod_ssl, i.e.
https, enabled and configured).
Unfortunately the Java VNC viewer applet currently is not able to save
its own list of Certificates (e.g. the user says trust this VNC
certificate 'always'). This is because an applet it cannot open local
files, etc. Sadly, the applet cannot even remember certificates in the
same browser session because it is completely reinitialized for each
connection (see [13]below).
_________________________________________________________________
Too Much?
If these apache rules are a little too much for you, there is a little
bit [14]simpler scheme where you have to list each of the individual
machines in the httpd.conf and ssl.conf files. It may be a little more
typing to maintain, but perhaps being more straight forward (less
RewriteRule's) is desirable.
_________________________________________________________________
Problems:
To see example x11vnc output for a successful https://host:5900/
connection with the Java Applet see [15]This Page.
_________________________________________________________________
Some Ideas for adding extra authentication, etc. for the paranoid:
* VNC passwords: [16]-rfbauth, [17]-passwdfile, or [18]-usepw. Even
adding a simple company-wide VNC password helps block unwanted
access.
* Unix passwords: [19]-unixpw
* SSL Client certificates: [20]-sslverify
* Apache AuthUserFile directive: .htaccess, etc.
* Filter connections based on IP address or hostname.
* Use Port-knocking on your firewall as described in: [21]Enhanced
TightVNC Viewer (ssvnc).
* Add proxy password authentication (requires Viewer changes?)
* Run a separate instance of Apache that provides this VNC service
so it can be brought up and down independently of the normal web
server.
* How secure is the Client side? Public machines in internet cafes,
etc, are often hacked, with backdoors and VNC servers of their
own. Prefer using your own firewalled laptop to a public machine.
_________________________________________________________________
Using non-Java viewers with this scheme:
The [22]ss_vncviewer stunnel wrapper script for VNC viewers has the
-proxy option that can take advantage of this method.
ss_vncviewer -proxy www.gateway.east:563 host1:15
For the case of the "double proxy" situation (see below) supply both
separated by a comma.
ss_vncviewer -proxy proxy1.foobar.com:8080,www.gateway.east:563 host1:15
For the [23]Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (ssvnc) GUI (it uses ss_vncviewer
on Unix) put 'host1:15' into the 'VNC Server' entry box, and here are
possible Proxy/Gateway entries
Proxy/Gateway: www.gateway.east:563
Proxy/Gateway: proxy1.foobar.com:8080,www.gateway.east:563
then click on the 'Connect' button.
_________________________________________________________________
Downloading the Java applet to the browser via HTTPS:
To have the Java applet downloaded to the user's Web Browser via an
encrypted (and evidently safer) SSL connection the Apache webserver
should be configured for SSL via [24]mod_ssl.
It is actually possible to use the x11vnc [25]Key Management utility
"[26]-sslGenCert" to generate your Apache/SSL .crt and .key files. (In
brief, run something like "x11vnc -sslGenCert server self:apache" then
copy the resulting self:apache.crt file to conf/ssl.crt/server.crt and
extract the private key part from self:apache.pem and paste it into
conf/ssl.key/server.key). Setting the env var REQ_ARGS='-days 1095'
before running x11vnc will bump up the expiration date (3 years in
this case).
Or you can use the standard methods described in the [27]Apache
mod_ssl documentation to create your keys. Then restart Apache,
usually something like "apachectl stop" followed by "apachectl
startssl"
In addition to the above sections in httpd.conf one should add the
following to ssl.conf:
SSLProxyEngine On
RewriteEngine On
# Convenience rules to expand applet parameters. These do not have a traili
ng "/"
#
# /vnc http jar file downloading:
#
RewriteRule /vnc/([^/]+)$ /vnc/$1/index.vnc?CONNECT=$
1+5915&PORT=563&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vnc_2F_$1 [R,NE,L]
RewriteRule /vnc/proxy/([^/]+)$ /vnc/$1/proxy.vnc?CONNECT=$
1+5915&PORT=563&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vnc_2F_$1&forceProxy=yes [R,N
E,L]
#
# (we skipped the "trust" ones above, put them in if you like)
#
# /vncs https jar file downloading:
#
RewriteRule /vncs/([^/]+)$ /vncs/$1/index.vnc?CONNECT=$
1+5915&PORT=563&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vncs_2F_$1 [R,NE,L]
RewriteRule /vncs/proxy/([^/]+)$ /vncs/$1/proxy.vnc?CONNECT=$
1+5915&PORT=563&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vncs_2F_$1&forceProxy=yes [R,
NE,l]
RewriteRule /vncs/trust/([^/]+)$ /vncs/$1/index.vnc?CONNECT=$
1+5915&PORT=563&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vncs_2F_$1&trustAllVncCerts=y
es [R,NE,L]
RewriteRule /vncs/trust/proxy/([^/]+)$ /vncs/$1/proxy.vnc?CONNECT=$
1+5915&PORT=563&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vncs_2F_$1&forceProxy=yes&tru
stAllVncCerts=yes [R,NE,L]
# Convenience rules used for the connect_switch helper (requires Listen 127.
0.0.1:443 above):
#
RewriteRule /vnc443/([^/]+)$ /vncs/$1/index.vnc?CONNECT=$
1+5915&PORT=443&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vncs_2F_$1 [R,NE,L]
RewriteRule /vnc443/proxy/([^/]+)$ /vncs/$1/proxy.vnc?CONNECT=$
1+5915&PORT=443&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vncs_2F_$1&forceProxy=yes [R,
NE,L]
RewriteRule /vnc443/trust/([^/]+)$ /vncs/$1/index.vnc?CONNECT=$
1+5915&PORT=443&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vncs_2F_$1&trustAllVncCerts=y
es [R,NE,L]
RewriteRule /vnc443/trust/proxy/([^/]+)$ /vncs/$1/proxy.vnc?CONNECT=$
1+5915&PORT=443&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vncs_2F_$1&forceProxy=yes&tru
stAllVncCerts=yes [R,NE,L]
# Read in the allowed host to vnc display mapping file. It looks like:
#
# host1 15
# host2 15
# ...
#
# the display "15" means 5915 for SSL VNC and 5815 for http applet download.
#
RewriteMap vnchosts txt:/dist/apache/conf/vnc.hosts
# Remap /vnc and /vncs to the proxy http download (e.g. https://host:5915)
#
# First, fail if it starts with the string /vnc0:
#
RewriteRule ^/vnc0.* /VNCFAIL [F,L]
#
# Next, map the prefix to /vnc0:host:protocol:port
#
RewriteRule ^/vnc/([^/]+)/(.*) /vnc0/$1:http:58${vnchosts:$1|NOTFOUND}/$2
[NE]
RewriteRule ^/vncs/([^/]+)/(.*) /vnc0/$1:https:59${vnchosts:$1|NOTFOUND}/$2
[NE]
#
# Drop any not found:
#
RewriteRule ^/vnc0.*NOTFOUND.* /VNCFAIL [F,L]
# Construct the proxy URL and retrieve it:
#
RewriteRule ^/vnc0/([^/]+):([^/]+):([^/]+)/(.*) $2://$1:$3/$4 [P,NE,L]
This is all in the "<VirtualHost _default_:443>" section of ssl.conf.
The user could then point the Web Browser to:
https://www.gateway.east/vnc/host2
or
https://www.gateway.east/vnc/proxy/host2
for the "double proxy" case. (Important: do not put a trailing "/" on
the URL, since that will defeat the RewriteRules.)
As with the httpd.conf case, the external file
(/dist/apache/conf/vnc.hosts in the above example) contains the
hostnames of the allowed VNC servers.
Note that inside the firewall the Java applet download traffic is not
encrypted (only over the Internet is SSL used) for these cases:
https://www.gateway.east/vnc/host2
https://www.gateway.east/vnc/proxy/host2
However for the special "vncs" rules above:
https://www.gateway.east/vncs/host2
the Java applet download is encrypted via SSL for both legs. Note that
the two legs are two separate SSL sessions. So the data is decrypted
inside an apache process and reencrypted by the apache process for the
2nd SSL session inside the same apache process (a very small gap one
might overlook).
The "vncs/trust" ones are like the "trust" ones described earlier
https://www.gateway.east/vncs/trust/mach2
and similarly for the httpsPort ones. See [28]Tricks for Better
Response.
In all of the above cases the VNC traffic from Viewer to x11vnc is
encrypted end-to-end in a single SSL session, even for the "double
proxy" case because the CONNECT method is used (there are actually two
CONNECT's for the "double proxy" case). This part (the VNC traffic) is
the most important part to have encrypted.
Note that the Certificate dialogs the user has in his web browser will
be for the Apache Certificate, while for the Java applet it will be
the x11vnc certificate.
Note also that you can have Apache serve up the Jar file VncViewer.jar
and/or index.vnc/proxy.vnc instead of each x11vnc if you want to.
The rules in ssl.conf are similar to the ones in httpd.conf and so are
not discussed in detail. The only really new thing is the /vncs
handling to download the applet jar via HTTPS on port 5915.
The special entries "/vnc443" are only used for the special helper
program (connect_switch) for the https port 443 only mode
[29]discussed here.
_________________________________________________________________
INETD automation:
The "single-port" (i.e. 5915) HTTPS applet download and VNC connection
aspect shown here is convenient and also enables having x11vnc run out
of inetd. That way x11vnc is run on demand instead of being run all
the time (the user does not have to remember to start it). The first
connections to inetd download index.vnc and the Jar file (via https)
and the the last connection to inetd establishes the SSL VNC
connection. Since x11vnc is restarted for each connection, this will
be a bit slower than the normal process.
For example, the /etc/inetd.conf line could be:
5915 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/local/bin/x11vnc_ssl.sh
where the script x11vnc_ssl.sh looks something like this:
#!/bin/sh
/usr/local/bin/x11vnc -inetd -oa /var/log/x11vnc-15.log \
-ssl SAVE -http -unixpw -localhost \
-display :0 -auth /home/THE_USER/.Xauthority
where, as usual, the inetd launching needs to know which user is
typically using the display on that machine. One could imagine giving
different users different ports, 5915, 5916, etc. to distinguish (then
the script would need to be passed the username). mod_rewrite could be
used to automatically map username in the URL to his port number.
A better way is to use the "-display WAIT:cmd=FINDDISPLAY" feature to
autodetect the user and Xauthority data:
#!/bin/sh
/usr/local/bin/x11vnc -inetd -oa /var/log/x11vnc-15.log \
-ssl SAVE -http -unixpw -localhost -users unixpw= \
-display WAIT:cmd=FINDDISPLAY
this way the user must supply his Unix username and password and then
his display and Xauthority data on that machine will be located and
returned to x11vnc to allow it to attach. If he doesn't have a display
running on that machine or he fails to log in correctly, the
connection will be dropped.
The variant "[30]-display WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY" will actually
create a (virtual or real) X server session for the user if one
doesn't already exist. See [31]for details.
To enable inetd operation for the non-HTTPS Java viewer download (port
5815 in the above httpd.conf example) you will need to run x11vnc in
HTTPONCE mode on port 5815: For example, the /etc/inetd.conf line
could be:
5815 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/local/bin/x11vnc \
-inetd -prog /usr/local/bin/x11vnc -oa /var/log/x11vnc-15.log \
-http_ssl -display WAIT:cmd=HTTPONCE
where the long inetd.conf line has been split. Note how the
[32]-http_ssl tries to automatically find the .../classes/ssl
subdirectory. This requires the [33]-prog option available in x11vnc
0.8.4 (a shell script wrapper, e.g. /usr/local/bin/x11vnc_http.sh can
be used to work around this).
Also note the use of "-ssl SAVE" above. This way a saved server.pem is
used for each inetd invocation (rather generating a new one each time
as happens for "-ssl TMP"). Note that it cannot have a protecting
passphrase because inetd will not be able to supply it.
Another option is:
5815 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/local/bin/x11vnc \
-inetd -httpdir /usr/local/share/x11vnc/classes/ssl \
-oa /var/log/x11vnc-15.log -display WAIT:cmd=HTTPONCE
(this also requires a feature found in x11vnc 0.8.4).
_________________________________________________________________
Other Ideas:
- The above schemes work, but they are a bit complicated with all of
the rigging. There should be more elegant ways to configure Apache to
do these, but we have not found them (please let us know if you
discover something nice). However, once this scheme has been set up
and is working it is easy to maintain and add/delete workstations,
etc.
- In general Apache is not required, but it makes things convenient.
The firewall itself could do the port redirection via its firewall
rules. Evidently different Internet-facing ports would be required for
each workstation. This could be set up using iptables rules for
example. If there were just one or two machines this would be the
easiest method. For example:
iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -d 24.35.46.57 --dport 5901 -j DNAT --to
-destination 192.168.1.2:5915
iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -d 24.35.46.57 --dport 5902 -j DNAT --to
-destination 192.168.1.3:5915
Where 24.35.46.57 is the internet IP address of the gateway. In this
example 24.35.46.57:5901 is redirected to the internal machine
192.168.1.2:5915 and 24.35.46.57:5902 is redirected to another
internal machine 192.168.1.3:5915, both running x11vnc -ssl ... in SSL
mode. For this example, the user would point the web browser to, e.g.:
https://24.35.46.57:5901/?PORT=5901
or using the stunnel wrapper script:
ss_vncviewer 24.35.46.57:1
One can acheive similar things with dedicated firewall/routers (e.g.
Linksys) using the device's web or other interface to configure the
firewall.
If the user may be coming out of a firewall using a proxy it may be
better to redirect ports 443 and 563 (instead of 5901 and 5902) to the
internal machines so that the user's proxy will allow CONNECTing to
them.
- The redirection could also be done at the application level using a
TCP redirect program (e.g. ip_relay or fancier ones). Evidently more
careful internal hostname checking, etc., could be performed by the
special purpose application to add security. See [34]connect_switch
which is somewhat related.
- One might imagine the ProxyPass could be done for the VNC traffic as
well (for the ssl.conf case) to avoid the CONNECT proxying completely
(which would be nice to avoid). Unfortunately we were not able to get
this to work. Since HTTP is a request-response protocol (as opposed to
a full bidirectional link required by VNC that CONNECT provides) this
makes it difficult to do. It may be possible, but we haven't found out
how yet.
All of the x11vnc Java Viewer applet parameters are described in the
file classes/ssl/README
_________________________________________________________________
Tricks for Better Response and reliability:
The "original scheme" using httpd.conf and ssl.conf rewrites without
urlPrefix and trustAllVncCerts above should work OK, but may lead to
slow and/or unreliable loading of the applet and final connection to
x11vnc. The following are what I do now to get better response and
reliability. YMMV.
The problem with the "original scheme" is that there is a point where
the VNC Viewer applet can try up to 3 times to retrieve the x11vnc
certificate, since it needs to get it to show it to you and ask you if
you accept it. This can add about 45 seconds to the whole process
(which takes 1 to 1.5 minutes with all the dialogs) since a couple of
those connections must time out. The "trust" items in the config add a
parameter trustAllVncCerts=yes similar to the forceProxy=yes
parameter. This can cut the total time to the VNC password prompt down
to 15 seconds which is pretty good. (Note by ignoring the certificate
this does not protect against man-in-the-middle attacks which are
rare, but maybe the won't be so rare in the future... see
dsniff/webmitm and cain)
First make sure the x11vnc SSL certificate+key is the same as
Apache's. (otherwise you may get one extra dialog and/or one extra
connection that has to time out).
The following RewriteRule's are the same now advocated in the
instructions above.
The httpsPort and urlPrefix= parameters give hints to the applet to
improve connecting: This is what goes in httpd.conf:
RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule /vnc/([^/]+)$ /vnc/$1/index.vnc?CONNECT=$1+5915&PO
RT=563&urlPrefix=_2F_vnc_2F_$1 [R,NE]
RewriteRule /vnc/trust/([^/]+)$ /vnc/$1/index.vnc?CONNECT=$1+5915&PO
RT=563&urlPrefix=_2F_vnc_2F_$1&trustAllVncCerts=yes [R,NE]
RewriteRule /vnc/proxy/([^/]+)$ /vnc/$1/proxy.vnc?CONNECT=$1+5915&PO
RT=563&urlPrefix=_2F_vnc_2F_$1&forceProxy=yes [R,NE]
RewriteRule /vnc/trust/proxy/([^/]+)$ /vnc/$1/proxy.vnc?CONNECT=$1+5915&PO
RT=563&urlPrefix=_2F_vnc_2F_$1&forceProxy=yes&trustAllVncCerts=yes [R,NE]
The httpsPort and urlPrefix provide useful hints to the VNC Viewer
applet when it connects to x11vnc to glean information about Proxies,
certificates, etc.
This is what goes into ssl.conf:
RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule /vnc/([^/]+)$ /vnc/$1/index.vnc?CONNECT=$1+5915&P
ORT=563&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vnc_2F_$1 [R,NE]
RewriteRule /vnc/proxy/([^/]+)$ /vnc/$1/proxy.vnc?CONNECT=$1+5915&P
ORT=563&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vnc_2F_$1&forceProxy=yes [R,NE]
RewriteRule /vncs/([^/]+)$ /vncs/$1/index.vnc?CONNECT=$1+5915&P
ORT=563&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vncs_2F_$1 [R,NE]
RewriteRule /vncs/proxy/([^/]+)$ /vncs/$1/proxy.vnc?CONNECT=$1+5915&P
ORT=563&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vncs_2F_$1&forceProxy=yes [R,NE]
RewriteRule /vncs/trust/([^/]+)$ /vncs/$1/index.vnc?CONNECT=$1+5915&P
ORT=563&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vncs_2F_$1&trustAllVncCerts=yes [R,NE
]
RewriteRule /vncs/trust/proxy/([^/]+)$ /vncs/$1/proxy.vnc?CONNECT=$1+5915&P
ORT=563&httpsPort=443&GET=1&urlPrefix=_2F_vncs_2F_$1&forceProxy=yes&trustAllVnc
Certs=yes [R,NE]
The rest is the same.
The httpsPort and urlPrefix and GET provide useful hints to the VNC
Viewer applet when it connects to x11vnc to glean information about
Proxies, certificates, etc, and also for the ultimate VNC connection
(GET speeds this up by sending a special HTTP GET to cause x11vnc to
immediately switch to the VNC protocol).
To turn these into URLs, as was done above, take the string in the
RewriteRule, e.g. /vncs and turn it into
https://gateway/vncs/machinename Similarly for non-https:
http://gateway:563/vnc/machinename
If you use the 'trust' ones, you are performing NO checks, visual or
otherwise, on the VNC SSL certificate. It is trusted without question.
This speeds things up because it avoids a dialog about certificates,
but of course has some risk WRT Man in the Middle attacks. I don't
recommend them. It is better to use /vnc or /vncs and the first time
you connect carefully check the Certificate and then tell your Browser
and Java Virtual Machine to trust the certificate 'Always'. Then if
you later get an unexpected dialog, you know something is wrong.
Nearly always it is just a changed or expired certificate, but better
safe than sorry...
References
1. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
2. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#ss_vncviewer
3. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-portal.html#no-apache
4. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-portal.html#precautions
5. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-single-443.html
6. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-portal.html#port-variations
7. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw
8. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-portal.html#inetd
9. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-userlogin
10. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-java-viewer-proxy
11. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-portal.html#tricks
12. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-portal.html#https-applet
13. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-portal.html#https-applet"
14. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-portal-orig.html
15. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-output.html
16. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rfbauth
17. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-passwdfile
18. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-usepw
19. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-unixpw
20. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslverify
21. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
22. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#ss_vncviewer
23. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
24. http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/mod_ssl.html
25. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl.html
26. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-sslGenCert
27. http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/ssl/ssl_faq.html#selfcert
28. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-portal.html#tricks
29. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-single-443.html
30. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-display_WAIT
31. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-userlogin
32. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-http_ssl
33. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-prog
34. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssl-single-443.html
=======================================================================
http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/enhanced_tightvnc_viewer.html:
_________________________________________________________________
Enhanced TightVNC Viewer (SSVNC: SSL/SSH VNC viewer)
[1](To Downloads) [2](To Quick Start)
[ssvnc.gif] [ssvnc_windows.gif] [ssvnc_macosx.gif] [3]. [4].
The Enhanced TightVNC Viewer, SSVNC, adds encryption security to VNC
connections.
The package provides a GUI for Windows, Mac OS X, and Unix that
automatically starts up an STUNNEL SSL tunnel for SSL or ssh/plink for
SSH connections to any VNC server, such as [5]x11vnc, and then
launches the VNC Viewer to use the encrypted tunnel.
The x11vnc server has built-in SSL support, however SSVNC can make SSL
encrypted VNC connections to any VNC Server if they are running an SSL
tunnel, such as STUNNEL or socat, at their end. SSVNC's SSH tunnel
will work to any VNC Server host running sshd that you can log into.
The Enhanced TightVNC Viewer package started as a project to add some
patches to the long neglected Unix TightVNC Viewer. However, now the
front-end GUI, encryption, and wrapper scripts features possibly
outweigh the Unix TightVNC Viewer improvements (see the lists below to
compare).
The SSVNC Unix vncviewer can also be run without the SSVNC encryption
GUI as an enhanced replacement for the xvncviewer, xtightvncviewer,
etc., viewers.
SSVNC also supports the [6]VeNCrypt SSL/TLS extension to VNC (Unix and
Mac OS X only.)
The short name for this project is "ssvnc" for SSL/SSH VNC Viewer.
This is the name of the command to start it.
There is a simplified [7]SSH-Only mode (sshvnc). And an even more
simplified [8]Terminal-Services mode (tsvnc) for use with x11vnc on
the remote side.
It is also possible (although not recommended) to disable all
encryption: -noenc cmdline option; Ctrl-E toggle; or Vnc:// host
prefix; see the online Help for details.
The tool has many additional features; see the descriptions below.
It is a self-contained bundle, you could carry it around on, say, a
[9]USB memory stick / flash drive for secure VNC viewing from almost
any machine, Unix, Mac OS X, and Windows (and if you create a
directory named "Home" in the toplevel ssvnc directory on the drive
your VNC profiles and certs will be kept there as well). For Unix,
there is also a [10]conventional source tarball to build and install
in the normal way and not use a pre-built bundle.
_________________________________________________________________
Announcements:
Important: If you created any SSL certificates with SSVNC (or anything
else) on a Debian or Ubuntu system from Sept. 2006 through May 2008,
then those keys are likely extremely weak and can be easily cracked.
The certificate files should be deleted and recreated on a non-Debian
system or an updated one. See
[11]http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1571 for details. The same
applies to SSH keys.
Please read this information on using SSVNC on workstations with
[12]Untrusted Local Users.
_________________________________________________________________
Wrappers and a tcl/tk GUI were written and patches were created for
the TightVNC 1.3.9 vnc_unixsrc tree to add these features:
* SSL support for connections using the bundled stunnel program.
* Automatic SSH connections from the GUI (system ssh is used on Unix
and MacOS X; bundled plink is used on Windows)
* Ability to Save and Load VNC profiles for different hosts.
* Create or Import SSL Certificates and Private Keys.
* Reverse (viewer listening) VNC connections via SSL and SSH.
* Support for Web [13]Proxies, SOCKS Proxies, and the [14]UltraVNC
repeater proxy (e.g. repeater://host:port+ID:1234). Multiple
proxies may be chained together (3 max).
* Support for SSH Gateway connections and non-standard SSH ports.
* You can also use your own VNC Viewer, e.g. UltraVNC or RealVNC,
with the SSVNC encryption GUI front-end if you like.
* Automatic Service tunnelling via SSH for CUPS and SMB Printing,
ESD/ARTSD Audio, and SMB (Windows/Samba) filesystem mounting.
* Sets up any additional SSH port redirections that you want.
* Zeroconf (aka Bonjour) is used on Unix and Mac OS X to find VNC
servers on your local network if the avahi-browse or dns-sd
program is available and in your PATH.
* Port Knocking for "closed port" SSH/SSL connections. In addition
to a simple fixed port sequence and one-time-pad implementation, a
hook is also provided to run any port knocking client before
connecting.
* Support for native MacOS X usage with bundled Chicken of the VNC
viewer (the Unix X11 viewer is also provided for MacOS X, and is
better IMHO. It is now the default on MacOS X.)
* [15]Dynamic VNC Server Port determination and redirection (using
ssh's builtin SOCKS proxy, ssh -D) for servers like x11vnc that
print out PORT= at startup.
* Unix Username and Password entry for use with "x11vnc -unixpw"
type login dialogs.
* Simplified mode launched by command "[16]sshvnc" that is SSH Only.
* Simplified mode launched by command "[17]tsvnc" that provides a
VNC "Terminal Services" mode (uses x11vnc on the remote side).
[18]Unix TightVNC Viewer improvements (these only apply to the Unix
VNC viewer, including Mac OS X):
* rfbNewFBSize VNC support (dynamic screen resizing)
* Client-side Scaling of the Desktop in the viewer.
* ZRLE VNC encoding support (RealVNC's encoding)
* Support for the ZYWRLE encoding, a wavelet based extension to ZRLE
to improve compression of motion video and photo regions.
* [19]TurboVNC support ([20]VirtualGL's modified TightVNC encoding;
requires TurboJPEG library)
* Pipelined Updates of the framebuffer as in TurboVNC (asks for the
next update before the current one has finished downloading; this
gives some speedup on high latency connections.)
* Cursor [21]alphablending with x11vnc at 32bpp (-alpha option)
* Option "-unixpw ..." for use with "x11vnc -unixpw" type login
dialogs.
* VeNCrypt SSL/TLS VNC encryption support (used by [22]VeNCrypt,
QEMU, ggi, libvirt/virt-manager/xen, vinagre/gvncviewer/gtk-vnc)
* ANONTLS SSL/TLS VNC encryption support (used by vino)
* Support for UltraVNC extensions: 1/n Server side scaling, Text
Chat, Single Window, Disable Server-side Input. Both UltraVNC and
x11vnc servers support these extensions.
* UltraVNC File Transfer via an auxiliary Java helper program (java
must be in $PATH). Note that the x11vnc server also supports
UltraVNC file transfer.
* Connection support for the [23]UltraVNC repeater proxy (-repeater
option).
* Support for UltraVNC [24]Single Click operation. (both
unencrypted: SC I, and SSL encrypted: SC III)
* Support for UltraVNC [25]DSM Encryption Plugin symmetric
encryption mode. (ARC4, AESV2, and MSRC4)
* Support for UltraVNC [26]MS-Logon authentication (NOTE: the
UltraVNC MS-Logon key exchange implementation is very weak; an
eavesdropper on the network can recover your Windows password
easily; you need to use an additional encrypted tunnel with
MS-Logon.)
* Support for symmetric encryption (including blowfish and 3des
ciphers) to Non-UltraVNC Servers. Any server using the same
encryption method will work, [27]e.g.: x11vnc -enc
blowfish:./my.key
* Instead of hostname:display one can also supply "exec=command
args..." to connect the viewer to the stdio of an external command
(e.g. stunnel or socat) rather than using a TCP/IP socket. Unix
domain sockets, e.g. /path/to/unix/socket, and a previously opened
file descriptor fd=0, work too.
* Local Port Protections for STUNNEL and SSH: avoid having for long
periods of time a listening port on the the local (VNC viewer)
side that redirects to the remote side.
* Extremely low color modes: 64 and 8 colors in 8bpp
(-use64/-bgr222, -use8/-bgr111)
* Medium color mode: 16bpp mode on a 32bpp Viewer display
(-16bpp/-bgr565)
* For use with x11vnc's [28]client-side caching -ncache method use
the cropping option -ycrop n. This will "hide" the large pixel
buffer cache below the actual display. Set to the actual height or
use -1 for autodetection (also, tall screens, H > 2*W, are
autodetected by default).
* Escape Keys: specify a set of modifier keys so that when they are
all pressed down you can invoke Popup menu actions via keystrokes.
I.e., a set of 'Hot Keys'. One can also pan (move) the desktop
inside the viewport via Arrow keys or a mouse drag.
* Scrollbar width setting: -sbwidth n, the default is very thin, 2
pixels, for less distracting -ycrop usage.
* Selection text sending and receiving can be fine-tuned with the
-sendclipboard, -sendalways, and -recvtext options.
* TightVNC compression and quality levels are automatically set
based on observed network latency (n.b. not bandwidth.)
* Improvements to the [29]Popup menu, all of these can now be
changed dynamically via the menu: ViewOnly, Toggle Bell,
CursorShape updates, X11 Cursor, Cursor Alphablending, Toggle
Tight/ZRLE, Toggle JPEG, FullColor/16bpp/8bpp (256/64/8 colors),
Greyscale for low color modes, Scaling the Viewer resolution,
Escape Keys, Pipeline Updates, and others, including UltraVNC
extensions.
* Maintains its own BackingStore if the X server does not.
* The default for localhost:0 connections is not raw encoding since
same-machine connections are pretty rare. Default assumes you are
using a SSL or SSH tunnel. Use -rawlocal to revert.
* XGrabServer support for fullscreen mode, for old window managers
(-grab/-graball option).
* Fix for Popup menu positioning for old window managers (-popupfix
option).
The list of 3rd party software bundled in the archive files:
* TightVNC Viewer (windows, unix, macosx)
* Chicken of the VNC Viewer (macosx)
* Stunnel (windows, unix, macosx)
* Putty/Plink/Pageant (windows)
* OpenSSL (windows)
* esound (windows)
These are all self-contained in the bundle directory: they will not be
installed on your system. Just un-zip or un-tar the file you
downloaded and run the frontend ssvnc straight from its directory.
Alternatively, on Unix you can use the [30]conventional source
tarball.
Here is the Quick Start info from the README for how to do that:
Quick Start:
-----------
Unix and Mac OS X:
Inside a Terminal do something like the following.
Unpack the archive:
% gzip -dc ssvnc-1.0.22.tar.gz | tar xvf -
Run the GUI:
% ./ssvnc/Unix/ssvnc (for Unix)
% ./ssvnc/MacOSX/ssvnc (for Mac OS X)
The smaller file "ssvnc_no_windows-1.0.22.tar.gz"
could have been used as well.
On MacOSX you could also click on the SSVNC app icon in the Finder.
On MacOSX if you don't like the Chicken of the VNC (e.g. no local
cursors, no screen size rescaling, and no password prompting), and you
have the XDarwin X server installed, you can set DISPLAY before starting
ssvnc (or type DISPLAY=... in Host:Disp and hit Return). Then our
enhanced TightVNC viewer will be used instead of COTVNC.
Update: there is now a 'Use X11 vncviewer on MacOSX' under Options ...
If you want a SSH-only tool (without the distractions of SSL) run
the command:
sshvnc
instead of "ssvnc". Or click "SSH-Only Mode" under Options.
Control-h will toggle between the two modes.
If you want a simple VNC Terminal Services only mode (requires x11vnc
on the remote server) run the command:
tsvnc
instead of "ssvnc". Or click "Terminal Services" under Options.
Control-t will toggle between the two modes.
"tsvnc profile-name" and "tsvnc user@hostname" work too.
Unix/MacOSX Install:
There is no standard install for the bundles, but you can make
symlinks like so:
cd /a/directory/in/PATH
ln -s /path/to/ssvnc/bin/{s,t}* .
Or put /path/to/ssvnc/bin, /path/to/ssvnc/Unix, or /path/to/ssvnc/MacOSX
in your PATH.
For the conventional source tarball it will compile and install, e.g.:
gzip -dc ssvnc-1.0.22.src.tar.gz | tar xvf -
cd ssvnc-1.0.22
make config
make all
make PREFIX=/my/install/dir install
then have /my/install/dir/bin in your PATH.
Windows:
Unzip, using WinZip or a similar utility, the zip file:
ssvnc-1.0.22.zip
Run the GUI, e.g.:
Start -> Run -> Browse
and then navigate to
.../ssvnc/Windows/ssvnc.exe
select Open, and then OK to launch it.
The smaller file "ssvnc_windows_only-1.0.22.zip"
could have been used as well.
You can make a Windows shortcut to this program if you want to.
See the Windows/README.txt for more info.
If you want a SSH-only tool (without the distractions of SSL) run
the command:
sshvnc.bat
Or click "SSH-Only Mode" under Options.
If you want a simple VNC Terminal Services only mode (requires x11vnc
on the remote server) run the command:
tsvnc.bat
Or click "Terminal Services" under Options. Control-t will toggle
between the two modes. "tsvnc profile-name" and "tsvnc user@hostname"
work too.
_________________________________________________________________
You can read all of the SSVNC GUI's [31]Online Help Text here.
_________________________________________________________________
The bundle unpacks a directory/folder named: ssvnc. It contains these
programs to launch the GUI:
Windows/ssvnc.exe for Windows
MacOSX/ssvnc for Mac OS X
Unix/ssvnc for Unix
(the Mac OS X and Unix launchers are simply links to the bin
directory). See the README for more information.
The [32]SSH-Only mode launcher program has name sshvnc. The
[33]Terminal Services mode launcher program (assumes x11vnc 0.8.4 or
later and Xvfb installed on the server machine) has name tsvnc.
The Viewer SSL support is done via a wrapper script (bin/ssvnc_cmd
that calls bin/util/ss_vncviewer) that starts up the STUNNEL tunnel
first and then starts the TightVNC viewer pointed at that tunnel. The
bin/ssvnc program is a GUI front-end to that script. See [34]this FAQ
for more details on SSL tunnelling. In SSH connection mode, the
wrappers start up SSH appropriately.
Memory Stick Usage: If you create a directory named "Home" in that
toplevel ssvnc directory then that will be used as the base for
storing VNC profiles and certificates. Also, for convenience, if you
first run the command with "." as an argument (e.g. "ssvnc .") it will
automatically create the "Home" directory for you. This is handy if
you want to place SSVNC on a USB flash drive that you carry around for
mobile use and you want the profiles you create to stay with the drive
(otherwise you'd have to browse to the drive directory each time you
load or save).
One user on Windows created a BAT file to launch SSVNC and needed to
do this to get the Home directory correct:
cd \ssvnc\Windows
start \ssvnc\Windows\ssvnc.exe
(an optional profile name can be supplied to the ssvnc.exe line)
WARNING: if you use ssvnc from an "Internet Cafe", i.e. some untrusted
computer, please be aware that someone may have set up that machine to
be capturing your keystrokes, etc.
SSH-Only version: The command "sshvnc" can be run instead of "ssvnc"
to get an SSH-only version of the tool:
[sshvnc.gif]
These also work: "sshvnc myprofile" and "sshvnc user@hostname". To
switch from the regular SSVNC mode, click "SSH-Only Mode" under
Options. This mode is less distracting if you never plan to use SSL,
manage certificates, etc.
Terminal Services Only: The command "tsvnc" can be run instead of
"ssvnc" to get a "Terminal Services" only version of the tool:
[tsvnc.gif]
These also work: "tsvnc myprofile" and "tsvnc user@hostname". To
switch from the regular SSVNC mode, click "Terminal Services" under
Options.
This mode requires [35]x11vnc (0.9.3 or later) installed on the remote
machine to find, create, and manage the user sessions. SSH is used to
create the encrypted and authenticated tunnel. The Xvfb (virtual
framebuffer X server) program must also be installed on the remote
system. However tsvnc will also connect to a real X session (i.e. on
the physical hardware) if you are already logged into the X session;
this is a useful access mode and does not require Xvfb on the remote
system.
This mode should be very easy for beginner users to understand and
use. On the remote end you only need to have x11vnc and Xvfb available
in $PATH, and on the local end you just run something like:
tsvnc myname@myhost.com
(or start up the tsvnc GUI first and then enter myname@myhost.com and
press "Connect").
Normally the Terminal Services sessions created are virtual (RAM-only)
ones (e.g. Xvfb, [36]Xdummy, or Xvnc), however a nice feature is if
you have a regular X session (i.e displaying on the physical hardware)
on the remote machine that you are ALREADY logged into, then the
x11vnc run from tsvnc will find it for you as well.
Also, there is setting "X Login" under Advanced Options that allows
you to attach to a real X server with no one logged in yet (i.e.
XDM/GDM/KDM Login Greeter screen) as long as you have sudo(1)
permission on the remote machine.
Nice features to soon to be added to the tsvnc mode are easy CUPS
printing (working fairly well) and Sound redirection (needs much work)
of the Terminal Services Desktop session. It is easier in tsvnc mode
because the entire desktop session can be started with the correct
environment. ssvnc tries to handle the general case of an already
started desktop and that is more difficult.
Proxies: Web proxies, SOCKS proxies, and the UltraVNC repeater proxy
are supported to allow the SSVNC connection to go through the proxy to
the otherwise unreachable VNC Server. SSH gateway machines can be used
in the same way. Read [37]more about SSVNC proxy support here.
Dynamic VNC Server Port determination: If you are running SSVNC on
Unix and are using SSH to start the remote VNC server and the VNC
server prints out the line "PORT=NNNN" to indicate which dynamic port
it is using (x11vnc does this), then if you prefix the SSH command
with "PORT=" SSVNC will watch for the PORT=NNNN line and uses ssh's
built in SOCKS proxy (ssh -D ...) to connect to the dynamic VNC server
port through the SSH tunnel. For example:
VNC Host:Display user@somehost.com
Remote SSH Command: PORT= x11vnc -find
or "PORT= x11vnc -display :0 -localhost", etc. Or use "P= x11vnc ..."
There is also code to detect the display of the regular Unix
vncserver(1). It extracts the display (and hence port) from the lines
"New 'X' desktop is hostname:4" and also "VNC server is already
running as :4". So you can use something like:
PORT= vncserver; sleep 15
or: PORT= vncserver :4; sleep 15
the latter is preferred because when you reconnect with it will find
the already running one. The former one will keep creating new X
sessions if called repeatedly.
If you use PORT= on Windows, a large random port is selected instead
and the [38]-rfbport option is passed to x11vnc (it does not work with
vncserver).
Patches for Unix Tightvnc viewer:
The rfbNewFBSize support allows the enhanced TightVNC Unix viewer to
resize when the server does (e.g. "x11vnc -R scale=3/4" remote control
command).
The cursor alphablending is [39]described here.
The RealVNC ZRLE encoding is supported, in addition to some low colors
modes (16bpp and 8bpp at 256, 64, and even 8 colors, for use on very
slow connections). Greyscales are also enabled for the low color
modes.
The Popup menu (F8) is enhanced with the ability to change many things
on the fly. F9 is added as a shortcut to toggle FullScreen mode.
Client Side Caching: The x11vnc [40]client-side caching is handled
nicely by this viewer. The very large pixel cache below the actual
display in this caching method is distracting. Our Unix VNC viewer
will automatically try to autodetect the actual display height if the
framebuffer is very tall (more than twice as high as it is wide). One
can also set the height to the known value via -ycrop n, or use -ycrop
-1 to force autodection. In fullscreen mode one is not possible to
scroll down to the pixel cache region. In non-fullscreen mode the
window manager frame is "shrink-wrapped" around the actual screen
display. You can still scroll down to the pixel cache region. The
scrollbars are set to be very thin (2 pixels) to be less distracting.
Use the -sbwidth n to make them wider.
Probably nobody is interested in the [41]grabserver patch for old
window managers when the viewer is in fullscreen mode... This and some
other unfixed bugs have been fixed in our patches (fullscreen toggle
works with KDE, -x11cursor has been fixed, and the dot cursor has been
made smaller).
From the -help output:
SSVNC Viewer (based on TightVNC viewer version 1.3.9)
Usage: ./vncviewer [<OPTIONS>] [<HOST>][:<DISPLAY#>]
./vncviewer [<OPTIONS>] [<HOST>][::<PORT#>]
./vncviewer [<OPTIONS>] exec=[CMD ARGS...]
./vncviewer [<OPTIONS>] fd=n
./vncviewer [<OPTIONS>] /path/to/unix/socket
./vncviewer [<OPTIONS>] -listen [<DISPLAY#>]
./vncviewer -help
<OPTIONS> are standard Xt options, or:
-via <GATEWAY>
-shared (set by default)
-noshared
-viewonly
-fullscreen
-noraiseonbeep
-passwd <PASSWD-FILENAME> (standard VNC authentication)
-user <USERNAME> (Unix login authentication)
-encodings <ENCODING-LIST> (e.g. "tight copyrect")
-bgr233
-owncmap
-truecolour
-depth <DEPTH>
-compresslevel <COMPRESS-VALUE> (0..9: 0-fast, 9-best)
-quality <JPEG-QUALITY-VALUE> (0..9: 0-low, 9-high)
-nojpeg
-nocursorshape
-x11cursor
-autopass
Option names may be abbreviated, e.g. -bgr instead of -bgr233.
See the manual page for more information.
Enhanced TightVNC viewer (SSVNC) options:
URL http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
Note: ZRLE and ZYWRLE encodings are now supported.
Note: F9 is shortcut to Toggle FullScreen mode.
Note: In -listen mode set the env var. SSVNC_MULTIPLE_LISTEN=1
to allow more than one incoming VNC server at a time.
This is the same as -multilisten described below. Set
SSVNC_MULTIPLE_LISTEN=MAX:n to allow no more than "n"
simultaneous reverse connections.
Note: If the host:port is specified as "exec=command args..."
then instead of making a TCP/IP socket connection to the
remote VNC server, "command args..." is executed and the
viewer is attached to its stdio. This enables tunnelling
established via an external command, e.g. an stunnel(8)
that does not involve a listening socket. This mode does
not work for -listen reverse connections.
If the host:port is specified as "fd=n" then it is assumed
n is an already opened file descriptor to the socket. (i.e
the parent did fork+exec)
If the host:port contains a '/' it is interpreted as a
unix-domain socket (AF_LOCAL insead of AF_INET)
-multilisten As in -listen (reverse connection listening) except
allow more than one incoming VNC server to be connected
at a time. The default for -listen of only one at a
time tries to play it safe by not allowing anyone on
the network to put (many) desktops on your screen over
a long window of time. Use -multilisten for no limit.
-use64 In -bgr233 mode, use 64 colors instead of 256.
-bgr222 Same as -use64.
-use8 In -bgr233 mode, use 8 colors instead of 256.
-bgr111 Same as -use8.
-16bpp If the vnc viewer X display is depth 24 at 32bpp
request a 16bpp format from the VNC server to cut
network traffic by up to 2X, then tranlate the
pixels to 32bpp locally.
-bgr565 Same as -16bpp.
-grey Use a grey scale for the 16- and 8-bpp modes.
-alpha Use alphablending transparency for local cursors
requires: x11vnc server, both client and server
must be 32bpp and same endianness.
-scale str Scale the desktop locally. The string "str" can
a floating point ratio, e.g. "0.9", or a fraction,
e.g. "3/4", or WxH, e.g. 1280x1024. Use "fit"
to fit in the current screen size. Use "auto" to
fit in the window size. "str" can also be set by
the env. var. SSVNC_SCALE.
If you observe mouse trail painting errors, enable
X11 Cursor mode (either via Popup or -x11cursor.)
Note that scaling is done in software and so can be
slow and requires more memory. Some speedup Tips:
ZRLE is faster than Tight in this mode. When
scaling is first detected, the encoding will
be automatically switched to ZRLE. Use the
Popup menu if you want to go back to Tight.
Set SSVNC_PRESERVE_ENCODING=1 to disable this.
Use a solid background on the remote side.
(e.g. manually or via x11vnc -solid ...)
If the remote server is x11vnc, try client
side caching: x11vnc -ncache 10 ...
-ycrop n Only show the top n rows of the framebuffer. For
use with x11vnc -ncache client caching option
to help "hide" the pixel cache region.
Use a negative value (e.g. -1) for autodetection.
Autodetection will always take place if the remote
fb height is more than 2 times the width.
-sbwidth n Scrollbar width for x11vnc -ncache mode (-ycrop),
default is very narrow: 2 pixels, it is narrow to
avoid distraction in -ycrop mode.
-nobell Disable bell.
-rawlocal Prefer raw encoding for localhost, default is
no, i.e. assumes you have a SSH tunnel instead.
-sendclipboard Send the X CLIPBOARD selection (i.e. Ctrl+C,
Ctrl+V) instead of the X PRIMARY selection (mouse
select and middle button paste.)
-sendalways Whenever the mouse enters the VNC viewer main
window, send the selection to the VNC server even if
it has not changed. This is like the Xt resource
translation SelectionToVNC(always)
-recvtext str When cut text is received from the VNC server,
ssvncviewer will set both the X PRIMARY and the
X CLIPBOARD local selections. To control which
is set, specify 'str' as 'primary', 'clipboard',
or 'both' (the default.)
-graball Grab the entire X server when in fullscreen mode,
needed by some old window managers like fvwm2.
-popupfix Warp the popup back to the pointer position,
needed by some old window managers like fvwm2.
-grabkbd Grab the X keyboard when in fullscreen mode,
needed by some window managers. Same as -grabkeyboard.
-grabkbd is the default, use -nograbkbd to disable.
-bs, -nobs Whether or not to use X server Backingstore for the
main viewer window. The default is to not, mainly
because most Linux, etc, systems X servers disable
*all* Backingstore by default. To re-enable it put
Option "Backingstore"
in the Device section of /etc/X11/xorg.conf.
In -bs mode with no X server backingstore, whenever an
area of the screen is re-exposed it must go out to the
VNC server to retrieve the pixels. This is too slow.
In -nobs mode, memory is allocated by the viewer to
provide its own backing of the main viewer window. This
actually makes some activities faster (changes in large
regions) but can appear to "flash" too much.
-noshm Disable use of MIT shared memory extension (not recommended
)
-termchat Do the UltraVNC chat in the terminal vncviewer is in
instead of in an independent window.
-unixpw str Useful for logging into x11vnc in -unixpw mode. "str" is a
string that allows many ways to enter the Unix Username
and Unix Password. These characters: username, newline,
password, newline are sent to the VNC server after any VNC
authentication has taken place. Under x11vnc they are
used for the -unixpw login. Other VNC servers could do
something similar.
You can also indicate "str" via the environment
variable SSVNC_UNIXPW.
Note that the Escape key is actually sent first to tell
x11vnc to not echo the Unix Username back to the VNC
viewer. Set SSVNC_UNIXPW_NOESC=1 to override this.
If str is ".", then you are prompted at the command line
for the username and password in the normal way. If str is
"-" the stdin is read via getpass(3) for username@password.
Otherwise if str is a file, it is opened and the first line
read is taken as the Unix username and the 2nd as the
password. If str prefixed by "rm:" the file is removed
after reading. Otherwise, if str has a "@" character,
it is taken as username@password. Otherwise, the program
exits with an error. Got all that?
-repeater str This is for use with UltraVNC repeater proxy described
here: http://www.uvnc.com/addons/repeater.html. The "str"
is the ID string to be sent to the repeater. E.g. ID:1234
It can also be the hostname and port or display of the VNC
server, e.g. 12.34.56.78:0 or snoopy.com:1. Note that when
using -repeater, the host:dpy on the cmdline is the repeate
r
server, NOT the VNC server. The repeater will connect you.
Example: vncviewer ... -repeater ID:3333 repeat.host:5900
Example: vncviewer ... -repeater vhost:0 repeat.host:5900
Use, e.g., '-repeater SCIII=ID:3210' if the repeater is a
Single Click III (SSL) repeater (repeater_SSL.exe) and you
are passing the SSL part of the connection through stunnel,
socat, etc. This way the magic UltraVNC string 'testB'
needed to work with the repeater is sent to it.
-rfbversion str Set the advertised RFB version. E.g.: -rfbversion 3.6
For some servers, e.g. UltraVNC this needs to be done.
-ultradsm UltraVNC has symmetric private key encryption DSM plugins:
http://www.uvnc.com/features/encryption.html. It is assumed
you are using a unix program (e.g. our ultravnc_dsm_helper)
to encrypt and decrypt the UltraVNC DSM stream. IN ADDITION
TO THAT supply -ultradsm to tell THIS viewer to modify the
RFB data sent so as to work with the UltraVNC Server. For
some reason, each RFB msg type must be sent twice under DSM
.
-mslogon user Use Windows MS Logon to an UltraVNC server. Supply the
username or "1" to be prompted. The default is to
autodetect the UltraVNC MS Logon server and prompt for
the username and password.
IMPORTANT NOTE: The UltraVNC MS-Logon Diffie-Hellman
exchange is very weak and can be brute forced to recover
your username and password in a few hours or seconds of CPU
time. To be safe, be sure to use an additional encrypted
tunnel (e.g. SSL or SSH) for the entire VNC session.
-chatonly Try to be a client that only does UltraVNC text chat. This
mode is used by x11vnc to present a chat window on the
physical X11 console (i.e. chat with the person at the
display).
-env VAR=VALUE To save writing a shell script to set environment variables
,
specify as many as you need on the command line. For
example, -env SSVNC_MULTIPLE_LISTEN=MAX:5 -env EDITOR=vi
-printres Print out the Ssvnc X resources (appdefaults) and then exit
You can save them to a file and customize them (e.g. the
keybindings and Popup menu) Then point to the file via
XENVIRONMENT or XAPPLRESDIR.
-pipeline Like TurboVNC, request the next framebuffer update as soon
as possible instead of waiting until the end of the current
framebuffer update coming in. Helps 'pipeline' the updates
.
This is currently the default, use -nopipeline to disable.
-escape str This sets the 'Escape Keys' modifier sequence and enables
escape keys mode. When the modifier keys escape sequence
is held down, the next keystroke is interpreted locally
to perform a special action instead of being sent to the
remote VNC server.
Use '-escape default' for the default modifier sequence.
(Unix: Alt_L,Super_L and MacOSX: Control_L,Meta_L)
Here are the 'Escape Keys: Help+Set' instructions from the Popup Menu:
Escape Keys: Enter a comma separated list of modifier keys to be the
'escape sequence'. When these keys are held down, the next keystroke is
interpreted locally to invoke a special action instead of being sent to
the remote VNC server. In other words, a set of 'Hot Keys'.
To enable or disable this, click on 'Escape Keys: Toggle' in the Popup.
Here is the list of hot-key mappings to special actions:
r: refresh desktop b: toggle bell c: toggle full-color
f: file transfer x: x11cursor z: toggle Tight/ZRLE
l: full screen g: graball e: escape keys dialog
s: scale dialog +: scale up (=) -: scale down (_)
t: text chat a: alphablend cursor
V: toggle viewonly Q: quit viewer 1 2 3 4 5 6: UltraVNC scale 1/n
Arrow keys: pan the viewport about 10% for each keypress.
PageUp / PageDown: pan the viewport by a screenful vertically.
Home / End: pan the viewport by a screenful horizontally.
KeyPad Arrow keys: pan the viewport by 1 pixel for each keypress.
Dragging the Mouse with Button1 pressed also pans the viewport.
Clicking Mouse Button3 brings up the Popup Menu.
The above mappings are *always* active in ViewOnly mode, unless you set the
Escape Keys value to 'never'.
If the Escape Keys value below is set to 'default' then a default list of
of modifier keys is used. For Unix it is: Alt_L,Super_L and for MacOSX it
is Control_L,Meta_L. Note: the Super_L key usually has a Windows(TM) Flag
on it. Also note the _L and _R mean the key is on the LEFT or RIGHT side
of the keyboard.
On Unix the default is Alt and Windows keys on Left side of keyboard.
On MacOSX the default is Control and Command keys on Left side of keyboard.
Example: Press and hold the Alt and Windows keys on the LEFT side of the
keyboard and then press 'c' to toggle the full-color state. Or press 't'
to toggle the ultravnc Text Chat window, etc.
To use something besides the default, supply a comma separated list (or a
single one) from: Shift_L Shift_R Control_L Control_R Alt_L Alt_R Meta_L
Meta_R Super_L Super_R Hyper_L Hyper_R or Mode_switch.
New Popup actions:
ViewOnly: ~ -viewonly
Disable Bell: ~ -nobell
Cursor Shape: ~ -nocursorshape
X11 Cursor: ~ -x11cursor
Cursor Alphablend: ~ -alpha
Toggle Tight/ZRLE: ~ -encodings ...
Toggle ZRLE/ZYWRLE: ~ -encodings zywrle...
Quality Level ~ -quality (both Tight and ZYWRLE)
Compress Level ~ -compresslevel
Disable JPEG: ~ -nojpeg (Tight)
Pipeline Updates ~ -pipeline
Full Color as many colors as local screen allows.
Grey scale (16 & 8-bpp) ~ -grey, for low colors 16/8bpp modes only.
16 bit color (BGR565) ~ -16bpp / -bgr565
8 bit color (BGR233) ~ -bgr233
256 colors ~ -bgr233 default # of colors.
64 colors ~ -bgr222 / -use64
8 colors ~ -bgr111 / -use8
Scale Viewer ~ -scale
Escape Keys: Toggle ~ -escape
Escape Keys: Help+Set ~ -escape
Set Y Crop (y-max) ~ -ycrop
Set Scrollbar Width ~ -sbwidth
XGrabServer ~ -graball
UltraVNC Extensions:
Set 1/n Server Scale Ultravnc ext. Scale desktop by 1/n.
Text Chat Ultravnc ext. Do Text Chat.
File Transfer Ultravnc ext. File xfer via Java helper.
Single Window Ultravnc ext. Grab and view a single window.
(select then click on the window you want).
Disable Remote Input Ultravnc ext. Try to prevent input and
viewing of monitor at physical display.
Note: the Ultravnc extensions only apply to servers that support
them. x11vnc/libvncserver supports some of them.
Send Clipboard not Primary ~ -sendclipboard
Send Selection Every time ~ -sendalways
Nearly all of these can be changed dynamically in the Popup menu
(press F8 for it):
[viewer_menu.gif] [unixviewer.jpg]
_________________________________________________________________
Windows:
For Windows, SSL Viewer support is provided by a GUI Windows/ssvnc.exe
that prompts for the VNC display and then starts up STUNNEL followed
by the Stock TightVNC Windows Viewer. Both are bundled in the package
for your convenience. The GUI has other useful features. When the
connection is finished, you will be asked if you want to terminate the
STUNNEL program. For SSH connections from Windows the GUI will use
PLINK instead of STUNNEL.
Unix and Mac OS X:
Run the GUI (ssvnc, see above) and let me know how it goes.
_________________________________________________________________
Hopefully this tool will make it convenient for people to help test
and use the [42]built-in SSL support in x11vnc. Extra testing of this
feature is much appreciated!! Thanks.
Please Help Test the newly added features:
* Automatic Service tunnelling via SSH for CUPS and SMB Printing
* ESD/ARTSD Audio
* SMB (Windows/Samba) filesystem mounting
These allow you to print from the remote (VNC Server) machine to local
printers, listen to sounds (with some limitations) from the remote VNC
Server machine, and to mount your local Windows or Samba shares on the
remote VNC Server machine. Basically these new features try to
automate the tricks described here:
[43]http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-smb-shares
[44]http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-cups
[45]http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-sound
_________________________________________________________________
Downloading: Downloads for this project are hosted at
[46]Sourceforge.net.
Choose the archive file bundle that best suits you (e.g. no source
code, windows only, unix only, zip, tar etc).
A quick guide:
On some flavor of Unix, e.g. Linux or Solaris? Use
"ssvnc_unix_only" (or "ssvnc_no_windows" to recompile).
On Mac OS X? Use "ssvnc_no_windows".
On Windows? Use "ssvnc_windows_only".
[47]ssvnc_windows_only-1.0.22.zip Windows Binaries Only. No source incl
uded (~6MB)
[48]ssvnc_no_windows-1.0.22.tar.gz Unix and Mac OS X Only. No Windows bin
aries. Source included. (~9MB)
[49]ssvnc_unix_only-1.0.22.tar.gz Unix Binaries Only. No source incl
uded. (~6.5MB)
[50]ssvnc_unix_minimal-1.0.22.tar.gz Unix Minimal. You must supply your ow
n vncviewer and stunnel. (~0.1MB)
[51]ssvnc-1.0.22.tar.gz All Unix, Mac OS X, and Windows binari
es and source TGZ. (~15MB)
[52]ssvnc-1.0.22.zip All Unix, Mac OS X, and Windows binari
es and source ZIP. (~15MB)
[53]ssvnc_all-1.0.22.zip All Unix, Mac OS X, and Windows binari
es and source AND full archives in the zip dir. (~18MB)
Here is a conventional source tarball:
[54]ssvnc-1.0.22.src.tar.gz Conventional Source for SSVNC GUI and
Unix VNCviewer (~0.4MB)
it will be of use to those who do not want the SSVNC
"one-size-fits-all" bundles. For example, package/distro maintainers
will find this more familiar and useful to them (i.e. they run: "make
config; make all; make install"). Note that it does not include the
stunnel source, and so has a dependency that the system stunnel is
installed.
Read the [55]README.src file for more information on using the
conventional source tarball.
Note: even with the Unix bundles, e.g. "ssvnc_no_windows" or
"ssvnc_all", you may need to run the "./build.unix" script in the top
directory to recompile for your operating system.
Here are the corresponding 1.0.23 development bundles:
[56]ssvnc_windows_only-1.0.23.zip
[57]ssvnc_no_windows-1.0.23.tar.gz
[58]ssvnc_unix_only-1.0.23.tar.gz
[59]ssvnc_unix_minimal-1.0.23.tar.gz
[60]ssvnc-1.0.23.tar.gz
[61]ssvnc-1.0.23.zip
[62]ssvnc_all-1.0.23.zip
[63]ssvnc-1.0.23.src.tar.gz Conventional Source for SSVNC GUI and
Unix VNCviewer (~0.4MB)
For any Unix system, a self-extracting and running file for the
"ssvnc_unix_minimal" package is here: [64]ssvnc. Save it as filename
"ssvnc", type "chmod 755 ./ssvnc", and then launch the GUI via typing
"./ssvnc". Note that this "ssvnc_unix_minimal" mode requires you
install the "stunnel" and "vncviewer" programs externally (for
example, install your distros' versions, e.g. on debian: "apt-get
install stunnel4 xtightvncviewer".) It will work, but many of the
SSVNC features will be missing.
Previous releases:
[65]Release 1.0.18 at Sourceforge.net
[66]Release 1.0.19 at Sourceforge.net
[67]Release 1.0.20 at Sourceforge.net
[68]Release 1.0.21 at Sourceforge.net
[69]Release 1.0.22 at Sourceforge.net
Please help test the UltraVNC File Transfer support in the native Unix
VNC viewer! Let us know how it went.
Current Unix binaries in the archives:
Linux.i686
Linux.x86_64
Linux.ppc64 X (removed)
Linux.alpha X (removed)
SunOS.sun4u
SunOS.sun4m
SunOS.i86pc
Darwin.Power.Macintosh
Darwin.i386
HP-UX.9000 X
FreeBSD.i386 X
NetBSD.i386 X
OpenBSD.i386 X
(some of these are out of date, marked with 'X' above, because I no
longer have access to machines running those OS's. Use the
"build.unix" script to recompile on your system).
Note: some of the above binaries depend on libssl.so.0.9.7, whereas
some recent distros only provide libssl.so.0.9.8 by default (for
compatibility reasons they should install both by default but not all
do). So you may need to instruct your distro to install the 0.9.7
library (it is fine to have both runtimes installed simultaneously
since the libraries have different names). Update: I now try to
statically link libssl.a for all of the binaries in the archive.
You can also run the included build.unix script to try to
automatically build the binaries if your OS is not in the above list
or the included binary does not run properly on your system. Let me
know how that goes.
_________________________________________________________________
IMPORTANT: there may be restrictions for you to download, use, or
redistribute the above because of cryptographic software they contain
or for other reasons. Please check out your situation and information
at the following and related sites:
[70]http://www.stunnel.org
[71]http://stunnel.mirt.net
[72]http://www.openssl.org
[73]http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/
[74]http://www.tightvnc.com
[75]http://www.realvnc.com
[76]http://sourceforge.net/projects/cotvnc/
_________________________________________________________________
README: Here is the toplevel [77]README from the bundle.
References
1. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/enhanced_tightvnc_viewer.html#download
2. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/enhanced_tightvnc_viewer.html#quickstart
3. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/admwtp.html
4. http://cell.runges.net/b.w
5. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html
6. http://sourceforge.net/projects/vencrypt/
7. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/enhanced_tightvnc_viewer.html#sshvnc
8. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/enhanced_tightvnc_viewer.html#tsvnc
9. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/enhanced_tightvnc_viewer.html#memory-stick
10. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/enhanced_tightvnc_viewer.html#source
11. http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1571
12. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc_untrusted_local_users.html
13. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc-proxies.html
14. http://www.uvnc.com/addons/repeater.html
15. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/enhanced_tightvnc_viewer.html#dynamic-port
16. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/enhanced_tightvnc_viewer.html#sshvnc
17. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/enhanced_tightvnc_viewer.html#tsvnc
18. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/enhanced_tightvnc_viewer.html#unix-patches
19. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-turbovnc
20. http://www.virtualgl.org/
21. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xfixes-alpha-hacks
22. http://sourceforge.net/projects/vencrypt/
23. http://www.uvnc.com/addons/repeater.html
24. http://www.uvnc.com/addons/singleclick.html
25. http://www.uvnc.com/features/encryption.html
26. http://www.uvnc.com/features/authentication.html
27. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-enc
28. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-client-caching
29. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/enhanced_tightvnc_viewer.html#popup
30. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/enhanced_tightvnc_viewer.html#source
31. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc_help.html
32. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/enhanced_tightvnc_viewer.html#sshvnc
33. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/enhanced_tightvnc_viewer.html#tsvnc
34. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-ext
35. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/index.html
36. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xvfb
37. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc-proxies.html
38. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html#opt-rfbport
39. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-xfixes-alpha-hacks
40. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-client-caching
41. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-scrollbars
42. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tunnel-int
43. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-smb-shares
44. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-cups
45. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-sound
46. http://sourceforge.net/projects/ssvnc
47. http://downloads.sourceforge.net/ssvnc/ssvnc_windows_only-1.0.22.zip?use_mirror=
48. http://downloads.sourceforge.net/ssvnc/ssvnc_no_windows-1.0.22.tar.gz?use_mirror=
49. http://downloads.sourceforge.net/ssvnc/ssvnc_unix_only-1.0.22.tar.gz?use_mirror=
50. http://downloads.sourceforge.net/ssvnc/ssvnc_unix_minimal-1.0.22.tar.gz?use_mirror=
51. http://ssvnc.sourceforge.net/dev/ssvnc-1.0.22.tar.gz
52. http://ssvnc.sourceforge.net/dev/ssvnc-1.0.22.zip
53. http://downloads.sourceforge.net/ssvnc/ssvnc_all-1.0.22.zip?use_mirror=
54. http://downloads.sourceforge.net/ssvnc/ssvnc-1.0.22.src.tar.gz?use_mirror=
55. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/etv/README.src.txt
56. http://ssvnc.sourceforge.net/dev/ssvnc_windows_only-1.0.23.zip
57. http://ssvnc.sourceforge.net/dev/ssvnc_no_windows-1.0.23.tar.gz
58. http://ssvnc.sourceforge.net/dev/ssvnc_unix_only-1.0.23.tar.gz
59. http://ssvnc.sourceforge.net/dev/ssvnc_unix_minimal-1.0.23.tar.gz
60. http://ssvnc.sourceforge.net/dev/ssvnc-1.0.23.tar.gz
61. http://ssvnc.sourceforge.net/dev/ssvnc-1.0.23.zip
62. http://ssvnc.sourceforge.net/dev/ssvnc_all-1.0.23.zip
63. http://ssvnc.sourceforge.net/dev/ssvnc-1.0.23.src.tar.gz
64. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/etv/ssvnc
65. http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=243486&package_id=296727&release_id=636282
66. http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=243486&package_id=296727&release_id=636337
67. http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=243486&package_id=296727&release_id=636338
68. http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=243486&package_id=296727&release_id=640923
69. http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=243486&package_id=296727&release_id=652804
70. http://www.stunnel.org/
71. http://stunnel.mirt.net/
72. http://www.openssl.org/
73. http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/
74. http://www.tightvnc.com/
75. http://www.realvnc.com/
76. http://sourceforge.net/projects/cotvnc/
77. http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/README.ssvnc.html
=======================================================================
http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/x11vnc_opts.html:
_________________________________________________________________
x11vnc: a VNC server for real X displays
Here are all of x11vnc command line options:
% x11vnc -opts (see below for -help long descriptions)
x11vnc: allow VNC connections to real X11 displays. 0.9.8 lastmod: 2009-06-14
x11vnc options:
-display disp -auth file -N
-autoport n -rfbport str -reopen
-reflect host:N -id windowid -sid windowid
-clip WxH+X+Y -flashcmap -shiftcmap n
-notruecolor -advertise_truecolor -visual n
-overlay -overlay_nocursor -8to24 [opts]
-24to32 -scale fraction -geometry WxH
-scale_cursor frac -viewonly -shared
-once -forever -loop
-timeout n -sleepin n -inetd
-tightfilexfer -ultrafilexfer -http
-http_ssl -avahi -mdns
-zeroconf -connect string -connect_or_exit str
-proxy string -vncconnect -novncconnect
-allow host1[,host2..] -localhost -nolookup
-input string -grabkbd -grabptr
-grabalways -viewpasswd string -passwdfile filename
-unixpw [list] -unixpw_nis [list] -unixpw_cmd cmd
-find -finddpy -listdpy
-create -xdummy -xvnc
-xvnc_redirect -svc -svc_xdummy
-svc_xvnc -xdmsvc -sshxdmsvc
-redirect port -display WAIT:... -vencrypt mode
-anontls mode -sslonly -dhparams file
-nossl -ssl [pem] -ssltimeout n
-sslnofail -ssldir [dir] -sslverify [path]
-sslCRL path -sslGenCA [dir] -sslGenCert type name
-sslEncKey [pem] -sslCertInfo [pem] -sslDelCert [pem]
-stunnel [pem] -stunnel3 [pem] -enc cipher:keyfile
-https [port] -httpsredir [port] -http_oneport
-ssh user@host:disp -usepw -storepasswd pass file
-nopw -accept string -afteraccept string
-gone string -users list -noshm
-flipbyteorder -onetile -solid [color]
-blackout string -xinerama -noxinerama
-xtrap -xrandr [mode] -rotate string
-padgeom WxH -o logfile -flag file
-rmflag file -rc filename -norc
-env VAR=VALUE -prog /path/to/x11vnc -h, -help
-?, -opts -V, -version -license
-dbg -q, -quiet -v, -verbose
-bg -modtweak -nomodtweak
-xkb -noxkb -capslock
-skip_lockkeys -noskip_lockkeys -skip_keycodes string
-sloppy_keys -skip_dups -noskip_dups
-add_keysyms -noadd_keysyms -clear_mods
-clear_keys -clear_all -remap string
-norepeat -repeat -nofb
-nobell -nosel -noprimary
-nosetprimary -noclipboard -nosetclipboard
-seldir string -cursor [mode] -nocursor
-cursor_drag -arrow n -noxfixes
-alphacut n -alphafrac fraction -alpharemove
-noalphablend -nocursorshape -cursorpos
-nocursorpos -xwarppointer -noxwarppointer
-buttonmap string -nodragging -ncache n
-ncache_cr -ncache_no_moveraise -ncache_no_dtchange
-ncache_no_rootpixmap -ncache_keep_anims -ncache_old_wm
-ncache_pad n -debug_ncache -wireframe [str]
-nowireframe -nowireframelocal -wirecopyrect mode
-nowirecopyrect -debug_wireframe -scrollcopyrect mode
-noscrollcopyrect -scr_area n -scr_skip list
-scr_inc list -scr_keys list -scr_term list
-scr_keyrepeat lo-hi -scr_parms string -fixscreen string
-debug_scroll -noxrecord -grab_buster
-nograb_buster -debug_grabs -debug_sel
-pointer_mode n -input_skip n -allinput
-speeds rd,bw,lat -wmdt string -debug_pointer
-debug_keyboard -defer time -wait time
-wait_ui factor -setdefer n -nowait_bog
-slow_fb time -xrefresh time -nap
-nonap -sb time -readtimeout n
-ping n -nofbpm -fbpm
-nodpms -dpms -forcedpms
-clientdpms -noserverdpms -noultraext
-chatwindow -noxdamage -xd_area A
-xd_mem f -sigpipe string -threads
-nothreads -fs f -gaps n
-grow n -fuzz n -debug_tiles
-snapfb -rawfb string -freqtab file
-pipeinput cmd -macnodim -macnosleep
-macnosaver -macnowait -macwheel n
-macnoswap -macnoresize -maciconanim n
-macmenu -macuskbd -gui [gui-opts]
-remote command -query variable -QD variable
-sync -noremote -yesremote
-unsafe -safer -privremote
-nocmds -allowedcmds list -deny_all
libvncserver options:
-rfbport port TCP port for RFB protocol
-rfbwait time max time in ms to wait for RFB client
-rfbauth passwd-file use authentication on RFB protocol
(use 'storepasswd' to create a password file)
-rfbversion 3.x Set the version of the RFB we choose to advertise
-permitfiletransfer permit file transfer support
-passwd plain-password use authentication
(use plain-password as password, USE AT YOUR RISK)
-deferupdate time time in ms to defer updates (default 40)
-deferptrupdate time time in ms to defer pointer updates (default none)
-desktop name VNC desktop name (default "LibVNCServer")
-alwaysshared always treat new clients as shared
-nevershared never treat new clients as shared
-dontdisconnect don't disconnect existing clients when a new non-shared
connection comes in (refuse new connection instead)
-httpdir dir-path enable http server using dir-path home
-httpport portnum use portnum for http connection
-enablehttpproxy enable http proxy support
-progressive height enable progressive updating for slow links
-listen ipaddr listen for connections only on network interface with
addr ipaddr. '-listen localhost' and hostname work too.
libvncserver-tight-extension options:
-disablefiletransfer disable file transfer
-ftproot string set ftp root
% x11vnc -help
x11vnc: allow VNC connections to real X11 displays. 0.9.8 lastmod: 2009-06-14
(type "x11vnc -opts" to just list the options.)
Typical usage is:
Run this command in a shell on the remote machine "far-host"
with X session you wish to view:
x11vnc -display :0
Then run this in another window on the machine you are sitting at:
vncviewer far-host:0
Once x11vnc establishes connections with the X11 server and starts listening
as a VNC server it will print out a string: PORT=XXXX where XXXX is typically
5900 (the default VNC server port). One would next run something like
this on the local machine: "vncviewer hostname:N" where "hostname" is
the name of the machine running x11vnc and N is XXXX - 5900, i.e. usually
"vncviewer hostname:0".
By default x11vnc will not allow the screen to be shared and it will exit
as soon as the client disconnects. See -shared and -forever below to override
these protections. See the FAQ for details how to tunnel the VNC connection
through an encrypted channel such as ssh(1). In brief:
ssh -t -L 5900:localhost:5900 far-host 'x11vnc -localhost -display :0'
vncviewer -encodings 'copyrect tight zrle hextile' localhost:0
Also, use of a VNC password (-rfbauth or -passwdfile) is strongly recommended.
For additional info see: http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/
and http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html
Config file support: if the file $HOME/.x11vncrc exists then each line in
it is treated as a single command line option. Disable with -norc. For
each option name, the leading character "-" is not required. E.g. a line
that is either "forever" or "-forever" may be used and are equivalent.
Likewise "wait 100" or "-wait 100" are acceptable and equivalent lines.
The "#" character comments out to the end of the line in the usual way
(backslash it for a literal). Leading and trailing whitespace is trimmed off.
Lines may be continued with a "\" as the last character of a line (it
becomes a space character).
Options:
-display disp X11 server display to connect to, usually :0. The X
server process must be running on same machine and
support MIT-SHM. Equivalent to setting the DISPLAY
environment variable to "disp".
See the description below of the "-display WAIT:..."
extensions, where alias "-find" will find the user's
display automatically, and "-create" will create a
Xvfb session if no session is found.
-auth file Set the X authority file to be "file", equivalent to
setting the XAUTHORITY environment variable to "file"
before startup. Same as -xauth file. See Xsecurity(7),
xauth(1) man pages for more info.
-N If the X display is :N, try to set the VNC display to
also be :N This just sets the -rfbport option to 5900+N
The program will exit immediately if that port is not
available. The -N option only works with normal -display
usage, e.g. :0 or :8, -N is ignored in the -display
WAIT:..., -create, -find, -svc, -redirect, etc modes.
-autoport n Automatically probe for a free VNC port starting at n.
The default is to start probing at 5900. Use this to
stay away from other VNC servers near 5900.
-rfbport str The VNC port to listen on (a libvncserver option), e.g.
5900, 5901, etc. If specified as "-rfbport PROMPT"
then the x11vnc -gui is used to prompt the user to
enter the port number.
-reopen If the X server connection is disconnected, try to
reopen the X display (up to one time.) This is of use
for display managers like GDM (KillInitClients option)
that kill x11vnc just after the user logs into the
X session. Note: the reopened state may be unstable.
Set X11VNC_REOPEN_DISPLAY=n to reopen n times.
-reflect host:N Instead of connecting to and polling an X display,
connect to the remote VNC server host:N and be a
reflector/repeater for it. This is useful for trying
to manage the case of many simultaneous VNC viewers
(e.g. classroom broadcasting) where, e.g. you put
a repeater on each network switch, etc, to improve
performance by distributing the load and network
traffic. Implies -shared (use -noshared as a later
option to disable). See the discussion below under
-rawfb vnc:host:N for more details.
-id windowid Show the X window corresponding to "windowid" not
the entire display. New windows like popup menus,
transient toplevels, etc, may not be seen or may be
clipped. Disabling SaveUnders or BackingStore in the
X server may help show them. x11vnc may crash if the
window is initially partially obscured, changes size,
is iconified, etc. Some steps are taken to avoid this
and the -xrandr mechanism is used to track resizes. Use
xwininfo(1) to get the window id, or use "-id pick"
to have x11vnc run xwininfo(1) for you and extract
the id. The -id option is useful for exporting very
simple applications (e.g. the current view on a webcam).
-sid windowid As -id, but instead of using the window directly it
shifts a root view to it: this shows SaveUnders menus,
etc, although they will be clipped if they extend beyond
the window.
-clip WxH+X+Y Only show the sub-region of the full display that
corresponds to the rectangle geometry with size WxH and
offset +X+Y. The VNC display has size WxH (i.e. smaller
than the full display). This also works for -id/-sid
mode where the offset is relative to the upper left
corner of the selected window. An example use of this
option would be to split a large (e.g. Xinerama) display
into two parts to be accessed via separate viewers by
running a separate x11vnc on each part.
Use '-clip xinerama0' to clip to the first xinerama
sub-screen (if xinerama is active). xinerama1 for the
2nd sub-screen, etc. This way you don't need to figure
out the WxH+X+Y of the desired xinerama sub-screen.
screens are sorted in increasing distance from the
(0,0) origin (I.e. not the Xserver's order).
-flashcmap In 8bpp indexed color, let the installed colormap flash
as the pointer moves from window to window (slow).
Also try the -8to24 option to avoid flash altogether.
-shiftcmap n Rare problem, but some 8bpp displays use less than 256
colorcells (e.g. 16-color grayscale, perhaps the other
bits are used for double buffering) *and* also need to
shift the pixels values away from 0, .., ncells. "n"
indicates the shift to be applied to the pixel values.
To see the pixel values set DEBUG_CMAP=1 to print out
a colormap histogram. Example: -shiftcmap 240
-notruecolor For 8bpp displays, force indexed color (i.e. a colormap)
even if it looks like 8bpp TrueColor (rare problem).
-advertise_truecolor If the X11 display is indexed color, lie to clients
when they first connect by telling them it is truecolor.
To workaround RealVNC: inPF has colourMap but not 8bpp
Use '-advertise_truecolor reset' to reset client fb too.
-visual n This option probably does not do what you think.
It simply *forces* the visual used for the framebuffer;
this may be a bad thing... (e.g. messes up colors or
cause a crash). It is useful for testing and for some
workarounds. n may be a decimal number, or 0x hex.
Run xdpyinfo(1) for the values. One may also use
"TrueColor", etc. see <X11/X.h> for a list. If the
string ends in ":m" then for better or for worse
the visual depth is forced to be m. You may want to
use -noshm when using this option (so XGetImage may
automatically translate the pixel data).
-overlay Handle multiple depth visuals on one screen, e.g. 8+24
and 24+8 overlay visuals (the 32 bits per pixel are
packed with 8 for PseudoColor and 24 for TrueColor).
Currently -overlay only works on Solaris via
XReadScreen(3X11) and IRIX using XReadDisplay(3).
On Solaris there is a problem with image "bleeding"
around transient popup menus (but not for the menu
itself): a workaround is to disable SaveUnders
by passing the "-su" argument to Xsun (in
/etc/dt/config/Xservers).
Use -overlay as a workaround for situations like these:
Some legacy applications require the default visual to
be 8bpp (8+24), or they will use 8bpp PseudoColor even
when the default visual is depth 24 TrueColor (24+8).
In these cases colors in some windows will be incorrect
in x11vnc unless -overlay is used. Another use of
-overlay is to enable showing the exact mouse cursor
shape (details below).
Under -overlay, performance will be somewhat slower
due to the extra image transformations required.
For optimal performance do not use -overlay, but rather
configure the X server so that the default visual is
depth 24 TrueColor and try to have all apps use that
visual (e.g. some apps have -use24 or -visual options).
-overlay_nocursor Sets -overlay, but does not try to draw the exact mouse
cursor shape using the overlay mechanism.
-8to24 [opts] Try this option if -overlay is not supported on your
OS, and you have a legacy 8bpp app that you want to
view on a multi-depth display with default depth 24
(and is 32 bpp) OR have a default depth 8 display with
depth 24 overlay windows for some apps. This option
may not work on all X servers and hardware (tested
on XFree86/Xorg mga driver and Xsun). The "opts"
string is not required and is described below.
This mode enables a hack where x11vnc monitors windows
within 3 levels from the root window. If it finds
any that are 8bpp it extracts the indexed color
pixel values using XGetImage() and then applies a
transformation using the colormap(s) to create TrueColor
RGB values that it in turn inserts into bits 1-24 of
the framebuffer. This creates a depth 24 "view"
of the display that is then exported via VNC.
Conversely, for default depth 8 displays, the depth
24 regions are read by XGetImage() and everything is
transformed and inserted into a depth 24 TrueColor
framebuffer.
Note that even if there are *no* depth 24 visuals or
windows (i.e. pure 8bpp), this mode is potentially
an improvement over -flashcmap because it avoids the
flashing and shows each window in the correct color.
This method appear to work, but may still have bugs
and it does hog resources. If there are multiple 8bpp
windows using different colormaps, one may have to
iconify all but one for the colors to be correct.
There may be painting errors for clipping and switching
between windows of depths 8 and 24. Heuristics are
applied to try to minimize the painting errors. One can
also press 3 Alt_L's in a row to refresh the screen
if the error does not repair itself. Also the option
-fixscreen 8=3.0 or -fixscreen V=3.0 may be used to
periodically refresh the screen at the cost of bandwidth
(every 3 sec for this example).
The [opts] string can contain the following settings.
Multiple settings are separated by commas.
For for some X servers with default depth 24 a
speedup may be achieved via the option "nogetimage".
This enables a scheme were XGetImage() is not used
to retrieve the 8bpp data. Instead, it assumes that
the 8bpp data is in bits 25-32 of the 32bit X pixels.
There is no requirement that the X server should put
the data there for our poll requests, but some do and
so the extra steps to retrieve it can be skipped.
Tested with mga driver with XFree86/Xorg. For the
default depth 8 case this option is ignored.
To adjust how often XGetImage() is used to poll the
non-default visual regions for changes, use the option
"poll=t" where "t" is a floating point time.
(default: 0.05)
Setting the option "level2" will limit the search
for non-default visual windows to two levels from the
root window. Do this on slow machines where you know
the window manager only imposes one extra window between
the app window and the root window.
Also for very slow machines use "cachewin=t"
where t is a floating point amount of time to cache
XGetWindowAttributes results. E.g. cachewin=5.0.
This may lead to the windows being unnoticed for this
amount of time when deiconifying, painting errors, etc.
While testing on a very old SS20 these options gave
tolerable response: -8to24 poll=0.2,cachewin=5.0. For
this machine -overlay is supported and gives better
response.
Debugging for this mode can be enabled by setting
"dbg=1", "dbg=2", or "dbg=3".
-24to32 Very rare problem: if the framebuffer (X display
or -rawfb) is 24bpp instead of the usual 32bpp, then
dynamically transform the pixels to 32bpp. This will be
slower, but can be used to work around problems where
VNC viewers cannot handle 24bpp (e.g. "main: setPF:
not 8, 16 or 32 bpp?"). See the FAQ for more info.
In the case of -rawfb mode, the pixels are directly
modified by inserting a 0 byte to pad them out to 32bpp.
For X displays, a kludge is done that is equivalent to
"-noshm -visual TrueColor:32". (If better performance
is needed for the latter, feel free to ask).
-scale fraction Scale the framebuffer by factor "fraction". Values
less than 1 shrink the fb, larger ones expand it. Note:
image may not be sharp and response may be slower.
If "fraction" contains a decimal point "." it
is taken as a floating point number, alternatively
the notation "m/n" may be used to denote fractions
exactly, e.g. -scale 2/3
To scale asymmetrically in the horizontal and vertical
directions, specify a WxH geometry to stretch to:
e.g. '-scale 1024x768', or also '-scale 0.9x0.75'
Scaling Options: can be added after "fraction" via
":", to supply multiple ":" options use commas.
If you just want a quick, rough scaling without
blending, append ":nb" to "fraction" (e.g. -scale
1/3:nb). No blending is the default for 8bpp indexed
color, to force blending for this case use ":fb".
To disable -scrollcopyrect and -wirecopyrect under
-scale use ":nocr". If you need to to enable them use
":cr" or specify them explicitly on the command line.
If a slow link is detected, ":nocr" may be applied
automatically. Default: :cr
More esoteric options: for compatibility with vncviewers
the scaled width is adjusted to be a multiple of 4:
to disable this use ":n4". ":in" use interpolation
scheme even when shrinking, ":pad" pad scaled width
and height to be multiples of scaling denominator
(e.g. 3 for 2/3).
-geometry WxH Same as -scale WxH
-scale_cursor frac By default if -scale is supplied the cursor shape is
scaled by the same factor. Depending on your usage,
you may want to scale the cursor independently of the
screen or not at all. If you specify -scale_cursor
the cursor will be scaled by that factor. When using
-scale mode to keep the cursor at its "natural" size
use "-scale_cursor 1". Most of the ":" scaling
options apply here as well.
-viewonly All VNC clients can only watch (default off).
-shared VNC display is shared, i.e. more than one viewer can
connect at the same time (default off).
-once Exit after the first successfully connected viewer
disconnects, opposite of -forever. This is the Default.
-forever Keep listening for more connections rather than exiting
as soon as the first client(s) disconnect. Same as -many
-loop Create an outer loop restarting the x11vnc process
whenever it terminates. -bg and -inetd are ignored
in this mode (however see -loopbg below).
Useful for continuing even if the X server terminates
and restarts (at that moment the process will need
permission to reconnect to the new X server of course).
Use, e.g., -loop100 to sleep 100 millisecs between
restarts, etc. Default is 2000ms (i.e. 2 secs) Use,
e.g. -loop300,5 to sleep 300 ms and only loop 5 times.
If -loopbg (plus any numbers) is specified instead,
the "-bg" option is implied and the mode approximates
inetd(8) usage to some degree. In this case when
it goes into the background any listening sockets
(i.e. ports 5900, 5800) are closed, so the next one
in the loop can use them. This mode will only be of
use if a VNC client (the only client for that process)
is already connected before the process goes into the
background, for example, usage of -display WAIT:..,
-svc, and -connect can make use of this "poor man's"
inetd mode. The default wait time is 500ms in this
mode. This usage could use useful: -svc -bg -loopbg
-timeout n Exit unless a client connects within the first n seconds
after startup.
-sleepin n At startup sleep n seconds before proceeding (e.g. to
allow redirs and listening clients to start up)
If a range is given: '-sleepin min-max', a random value
between min and max is slept. E.g. '-sleepin 0-20' and
'-sleepin 10-30'. Floats are allowed too.
-inetd Launched by inetd(8): stdio instead of listening socket.
Note: if you are not redirecting stderr to a log file
(via shell 2> or -o option) you MUST also specify the -q
option, otherwise the stderr goes to the viewer which
will cause it to abort. Specifying both -inetd and -q
and no -o will automatically close the stderr.
-tightfilexfer Enable the TightVNC file transfer extension. Note that
that when the -viewonly option is supplied all file
transfers are disabled. Also clients that log in
viewonly cannot transfer files. However, if the remote
control mechanism is used to change the global or
per-client viewonly state the filetransfer permissions
will NOT change.
IMPORTANT: please understand if -tightfilexfer is
specified and you run x11vnc as root for, say, inetd
or display manager (gdm, kdm, ...) access and you do
not have it switch users via the -users option, then
VNC Viewers that connect are able to do filetransfer
reads and writes as *root*.
Also, tightfilexfer is disabled in -unixpw mode.
-ultrafilexfer Note: to enable UltraVNC filetransfer and to get it to
work you probably need to supply these libvncserver
options: "-rfbversion 3.6 -permitfiletransfer"
"-ultrafilexfer" is an alias for this combination.
IMPORTANT: please understand if -ultrafilexfer is
specified and you run x11vnc as root for, say, inetd
or display manager (gdm, kdm, ...) access and you do
not have it switch users via the -users option, then
VNC Viewers that connect are able to do filetransfer
reads and writes as *root*.
Note that sadly you cannot do both -tightfilexfer and
-ultrafilexfer at the same time because the latter
requires setting the version to 3.6 and tightvnc will
not do filetransfer when it sees that version number.
-http Instead of using -httpdir (see below) to specify
where the Java vncviewer applet is, have x11vnc try
to *guess* where the directory is by looking relative
to the program location and in standard locations
(/usr/local/share/x11vnc/classes, etc). Under -ssl or
-stunnel the ssl classes subdirectory is sought.
-http_ssl As -http, but force lookup for ssl classes subdir.
-avahi Use the Avahi/mDNS ZeroConf protocol to advertise
this VNC server to the local network. (Related terms:
Rendezvous, Bonjour). Depending on your setup, you
may need to start avahi-daemon and open udp port 5353
in your firewall.
If the avahi API cannot be found at build time, a helper
program like avahi-publish(1) or dns-sd(1) will be tried
-mdns Same as -avahi.
-zeroconf Same as -avahi.
-connect string For use with "vncviewer -listen" reverse connections.
If "string" has the form "host" or "host:port"
the connection is made once at startup.
Use commas for a list of host's and host:port's.
E.g. -connect host1,host2 or host1:0,host2:5678.
Note that to reverse connect to multiple hosts at the
same time you will likely need to also supply: -shared
Note that unlike most vnc servers, x11vnc will require a
password for reverse as well as for forward connections.
(provided password auth has been enabled, -rfbauth, etc)
If you do not want to require a password for reverse
connections set X11VNC_REVERSE_CONNECTION_NO_AUTH=1 in
your environment before starting x11vnc.
If "string" contains "/" it is instead interpreted
as a file to periodically check for new hosts.
The first line is read and then the file is truncated.
Be careful about the location of this file if x11vnc
is running as root (e.g. via gdm(1), etc).
Repeater mode: Some services provide an intermediate
"vnc repeater": http://www.uvnc.com/addons/repeater.html
(and also http://koti.mbnet.fi/jtko/ for linux port)
that acts as a proxy / gateway. Modes like these requir
e
an initial string to be sent for the reverse connection
before the VNC protocol is started. Here are the ways
to do this:
-connect pre=some_string+host:port
-connect pre128=some_string+host:port
-connect repeater=ID:1234+host:port
-connect repeater=23.45.67.89::5501+host:port
SSVNC notation is also supported:
-connect repeater://host:port+ID:1234
As with normal -connect usage, if the repeater port is
not supplied 5500 is assumed.
The basic idea is between the special tag, e.g. "pre="
and "+" is the pre-string to be sent. Note that in
this case host:port is the repeater server, NOT the
vnc viewer. Somehow the pre-string tells the repeater
server how to find the vnc viewer and connect you to it.
In the case pre=some_string+host:port, "some_string"
is simply sent. In the case preNNN=some_string+host:port
"some_string" is sent in a null padded buffer of
length NNN. repeater= is the same as pre250=, this is
the ultravnc repeater buffer size.
Strings like "\n" and "\r", etc. are expanded to
newline and carriage return. "\c" is expanded to
"," since the connect string is comma separated.
See also the -proxy option below for additional ways
to plumb reverse connections.
-connect_or_exit str As with -connect, except if none of the reverse
connections succeed, then x11vnc shuts down immediately
By the way, if you do not want x11vnc to listen on
ANY interface use -rfbport 0 which is handy for the
-connect_or_exit mode.
-proxy string Use proxy in string (e.g. host:port) as a proxy for
making reverse connections (-connect or -connect_or_exit
options).
Web proxies are supported, but note by default most of
them only support destination connections to ports 443
or 563, so this might not be very useful (the viewer
would need to listen on that port or the router would
have to do a port redirection).
A web proxy may be specified by either "host:port"
or "http://host:port" (the port is required even if
it is the common choices 80 or 8080)
SOCKS4, SOCKS4a, and SOCKS5 are also supported.
SOCKS proxies normally do not have restrictions on the
destination port number.
Use a format like this: socks://host:port or
socks5://host:port. Note that ssh -D does not support
SOCKS4a, so use socks5://. For socks:// SOCKS4 is used
on a numerical IP and "localhost", otherwise SOCKS4a
is used (and so the proxy tries to do the DNS lookup).
An experimental mode is "-proxy http://host:port/..."
Note the "/" after the port that distinguishes it from
a normal web proxy. The port must be supplied even if
it is the default 80. For this mode a GET is done to
the supplied URL with the string host=H&port=P appended.
H and P will be the -connect reverse connect host
and port. Use the string "__END__" to disable the
appending. The basic idea here is that maybe some cgi
script provides the actual viewer hookup and tunnelling.
How to actually achieve this within cgi, php, etc. is
not clear... A custom web server or apache module
would be straight-forward.
Another experimental mode is "-proxy ssh://user@host"
in which case a SSH tunnel is used for the proxying.
"user@" is not needed unless your unix username is
different on "host". For a non-standard SSH port
use ssh://user@host:port. If proxies are chained (see
next paragraph) then the ssh one must be the first one.
If ssh-agent is not active, then the ssh password needs
to be entered in the terminal where x11vnc is running.
Examples:
-connect localhost:0 -proxy ssh://me@friends-pc:2222
-connect snoopy:0 -proxy ssh://ssh.company.com
Multiple proxies may be chained together in case one
needs to ricochet off of a number of hosts to finally
reach the VNC viewer. Up to 3 may be chained, separate
them by commas in the order they are to be connected to.
E.g.: http://host1:port1,socks5://host2:port2 or three
like: first,second,third
-vncconnect Monitor the VNC_CONNECT X property set by the standard
-novncconnect VNC program vncconnect(1). When the property is
set to "host" or "host:port" establish a reverse
connection. Using xprop(1) instead of vncconnect may
work (see the FAQ). The -remote control mechanism uses
X11VNC_REMOTE channel, and this option disables/enables
it as well. Default: -vncconnect
-allow host1[,host2..] Only allow client connections from hosts matching
the comma separated list of hostnames or IP addresses.
Can also be a numerical IP prefix, e.g. "192.168.100."
to match a simple subnet, for more control build
libvncserver with libwrap support (See the FAQ). If the
list contains a "/" it instead is a interpreted
as a file containing addresses or prefixes that is
re-read each time a new client connects. Lines can be
commented out with the "#" character in the usual way.
-allow applies in -ssl mode, but not in -stunnel mode.
-localhost Basically the same as "-allow 127.0.0.1".
Note: if you want to restrict which network interface
x11vnc listens on, see the -listen option below.
E.g. "-listen localhost" or "-listen 192.168.3.21".
As a special case, the option "-localhost" implies
"-listen localhost".
A rare case, but for non-localhost -listen usage, if
you use the remote control mechanism (-R) to change
the -listen interface you may need to manually adjust
the -allow list (and vice versa) to avoid situations
where no connections (or too many) are allowed.
If you do not want x11vnc to listen on ANY interface
(evidently you are using -connect or -connect_or_exit,
or plan to use remote control: -R connect:host), use
-rfbport 0
-nolookup Do not use gethostbyname() or gethostbyaddr() to look up
host names or IP numbers. Use this if name resolution
is incorrectly set up and leads to long pauses as name
lookups time out, etc.
-input string Fine tuning of allowed user input. If "string" does
not contain a comma "," the tuning applies only to
normal clients. Otherwise the part before "," is
for normal clients and the part after for view-only
clients. "K" is for Keystroke input, "M" for
Mouse-motion input, "B" for Button-click input, "C"
is for Clipboard input, and "F" is for File transfer
(ultravnc only). Their presence in the string enables
that type of input. E.g. "-input M" means normal
users can only move the mouse and "-input KMBCF,M"
lets normal users do anything and enables view-only
users to move the mouse. This option is ignored when
a global -viewonly is in effect (all input is discarded
in that case).
-grabkbd When VNC viewers are connected, attempt to the grab
the keyboard so a (non-malicious) user sitting at the
physical display is not able to enter keystrokes.
This method uses XGrabKeyboard(3X11) and so it is
not secure and does not rule out the person at the
physical display injecting keystrokes by flooding the
server with them, grabbing the keyboard himself, etc.
Some degree of cooperation from the person at the
display is assumed. This is intended for remote
help-desk or educational usage modes.
-grabptr As -grabkbd, but for the mouse pointer using
XGrabPointer(3X11). Unfortunately due to the way the X
server works, the mouse can still be moved around by the
user at the physical display, but he will not be able to
change window focus with it. Also some window managers
that call XGrabServer(3X11) for resizes, etc, will
act on the local user's input. Again, some degree of
cooperation from the person at the display is assumed.
-grabalways Apply both -grabkbd and -grabptr even when no VNC
viewers are connected. If you only want one of them,
use the -R remote control to turn the other back on,
e.g. -R nograbptr.
-viewpasswd string Supply a 2nd password for view-only logins. The -passwd
(full-access) password must also be supplied.
-passwdfile filename Specify the libvncserver password via the first line
of the file "filename" (instead of via -passwd on
the command line where others might see it via ps(1)).
See the descriptions below for how to supply multiple
passwords, view-only passwords, to specify external
programs for the authentication, and other features.
If the filename is prefixed with "rm:" it will be
removed after being read. Perhaps this is useful in
limiting the readability of the file. In general, the
password file should not be readable by untrusted users
(BTW: neither should the VNC -rfbauth file: it is NOT
encrypted, only obscured with a fixed key).
If the filename is prefixed with "read:" it will
periodically be checked for changes and reread. It is
guaranteed to be reread just when a new client connects
so that the latest passwords will be used.
If "filename" is prefixed with "cmd:" then the
string after the ":" is run as an external command:
the output of the command will be interpreted as if it
were read from a password file (see below). If the
command does not exit with 0, then x11vnc terminates
immediately. To specify more than 1000 passwords this
way set X11VNC_MAX_PASSWDS before starting x11vnc.
The environment variables are set as in -accept.
Note that due to the VNC protocol only the first 8
characters of a password are used (DES key).
If "filename" is prefixed with "custom:" then a
custom password checker is supplied as an external
command following the ":". The command will be run
when a client authenticates. If the command exits with
0 the client is accepted, otherwise it is rejected.
The environment variables are set as in -accept.
The standard input to the custom command will be a
decimal digit "len" followed by a newline. "len"
specifies the challenge size and is usually 16 (the
VNC spec). Then follows len bytes which is the random
challenge string that was sent to the client. This is
then followed by len more bytes holding the client's
response (i.e. the challenge string encrypted via DES
with the user password in the standard situation).
The "custom:" scheme can be useful to implement
dynamic passwords or to implement methods where longer
passwords and/or different encryption algorithms
are used. The latter will require customizing the VNC
client as well. One could create an MD5SUM based scheme
for example.
File format for -passwdfile:
If multiple non-blank lines exist in the file they are
all taken as valid passwords. Blank lines are ignored.
Password lines may be "commented out" (ignored) if
they begin with the character "#" or the line contains
the string "__SKIP__". Lines may be annotated by use
of the "__COMM__" string: from it to the end of the
line is ignored. An empty password may be specified
via the "__EMPTY__" string on a line by itself (note
your viewer might not accept empty passwords).
If the string "__BEGIN_VIEWONLY__" appears on a
line by itself, the remaining passwords are used for
viewonly access. For compatibility, as a special case
if the file contains only two password lines the 2nd
one is automatically taken as the viewonly password.
Otherwise the "__BEGIN_VIEWONLY__" token must be
used to have viewonly passwords. (tip: make the 3rd
and last line be "__BEGIN_VIEWONLY__" to have 2
full-access passwords)
-unixpw [list] Use Unix username and password authentication. x11vnc
uses the su(1) program to verify the user's password.
[list] is an optional comma separated list of allowed
Unix usernames. If the [list] string begins with the
character "!" then the entire list is taken as an
exclude list. See below for per-user options that can
be applied.
A familiar "login:" and "Password:" dialog is
presented to the user on a black screen inside the
vncviewer. The connection is dropped if the user fails
to supply the correct password in 3 tries or does not
send one before a 25 second timeout. Existing clients
are view-only during this period.
If the first character received is "Escape" then the
unix username will not be displayed after "login:"
as it is typed. This could be of use for VNC viewers
that automatically type the username and password.
Since the detailed behavior of su(1) can vary from
OS to OS and for local configurations, test the mode
carefully. x11vnc will attempt to be conservative and
reject a login if anything abnormal occurs.
One case to note: FreeBSD and the other BSD's by
default it is impossible for the user running x11vnc to
validate his *own* password via su(1) (commenting out
the pam_self.so entry in /etc/pam.d/su eliminates this
behavior). So the x11vnc login will always *FAIL* for
this case (even when the correct password is supplied).
A possible workaround for this on *BSD would be to
start x11vnc as root with the "-users +nobody" option
to immediately switch to user nobody where the su'ing
will proceed normally.
Another source of potential problems are PAM modules
that prompt for extra info, e.g. password aging modules.
These logins will fail as well even when the correct
password is supplied.
**IMPORTANT**: to prevent the Unix password being sent
in *clear text* over the network, one of two schemes
will be enforced: 1) the -ssl builtin SSL mode, or 2)
require both -localhost and -stunnel be enabled.
Method 1) ensures the traffic is encrypted between
viewer and server. A PEM file will be required, see the
discussion under -ssl below (under some circumstances
a temporary one can be automatically generated).
Method 2) requires the viewer connection to appear
to come from the same machine x11vnc is running on
(e.g. from a ssh -L port redirection). And that the
-stunnel SSL mode be used for encryption over the
network.(see the description of -stunnel below).
Note: as a convenience, if you ssh(1) in and start
x11vnc it will check if the environment variable
SSH_CONNECTION is set and appears reasonable. If it
does, then the -ssl or -stunnel requirement will be
dropped since it is assumed you are using ssh for the
encrypted tunnelling. -localhost is still enforced.
Use -ssl or -stunnel to force SSL usage even if
SSH_CONNECTION is set.
To override the above restrictions you can set
environment variables before starting x11vnc:
Set UNIXPW_DISABLE_SSL=1 to disable requiring either
-ssl or -stunnel. Evidently you will be using a
different method to encrypt the data between the
vncviewer and x11vnc: perhaps ssh(1) or an IPSEC VPN.
Note that use of -localhost with ssh(1) is roughly
the same as requiring a Unix user login (since a Unix
password or the user's public key authentication is
used by sshd on the machine where x11vnc runs and only
local connections from that machine are accepted).
Set UNIXPW_DISABLE_LOCALHOST=1 to disable the -localhost
requirement in Method 2). One should never do this
(i.e. allow the Unix passwords to be sniffed on the
network).
Regarding reverse connections (e.g. -R connect:host
and -connect host), when the -localhost constraint is
in effect then reverse connections can only be used
to connect to the same machine x11vnc is running on
(default port 5500). Please use a ssh or stunnel port
redirection to the viewer machine to tunnel the reverse
connection over an encrypted channel.
In -inetd mode the Method 1) will be enforced (not
Method 2). With -ssl in effect reverse connections
are disabled. If you override this via env. var, be
sure to also use encryption from the viewer to inetd.
Tip: you can also have your own stunnel spawn x11vnc
in -inetd mode (thereby bypassing inetd). See the FAQ
for details.
The user names in the comma separated [list] can have
per-user options after a ":", e.g. "fred:opts"
where "opts" is a "+" separated list of
"viewonly", "fullaccess", "input=XXXX", or
"deny", e.g. "karl,wally:viewonly,boss:input=M".
For "input=" it is the K,M,B,C described under -input.
If an item in the list is "*" that means those
options apply to all users. It also means all users
are allowed to log in after supplying a valid password.
Use "deny" to explicitly deny some users if you use
"*" to set a global option. If [list] begins with
the "!" character then "*" is ignored for checking
if the user is allowed, but the any value of options
associated with it does apply as normal.
There are also some utilities for testing password
if [list] starts with the "%" character. See the
quick_pw() function in the source for details.
Use -nounixpw to disable unixpw mode if it was enabled
earlier in the cmd line (e.g. -svc mode)
-unixpw_nis [list] As -unixpw above, however do not use su(1) but rather
use the traditional getpwnam(3) + crypt(3) method to
verify passwords. All of the above -unixpw options and
constraints apply.
This mode requires that the encrypted passwords be
readable. Encrypted passwords stored in /etc/shadow
will be inaccessible unless x11vnc is run as root.
This is called "NIS" mode simply because in most
NIS setups user encrypted passwords are accessible
(e.g. "ypcat passwd") by an ordinary user and so that
user can authenticate ANY user.
NIS is not required for this mode to work (only that
getpwnam(3) return the encrypted password is required),
but it is unlikely it will work for any most modern
environments unless x11vnc is run as root to be able
to access /etc/shadow (note running as root is often
done when running x11vnc from inetd and xdm/gdm/kdm).
Looked at another way, if you do not want to use the
su(1) method provided by -unixpw, you can run x11vnc
as root and use -unixpw_nis. Any users with passwords
in /etc/shadow can then be authenticated. You may want
to use -users unixpw= to switch the process user after
the user logs in.
-unixpw_cmd cmd As -unixpw above, however do not use su(1) but rather
run the externally supplied command "cmd". The first
line of its stdin will the username and the second line
the received password. If the command exits with status
0 (success) the VNC client will be accepted. It will be
rejected for any other return status.
Dynamic passwords and non-unix passwords can be
implemented this way by providing your own custom helper
program. Note that under unixpw mode the remote viewer
is given 3 tries to enter the correct password.
If a list of allowed users is needed use -unixpw [list]
in addition to this option.
-find Find the user's display using FINDDISPLAY. This is an
alias for "-display WAIT:cmd=FINDDISPLAY".
For this and the next few options see -display WAIT:...
below for all of the details.
-finddpy Run the FINDDISPLAY program, print out the found
display (if any) and exit. Output is like: DISPLAY=:0.0
DISPLAY=:0.0,XPID=12345 or DISPLAY=:0.0,VT=7. XPID is
the process ID of the found X server. VT is the Linux
virtual terminal of the X server.
-listdpy Have the FINDDISPLAY program list all of your displays
(i.e. all the X displays on the local machine that you
have access rights to).
-create First try to find the user's display using FINDDISPLAY,
if that doesn't succeed create an X session via the
FINDCREATEDISPLAY method. This is an alias for
"-display WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY-Xvfb".
SSH NOTE: for both -find and -create you can (should!)
add the "-localhost" option to force SSH tunnel access.
-xdummy As in -create, except Xdummy instead of Xvfb.
-xvnc As in -create, except Xvnc instead of Xvfb.
-xvnc_redirect As in -create, except Xvnc.redirect instead of Xvfb.
-svc Terminal services mode based on SSL access. Alias for
-display WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY-Xvfb -unixpw -users
unixpw= -ssl SAVE Also "-service".
-svc_xdummy As -svc except Xdummy instead of Xvfb.
-svc_xvnc As -svc except Xvnc instead of Xvfb.
-xdmsvc Display manager Terminal services mode based on SSL.
Alias for -display WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY-Xvfb.xdmcp
-unixpw -users unixpw= -ssl SAVE Also "-xdm_service".
To create a session a user will have to first log in
to the -unixpw dialog and then log in again to the
XDM/GDM/KDM prompt. Subsequent re-connections will
only require the -unixpw password. See the discussion
under -display WAIT:... for more details about XDM,
etc configuration.
-sshxdmsvc Display manager Terminal services mode based on SSH.
Alias for -display WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY-Xvfb.xdmcp
-localhost.
The -localhost option constrains connections to come
in via a SSH tunnel (which will require a login).
To create a session a user will also have to log into
the XDM GDM KDM prompt. Subsequent re-connections will
only only require the SSH login. See the discussion
under -display WAIT:... for more details about XDM,
etc configuration.
-redirect port As in FINDCREATEDISPLAY-Xvnc.redirect mode except
redirect immediately (i.e. without X session finding
or creation) to a VNC server listening on port. You
can also supply host:port to redirect to a different
machine.
If 0 <= port < 200 it is taken as a VNC display (5900 is
added to get the actual port), if port < 0 then -port
is used.
Probably the only reason to use the -redirect option
is in conjunction with SSL support, e.g. -ssl SAVE.
This provides an easy way to add SSL encryption to a VNC
server that does not support SSL (e.g. Xvnc or vnc.so)
In fact, the protocol does not even need to be VNC,
and so "-rfbport port1 -ssl SAVE -redirect host:port2"
can act as a replacement for stunnel(1).
This mode only allows one redirected connection.
The -forever option does not apply. Use -inetd or
-loop for persistant service.
-display_WAIT :... A special usage mode for the normal -display option.
Useful with -unixpw, but can be used independently
of it. If the display string begins with WAIT: then
x11vnc waits until a VNC client connects before opening
the X display (or -rawfb device).
This could be useful for delaying opening the display
for certain usage modes (say if x11vnc is started at
boot time and no X server is running or users logged
in yet).
If the string is, e.g. WAIT:0.0 or WAIT:1, i.e. "WAIT"
in front of a normal X display, then that indicated
display is used.
One can also insert a geometry between colons, e.g.
WAIT:1280x1024:... to set the size of the display the
VNC client first attaches to since some VNC viewers
will not automatically adjust to a new framebuffer size.
A more interesting case is like this:
WAIT:cmd=/usr/local/bin/find_display
in which case the command after "cmd=" is run to
dynamically work out the DISPLAY and optionally the
XAUTHORITY data. The first line of the command output
must be of the form DISPLAY=<xdisplay>. On Linux
if the virtual terminal is known append ",VT=n" to
this string and the chvt(1) program will also be run.
Any remaining output is taken as XAUTHORITY data.
It can be either of the form XAUTHORITY=<file> or raw
xauthority data for the display. For example;
xauth extract - $DISPLAY"
In the case of -unixpw (but not -unixpw_nis), then the
cmd= command is run as the user who just authenticated
via the login and password prompt.
Also in the case of -unixpw, the user logging in can
place a colon at the end of her username and supply
a few options: scale=, scale_cursor= (or sc=), solid
(or so), id=, clear_mods (or cm), clear_keys (or ck),
repeat, speeds= (or sp=), readtimeout= (or rd=),
rotate= (or ro=), or noncache (or nc), all separated by
commas if there is more than one. After the user logs
in successfully, these options will be applied to the
VNC screen. For example,
login: fred:scale=3/4,sc=1,repeat
Password: ...
login: runge:sp=modem,rd=120,solid
for convenience m/n implies scale= e.g. fred:3/4 If you
type and enter your password incorrectly, to retrieve
your long "login:" line press the Up arrow once
(before typing anything else).
Another option is "geom=WxH" or "geom=WxHxD" (or
ge=). This only has an effect in FINDCREATEDISPLAY
mode when a virtual X server such as Xvfb is going
to be created. It sets the width and height of
the new display, and optionally the color depth as
well. You can also supply "gnome", "kde", "twm",
"fvwm", "mwm", "dtwm", "wmaker", "xfce",
"enlightenment", "Xsession", or "failsafe"
(same as "xterm") to have the created display use
that mode for the user session.
To disable the option setting set the environment
variable X11VNC_NO_UNIXPW_OPTS=1 before starting x11vnc.
To set any other options, the user can use the gui
(x11vnc -gui connect) or the remote control method
(x11vnc -R opt:val) during his VNC session.
The combination of -display WAIT:cmd=... and -unixpw
allows automatic pairing of an unix authenticated VNC
user with his desktop. This could be very useful on
SunRays and also any system where multiple users share
a given machine. The user does not need to remember
special ports or passwords set up for his desktop
and VNC.
A nice way to use WAIT:cmd=... is out of inetd(8)
(it automatically forks a new x11vnc for each user).
You can have the x11vnc inetd spawned process run as,
say, root or nobody. When run as root (for either inetd
or display manager), you can also supply the option
"-users unixpw=" to have the x11vnc process switch to
the user as well. Note: there will be a 2nd SSL helper
process that will not switch, but it is only encoding
and decoding the encrypted stream at that point.
Automatic Finding of User X Sessions:
As a special case, WAIT:cmd=FINDDISPLAY will run a
script that works on most Unixes to determine a user's
DISPLAY variable and xauthority data (see who(1)).
The option "-find" is an alias for this mode.
To have this default script printed to stdout (e.g. for
customization) run with WAIT:cmd=FINDDISPLAY-print To
have the script run to print what display it would find
use "-finddpy" or WAIT:cmd=FINDDISPLAY-run
The standard script runs xdpyinfo(1) run on potential
displays. If your X server(s) have a login greeter
that exclusively grabs the Xserver, then xdpyinfo
blocks forever and this mode will not work. See
www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-display-manager
for how to disable this for dtgreet on Solaris and
possibly for other greeters.
As another special case, WAIT:cmd=HTTPONCE will allow
x11vnc to service one http request and then exit.
This is usually done in -inetd mode to run on, say,
port 5800 and allow the Java vncviewer to be downloaded
by client web browsers. For example:
5815 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /.../x11vnc
\
-inetd -q -http_ssl -prog /.../x11vnc \
-display WAIT:cmd=HTTPONCE
Where /.../x11vnc is the full path to x11vnc.
It is used in the Apache SSL-portal example (see FAQ).
In this mode you can set X11VNC_SKIP_DISPLAY to a
comma separated list of displays (e.g. ":0,:1") to
ignore in the finding process. The ":" is optional.
Ranges n-m e.g. 0-20 can also be supplied. This string
can also be set by the connecting user via "nd="
using "+" instead of ","
Automatic Creation of User X Sessions:
An interesting option is WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY
that is like FINDDISPLAY in that is uses the same method
to find an existing display. However, if it does not
find one it will try to *start* up an X server session
for the user. This is the only time x11vnc tries to
actually start up an X server.
The option "-create" is an alias for this mode.
It will start looking for an open display number at :20
Override via X11VNC_CREATE_STARTING_DISPLAY_NUMBER=n
By default FINDCREATEDISPLAY will try Xdummy and then
Xvfb:
The Xdummy wrapper is part of the x11vnc source code
(x11vnc/misc/Xdummy) It should be available in PATH and
have run "Xdummy -install" once to create the shared
library. Xdummy requires root permission and only works
on Linux. (Note: specify FD_XDUMMY_NOROOT=1 to skip
a check for the root id; evidently your sudo(1) will
take care of everything. The -xdummy and -svc_xdummy
options imply FD_XDUMMY_NOROOT=1).
Xvfb is available on most platforms and does not
require root.
When x11vnc exits (i.e. user disconnects) the X
server session stays running in the background.
The FINDDISPLAY will find it directly next time.
The user must exit the X session in the usual way for
it to terminate (or kill the X server process if all
else fails).
So this is a somewhat odd mode for x11vnc in that it
will start up and poll virtual X servers! This can
be used from, say, inetd(8) to provide a means of
definitely getting a desktop (either real or virtual)
on the machine. E.g. a desktop service:
5900 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /.../x11vnc
-inetd -q -http -ssl SAVE -unixpw -users unixpw=\
-passwd secret -prog /.../x11vnc \
-display WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY
Where /.../x11vnc is the full path to x11vnc.
See the -svc/-service option alias above.
If for some reason you do not want x11vnc to ever
try to find an existing display set the env. var
X11VNC_FINDDISPLAY_ALWAYS_FAILS=1 (also -env ...)
Use WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY-print to print out the
script that is used for this.
You can specify the preferred X server order via e.g.,
WAIT:cmd=FINDCREATEDISPLAY-Xdummy,Xvfb,X and/or leave
out ones you do not want. The the case "X" means try
to start up a real, hardware X server using xinit(1)
or startx(1). If there is already an X server running
the X case may only work on Linux (see startx(1)).
"Xvnc" will start up a VNC X server (real-
or tight-vnc, e.g. use if Xvfb is not available).
"Xsrv" will start up the server program in the
variable "FD_XSRV" if it is non-empty. You can make
this be a wrapper script if you like (it must handle :N,
-geometry, and -depth and other X server options).
You can set the environment variable FD_GEOM (or
X11VNC_CREATE_GEOM) to WxH or WxHxD to set the width
and height and optionally the color depth of the
created display. You can also set FD_SESS to be the
session (short name of the windowmanager: kde, gnome,
twm, failsafe, etc.). FD_OPTS contains extra options
to pass to the X server. You can also set FD_PROG to
be the full path to the session/windowmanager program.
More FD tricks: FD_CUPS=port or FD_CUPS=host:port
will set the cups printing environment. Similarly
for FD_ESD=port or FD_ESD=host:port for esddsp sound
redirection. FD_XDUMMY_NOROOT means the Xdummy server
does not need to be started as root (e.g. it will sudo
automatically). Set FD_EXTRA to a command to be run
a few seconds after the X server starts up.
If you want the FINDCREATEDISPLAY session to contact an
XDMCP login manager (xdm/gdm/kdm) on the same machine,
then use "Xvfb.xdmcp" instead of "Xvfb", etc.
The user will have to supply his username and password
one more time (but he gets to select his desktop type
so that can be useful). For this to work, you will
need to enable localhost XDMCP (udp port 177) for the
display manager. This seems to be:
for gdm in gdm.conf: Enable=true in section [xdmcp]
for kdm in kdmrc: Enable=true in section [Xdmcp]
for xdm in xdm-config: DisplayManager.requestPort: 177
See the shorthand options above "-svc", "-xdmsvc"
and "-sshxdmsvc" that specify the above options for
some useful cases.
If you set the env. var WAITBG=1 x11vnc will go into
the background once listening in wait mode.
Another special mode is FINDCREATEDISPLAY-Xvnc.redirect,
(or FINDDISPLAY-Xvnc.redirect). In this case it will
start up Xvnc as above if needed, but instead of
polling it in its normal way, it simply does a socket
redirection of the connected VNC viewer to the Xvnc.
So in Xvnc.redirect x11vnc does no VNC but merely
transfers the data back and forth. This should be
faster then x11vnc's polling method, but not as fast
as connecting directly to the Xvnc with the VNC Viewer.
The idea here is to take advantage of x11vnc's display
finding/creating scheme, SSL, and perhaps a few others.
Most of x11vnc's options do not apply in this mode.
Xvnc.redirect should also work for the vnc.so X server
module for the h/w display however it will work only
for finding the display and the user must already be
logged into the X console.
-vencrypt mode The VeNCrypt extension to the VNC protocol allows
encrypted SSL/TLS connections. If the -ssl mode is
enabled, then VeNCrypt is enabled as well BY DEFAULT
(they both use a SSL/TLS tunnel, only the protocol
handshake is a little different.)
To control when and how VeNCrypt is used, specify the
mode string. If mode is "never", then VeNCrypt is
not used. If mode is "support" (the default) then
VeNCrypt is supported. If mode is "only", then the
similar and older ANONTLS protocol is not simultaneously
supported. x11vnc's normal SSL mode (vncs://) will be
supported under -ssl unless you set mode to "force".
If mode is prefixed with "nodh:", then Diffie Hellman
anonymous key exchange is disabled. If mode is prefixed
with "nox509:", then X509 key exchange is disabled.
To disable all Anonymous Diffie-Hellman access
(susceptible to Man-In-The-Middle attack) you will need
to supply "-vencrypt nodh:support -anontls never"
or "-vencrypt nodh:only"
If mode is prefixed with "newdh:", then new Diffie
Hellman parameters are generated for each connection
(this can be time consuming: 1-60 secs; see -dhparams
below for a faster way) rather than using the
fixed values in the program. Using fixed, publicly
known values is not known to be a security problem.
This setting applies to ANONTLS as well.
Long example: -vencrypt newdh:nox509:support
Also, if mode is prefixed with "plain:", then
if -unixpw mode is active the VeNCrypt "*Plain"
username+passwd method is enabled for Unix logins.
Otherwise in -unixpw mode the normal login panel is
provided.
You *MUST* supply the -ssl option for VeNCrypt to be
active. This option only fine-tunes its operation.
-anontls mode The ANONTLS extension to the VNC protocol allows
encrypted SSL/TLS connections. If the -ssl mode is
enabled, then ANONTLS is enabled as well BY DEFAULT
(they both use a SSL/TLS tunnel, only the protocol
handshake is a little different.)
ANONTLS is an older SSL/TLS mode introduced by vino.
It is referred to as 'TLS' for its registered VNC
security-type name, but we use the more descriptive
'ANONTLS' here because it provides only Anonymous
Diffie-Hellman encrypted connections, and hence no
possibility for certificate authentication.
To control when and how ANONTLS is used, specify the
mode string. If mode is "never", then ANONTLS is not
used. If mode is "support" (the default) then ANONTLS
is supported. If mode is "only", then the similar
VeNCrypt protocol is not simultaneously supported.
x11vnc's normal SSL mode (vncs://) will be supported
under -ssl unless you set mode to "force".
If mode is prefixed with "newdh:", then new Diffie
Hellman parameters are generated for each connection
(this can be time consuming: 1-60 secs; see -dhparams
below for a faster way) rather than using the
fixed values in the program. Using fixed, publicly
known values is not known to be a security problem.
This setting applies to VeNCrypt as well. See the
description of "plain:" under -vencrypt.
Long example: -anontls newdh:plain:support
You *MUST* supply the -ssl option for ANONTLS to be
active. This option only fine-tunes its operation.
-sslonly Same as: "-vencrypt never -anontls never" i.e. it
disables the VeNCrypt and ANONTLS encryption methods
and only allows standard SSL tunneling. You must also
supply the -ssl ... option (see below.)
-dhparams file For some operations a set of Diffie Hellman parameters
(prime and generator) is needed. If so, use the
parameters in "file". In particular, the VeNCrypt and
ANONTLS anonymous DH mode need them. By default a
fixed set is used. If you do not want to do that you
can specify "newdh:" to the -vencrypt and -anontls
options to generate a new set each session. If that
is too slow for you, use -dhparams file to a set you
created manually via "openssl dhparam -out file 1024"
-nossl Disable the -ssl option (see below). Since -ssl is off
by default -nossl would only be used on the commandline
to unset any *earlier* -ssl option (or -svc...)
-ssl [pem] Use the openssl library (www.openssl.org) to provide a
built-in encrypted SSL/TLS tunnel between VNC viewers
and x11vnc. This requires libssl support to be compiled
into x11vnc at build time. If x11vnc is not built
with libssl support it will exit immediately when -ssl
is prescribed.
The VNC Viewer-side needs to support SSL/TLS as well.
See this URL and also the discussion below for
ideas on how to enable SSL support for the viewer:
http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html#faq-ssl-tun
nel-viewers x11vnc provides an SSL enabled Java
viewer applet in the classes/ssl directory (-http or
-httpdir options.) The SSVNC viewer package supports
SSL tunnels too.
If the VNC Viewer supports VeNCrypt or ANONTLS (vino's
encryption mode) they are also supported by the -ssl
mode (see the -vencrypt and -anontls options for more
info; use -sslonly to disable both of them.)
Use "-ssl /path/to/mycert.pem" to specify an SSL
certificate file in PEM format to use to identify and
provide a key for this server. See openssl(1) for more
info about PEMs and the -sslGenCert and "-ssl SAVE"
options below for how to create them.
The connecting VNC viewer SSL tunnel can (at its option)
authenticate this server if it has the public key part
of the certificate (or a common certificate authority,
CA, is a more sophisticated way to verify this server's
cert, see -sslGenCA below). This authentication is
done to prevent Man-In-The-Middle attacks. Otherwise,
if the VNC viewer simply accepts this server's key
WITHOUT verification, the traffic is protected from
passive sniffing on the network, but *NOT* from
Man-In-The-Middle attacks. There are hacker tools
like dsniff/webmitm and cain that implement SSL
Man-In-The-Middle attacks.
If [pem] is empty or the string "SAVE" then the
openssl(1) command must be available to generate the
certificate the first time. A self-signed certificate
is generated (see -sslGenCA and -sslGenCert for use
of a Certificate Authority.) It will be saved to the
file ~/.vnc/certs/server.pem. On subsequent calls if
that file already exists it will be used directly.
Use "SAVE_NOPROMPT" to avoid being prompted to
protect the generated key with a passphrase. However in
-inetd and -bg modes there will be no prompting for a
passphrase in either case.
If [pem] is "SAVE_PROMPT" the server.pem certificate
will be created based on your answers to its prompts for
all info such as OrganizationalName, CommonName, etc.
Use "SAVE-<string>" and "SAVE_PROMPT-<string>"
to refer to the file ~/.vnc/certs/server-<string>.pem
instead (it will be generated if it does not already
exist). E.g. "SAVE-charlie" will store to the file
~/.vnc/certs/server-charlie.pem
Examples: x11vnc -ssl SAVE -display :0 ...
x11vnc -ssl SAVE-someother -display :0 ...
If [pem] is "TMP" and the openssl(1) utility
command exists in PATH, then a temporary, self-signed
certificate will be generated for this session. If
openssl(1) cannot be used to generate a temporary
certificate x11vnc exits immediately. The temporary
cert will be discarded when x11vnc exits.
If successful in using openssl(1) to generate a
temporary certificate in "SAVE" or "TMP" creation
modes, the public part of it will be displayed to stderr
(e.g. one could copy it to the client-side to provide
authentication of the server to VNC viewers.)
NOTE: In "TMP" mode, unless you safely copy the
public part of the temporary Cert to the viewer for
authenticate *every time* (unlikely...), then only
passive sniffing attacks are prevented and you are
still open to Man-In-The-Middle attacks. This is
why the default "SAVE" mode is preferred (and more
sophisticated CA mode too). Only with saved keys AND
the VNC viewer authenticating them (via the public
certificate), are Man-In-The-Middle attacks prevented.
If [pem] is "ANON" then the Diffie-Hellman anonymous
key exchange method is used. In this mode there
are *no* SSL certificates and so it is not possible
to authenticate either the VNC server or VNC client.
Thus only passive network sniffing attacks are avoided:
the "ANON" method is susceptible to Man-In-The-Middle
attacks. "ANON" is not recommended; instead use
a SSL PEM you created or the defaut "SAVE" method.
See -ssldir below to use a directory besides the
default ~/.vnc/certs
Misc Info: In temporary cert creation mode "TMP", set
the env. var. X11VNC_SHOW_TMP_PEM=1 to have x11vnc print
out the entire certificate, including the PRIVATE KEY
part, to stderr. There are better ways to get/save this
info. See "SAVE" above and "-sslGenCert" below.
-ssltimeout n Set SSL read timeout to n seconds. In some situations
(i.e. an iconified viewer in Windows) the viewer stops
talking and the connection is dropped after the default
timeout (25s for about the first minute, 43200s later).
Set to zero to poll forever. Set to a negative value
to use the builtin setting.
Note that this value does not apply to the *initial* ssl
init connection. The default timeout for that is 20sec.
Use -env SSL_INIT_TIMEOUT=n to modify it.
-sslnofail Exit at the first SSL connection failure. Useful when
scripting SSL connections (e.g. x11vnc is started via
ssh) and you do not want x11vnc waiting around for more
connections, tying up ports, etc.
-ssldir [dir] Use [dir] as an alternate ssl certificate and key
management toplevel directory. The default is
~/.vnc/certs
This directory is used to store server and other
certificates and keys and also other materials. E.g. in
the simplest case, "-ssl SAVE" will store the x11vnc
server cert in [dir]/server.pem
Use of alternate directories via -ssldir allows you to
manage multiple VNC Certificate Authority (CA) keys.
Another use is if ~/.vnc/cert is on an NFS share you
might want your certificates and keys to be on a local
filesystem to prevent network snooping (for example
-ssldir /var/lib/x11vnc-certs).
-ssldir affects nearly all of the other -ssl* options,
e.g. -ssl SAVE, -sslGenCert, etc..
-sslverify [path] For either of the -ssl or -stunnel modes, use [path]
to provide certificates to authenticate incoming VNC
*Client* connections (normally only the server is
authenticated in SSL.) This can be used as a method
to replace standard password authentication of clients.
If [path] is a directory it contains the client (or CA)
certificates in separate files. If [path] is a file,
it contains one or more certificates. See special tokens
below. These correspond to the "CApath = dir" and
"CAfile = file" stunnel options. See the stunnel(8)
manpage for details.
Examples:
x11vnc -ssl -sslverify ~/my.crt
x11vnc -ssl -sslverify ~/my_pem_dir/
Note that if [path] is a directory, it must contain
the certs in separate files named like <HASH>.0, where
the value of <HASH> is found by running the command
"openssl x509 -hash -noout -in file.crt". Evidently
one uses <HASH>.1 if there is a collision...
The the key-management utility "-sslCertInfo HASHON"
and "-sslCertInfo HASHOFF" will create/delete these
hashes for you automatically (via symlink) in the HASH
subdirs it manages. Then you can point -sslverify to
the HASH subdir.
Special tokens: in -ssl mode, if [path] is not a file or
a directory, it is taken as a comma separated list of
tokens that are interpreted as follows:
If a token is "CA" that means load the CA/cacert.pem
file from the ssl directory. If a token is "clients"
then all the files clients/*.crt in the ssl directory
are loaded. Otherwise the file clients/token.crt
is attempted to be loaded. As a kludge, use a token
like ../server-foo to load a server cert if you find
that necessary.
Use -ssldir to use a directory different from the
~/.vnc/certs default.
Note that if the "CA" cert is loaded you do not need
to load any of the certs that have been signed by it.
You will need to load any additional self-signed certs
however.
Examples:
x11vnc -ssl -sslverify CA
x11vnc -ssl -sslverify self:fred,self:jim
x11vnc -ssl -sslverify CA,clients
Usually "-sslverify CA" is the most effective.
See the -sslGenCA and -sslGenCert options below for
how to set up and manage the CA framework.
NOTE: the following utilities, -sslGenCA, -sslGenCert,
-sslEncKey, and -sslCertInfo are provided for
completeness, but for casual usage they are overkill.
They provide VNC Certificate Authority (CA) key creation
and server / client key generation and signing. So they
provide a basic Public Key management framework for
VNC-ing with x11vnc. (note that they require openssl(1)
be installed on the system)
However, the simplest usage mode, "-ssl TMP" (where
x11vnc automatically generates its own, self-signed,
temporary key and the VNC viewers always accept it,
e.g. accepting via a dialog box) is probably safe enough
for most scenarios. CA management is not needed.
To protect against Man-In-The-Middle attacks the "TMP"
mode can be improved by using "-ssl SAVE" (same as
"-ssl", i.e. the default) to have x11vnc create a
longer term self-signed certificate, and then (safely)
copy the corresponding public key cert to the desired
client machines (care must be taken the private key part
is not stolen; you will be prompted for a passphrase).
So keep in mind no CA key creation or management
(-sslGenCA and -sslGenCert) is needed for either of
the above two common usage modes.
One might want to use -sslGenCA and -sslGenCert
if you had a large number of VNC client and server
workstations. That way the administrator could generate
a single CA key with -sslGenCA and distribute its
certificate part to all of the workstations.
Next, he could create signed VNC server keys
(-sslGenCert server ...) for each workstation or user
that then x11vnc would use to authenticate itself to
any VNC client that has the CA cert.
Optionally, the admin could also make it so the
VNC clients themselves are authenticated to x11vnc
(-sslGenCert client ...) For this -sslverify would be
pointed to the CA cert (and/or self-signed certs).
x11vnc will be able to use all of these cert and
key files. On the VNC client side, they will need to
be "imported" somehow. Web browsers have "Manage
Certificates" actions as does the Java applet plugin
Control Panel. stunnel can also use these files (see
the ss_vncviewer example script in the FAQ and SSVNC.)
-sslCRL path Set the Certificate Revocation Lists (CRL) to "path".
If path is a file, the file contains one more more CRLs
in PEM format. If path is a directory, it contains
hash named files of CRLs in the usual OpenSSL manner.
See the OpenSSL and stunnel(8) documentation for
more info.
This option only applies if -sslverify has been
supplied: it checks for revocation along the
certificate chain used to verify the VNC client.
The -sslCRL setting will be ignored when -sslverify is
not specified.
Only rarely will one's x11vnc -ssl infrastructure be so
large that this option would be useful (since normally
maintaining the contents of the -sslverify file or
directory should be enough.) However, when using
x11vnc with a Certificate Authority (see -sslGenCA)
to authenticate Clients via SSL/TLS, the -sslCRL option
can be useful to revoke users' certs whose private SSL
keys were lost or stolen (e.g. laptop.) This way a new
CA cert+key does not need to be created and new signed
client keys generated and distributed to all users.
To create a CRL file with revoked certificates the
commands 'openssl ca -revoke ...' and 'openssl ca
-gencrl ...' are useful. (Run them in ~/.vnc/certs)
-sslGenCA [dir] Generate your own Certificate Authority private key,
certificate, and other files in directory [dir].
If [dir] is not supplied, a -ssldir setting is used,
or otherwise ~/.vnc/certs is used.
This command also creates directories where server and
client certs and keys will be stored. The openssl(1)
program must be installed on the system and available
in PATH.
After the CA files and directories are created the
command exits; the VNC server is not run.
You will be prompted for information to put into the CA
certificate. The info does not have to be accurate just
as long as clients accept the cert for VNC connections.
You will also need to supply a passphrase of at least
4 characters for the CA private key.
Once you have generated the CA you can distribute
its certificate part, [dir]/CA/cacert.pem, to other
workstations where VNC viewers will be run. One will
need to "import" this certificate in the applications,
e.g. Web browser, Java applet plugin, stunnel, etc.
Next, you can create and sign keys using the CA with
the -sslGenCert option below.
Examples:
x11vnc -sslGenCA
x11vnc -sslGenCA ~/myCAdir
x11vnc -ssldir ~/myCAdir -sslGenCA
(the last two lines are equivalent)
-sslGenCert type name Generate a VNC server or client certificate and private
key pair signed by the CA created previously with
-sslGenCA. The openssl(1) program must be installed
on the system and available in PATH.
After the Certificate is generated the command exits;
the VNC server is not run.
The type of key to be generated is the string "type".
It is either "server" (i.e. for use by x11vnc) or
"client" (for a VNC viewer). Note that typically
only "server" is used: the VNC clients authenticate
themselves by a non-public-key method (e.g. VNC or
unix password). "type" is required.
An arbitrary default name you want to associate with
the key is supplied by the "name" string. You can
change it at the various prompts when creating the key.
"name" is optional.
If name is left blank for clients keys then "nobody"
is used. If left blank for server keys, then the
primary server key: "server.pem" is created (this
is the saved one referenced by "-ssl SAVE" when the
server is started)
If "name" begins with the string "self:" then
a self-signed certificate is created instead of one
signed by your CA key.
If "name" begins with the string "req:" then only a
key (.key) and a certificate signing *request* (.req)
are generated. You can then send the .req file to
an external CA (even a professional one, e.g. Thawte)
and then combine the .key and the received cert into
the .pem file with the same basename.
The distinction between "server" and "client" is
simply the choice of output filenames and sub-directory.
This makes it so the -ssl SAVE-name option can easily
pick up the x11vnc PEM file this option generates.
And similarly makes it easy for the -sslverify option
to pick up your client certs.
There is nothing special about the filename or directory
location of either the "server" and "client" certs.
You can rename the files or move them to wherever
you like.
Precede this option with -ssldir [dir] to use a
directory other than the default ~/.vnc/certs You will
need to run -sslGenCA on that directory first before
doing any -sslGenCert key creation.
Note you cannot recreate a cert with exactly the same
distiguished name (DN) as an existing one. To do so,
you will need to edit the [dir]/CA/index.txt file to
delete the line.
Similar to -sslGenCA, you will be prompted to fill
in some information that will be recorded in the
certificate when it is created. Tip: if you know
the fully-qualified hostname other people will be
connecting to you can use that as the CommonName "CN"
to avoid some applications (e.g. web browsers and java
plugin) complaining it does not match the hostname.
You will also need to supply the CA private key
passphrase to unlock the private key created from
-sslGenCA. This private key is used to sign the server
or client certificate.
The "server" certs can be used by x11vnc directly by
pointing to them via the -ssl [pem] option. The default
file will be ~/.vnc/certs/server.pem. This one would
be used by simply typing -ssl SAVE. The pem file
contains both the certificate and the private key.
server.crt file contains the cert only.
The "client" cert + private key file will need
to be copied and imported into the VNC viewer
side applications (Web browser, Java plugin,
stunnel, etc.) Once that is done you can delete the
"client" private key file on this machine since
it is only needed on the VNC viewer side. The,
e.g. ~/.vnc/certs/clients/<name>.pem contains both
the cert and private key. The <name>.crt contains the
certificate only.
NOTE: It is very important to know one should always
generate new keys with a passphrase. Otherwise if an
untrusted user steals the key file he could use it to
masquerade as the x11vnc server (or VNC viewer client).
You will be prompted whether to encrypt the key with
a passphrase or not. It is recommended that you do.
One inconvenience to a passphrase is that it must
be suppled every time x11vnc or the client app is
started up.
Examples:
x11vnc -sslGenCert server
x11vnc -ssl SAVE -display :0 ...
and then on viewer using ss_vncviewer stunnel wrapper
(see the FAQ):
ss_vncviewer -verify ./cacert.crt hostname:0
(this assumes the cacert.crt cert from -sslGenCA
was safely copied to the VNC viewer machine where
ss_vncviewer is run)
Example using a name:
x11vnc -sslGenCert server charlie
x11vnc -ssl SAVE-charlie -display :0 ...
Example for a client certificate (rarely used):
x11vnc -sslGenCert client roger
scp ~/.vnc/certs/clients/roger.pem somehost:.
rm ~/.vnc/certs/clients/roger.pem
x11vnc is then started with the the option -sslverify
~/.vnc/certs/clients/roger.crt (or simply -sslverify
roger), and on the viewer user on somehost could do
for example:
ss_vncviewer -mycert ./roger.pem hostname:0
If you set the env. var REQ_ARGS='...' it will be
passed to openssl req(1). A common use would be
REQ_ARGS='-days 1095' to bump up the expiration date
(3 years in this case).
-sslEncKey [pem] Utility to encrypt an existing PEM file with a
passphrase you supply when prompted. For that key to be
used (e.g. by x11vnc) the passphrase must be supplied
each time.
The "SAVE" notation described under -ssl applies as
well. (precede this option with -ssldir [dir] to refer
a directory besides the default ~/.vnc/certs)
The openssl(1) program must be installed on the system
and available in PATH. After the Key file is encrypted
the command exits; the VNC server is not run.
Examples:
x11vnc -sslEncKey /path/to/foo.pem
x11vnc -sslEncKey SAVE
x11vnc -sslEncKey SAVE-charlie
-sslCertInfo [pem] Prints out information about an existing PEM file.
In addition the public certificate is also printed.
The openssl(1) program must be in PATH. Basically the
command "openssl x509 -text" is run on the pem.
The "SAVE" notation described under -ssl applies
as well.
Using "LIST" will give a list of all certs being
managed (in the ~/.vnc/certs dir, use -ssldir to refer
to another dir). "ALL" will print out the info for
every managed key (this can be very long). Giving a
client or server cert shortname will also try a lookup
(e.g. -sslCertInfo charlie). Use "LISTL" or "LL"
for a long (ls -l style) listing.
Using "HASHON" will create subdirs [dir]/HASH and
[dir]/HASH with OpenSSL hash filenames (e.g. 0d5fbbf1.0)
symlinks pointing up to the corresponding *.crt file.
([dir] is ~/.vnc/certs or one given by -ssldir.)
This is a useful way for other OpenSSL applications
(e.g. stunnel) to access all of the certs without
having to concatenate them. x11vnc will not use them
unless you specifically reference them. "HASHOFF"
removes these HASH subdirs.
The LIST, LISTL, LL, ALL, HASHON, HASHOFF words can
also be lowercase, e.g. "list".
-sslDelCert [pem] Prompts you to delete all .crt .pem .key .req files
associated with [pem]. "SAVE" and lookups as in
-sslCertInfo apply as well.
-stunnel [pem] Use the stunnel(8) (www.stunnel.org) to provide an
encrypted SSL tunnel between viewers and x11vnc.
This external tunnel method was implemented prior to the
integrated -ssl encryption described above. It still
works well. This requires stunnel to be installed
on the system and available via PATH (n.b. stunnel is
often installed in sbin directories). Version 4.x of
stunnel is assumed (but see -stunnel3 below.)
[pem] is optional, use "-stunnel /path/to/stunnel.pem"
to specify a PEM certificate file to pass to stunnel.
Whether one is needed or not depends on your stunnel
configuration. stunnel often generates one at install
time. See the stunnel documentation for details.
stunnel is started up as a child process of x11vnc and
any SSL connections stunnel receives are decrypted and
sent to x11vnc over a local socket. The strings
"The SSL VNC desktop is ..." and "SSLPORT=..."
are printed out at startup to indicate this.
The -localhost option is enforced by default
to avoid people routing around the SSL channel.
Set STUNNEL_DISABLE_LOCALHOST=1 before starting x11vnc
to disable the requirement.
Your VNC viewer will also need to be able to connect via
SSL. Unfortunately not too many do this. UltraVNC has
an encryption plugin but it does not seem to be SSL.
Also, in the x11vnc distribution, a patched TightVNC
Java applet is provided in classes/ssl that does SSL
connections (only).
It is also not too difficult to set up an stunnel or
other SSL tunnel on the viewer side. A simple example
on Unix using stunnel 3.x is:
% stunnel -c -d localhost:5901 -r remotehost:5900
% vncviewer localhost:1
For Windows, stunnel has been ported to it and there
are probably other such tools available. See the FAQ
and SSVNC for more examples.
-stunnel3 [pem] Use version 3.x stunnel command line syntax instead of
version 4.x
-enc cipher:keyfile Use symmetric encryption with cipher "cipher"
and secret key data in "keyfile". If keyfile is
pw=<string> then "string" is used as the key data.
NOTE: It is recommended that you use SSL via the -ssl
option instead of this option because SSL is well
understood and takes great care to establish unique
session keys and is more compatible with other software.
Use this option if you do not want to deal with SSL
certificates for authentication and do not want to
use SSH but want some encryption for your VNC session.
Or if you must interface with a symmetric key tunnel
that you do not have control over.
Note that this mode will NOT work with the UltraVNC DSM
plugins because they alter the RFB protocol in addition
to tunnelling with the symmetric cipher (an unfortunate
choice of implementation).
cipher can be one of: arc4, aesv2, aes-cfb, blowfish,
aes256, or 3des. See the OpenSSL documentation for
more info. The keysize is 128 bits (except for aes256).
Here is one way to make a keyfile with that many bits:
dd if=/dev/random of=./my.key bs=16 count=1
you will need to securely share this key with the other
side of the VNC connection (See SSVNC for examples).
Example: -enc blowfish:./my.key
Example: -enc blowfish:pw=swordfish
By default 16 bytes of random salt followed by 16 bytes
of random initialization vector are sent at the very
beginning of the stream. The other side must read these
and initialize their cipher with them. These values
make the session key unique (without them the security
is minimal). Similarly, the other side must send us
its random salt and IV with those same lengths.
The salt and key data are combined to create a session
key using an md5 hash as described in EVP_BytesToKey(3).
The exact call is: EVP_BytesToKey(Cipher, EVP_md5(),
salt, keydata, len, 1, keystr, NULL); where salt is
the random data as described above, and keydata is the
shared secret key data. keystr is the resulting session
key. The cipher is then seeded with keystr and uses
the random initialization vector as its first block.
To modify the amount of random salt and initialization
vector use cipher@n,m where n is the salt length and
m the initialization vector length. E.g.
-enc aes-cfb@8,16:./my.key
It is not a good idea to set either one to zero,
although you may be forced to if the other side of the
tunnel is not under your control.
To skip the salt and EVP_BytesToKey MD5 entirely (no
hashing is done: the keydata is directly inserted into
the cipher) specify "-1" for the salt, e.g.
-enc blowfish@-1,16:./my.key
The message digest can also be changed to something
besides the default MD5. Use cipher@md+n,m where "md"
can be one of sha, sha1, md5, or ripe. For example:
-enc arc4@sha+8,16:./my.key
The SSVNC vnc viewer project supplies a symmetric
encryption tool named "ultravnc_dsm_helper" that can
be used on the viewer side. For example:
ssvncviewer exec='ultravnc_dsm_helper arc4 my.key 0 h:p'
where h:p is the hostname and port of the x11vnc server.
ultravnc_dsm_helper may also be used standalone to
provide a symmetric encryption tunnel for any viewer
or server (VNC or otherwise.) The cipher (1st arg)
is basically the same syntax as we use above.
Also see the 'Non-Ultra DSM' SSVNC option for the
'UltraVNC DSM Encryption Plugin' advanced option.
For both ways of using the viewer, you can specify the
salt,ivec sizes (in GUI or, e.g. arc4@8,16).
-https [port] Use a special, separate HTTPS port (-ssl mode only)
for HTTPS Java viewer applet downloading. I.e. not 5900
and not 5800 (the defaults.)
BACKGROUND: In -ssl mode, it turns out you can use the
single VNC port (e.g. 5900) for both VNC and HTTPS
connections. (HTTPS is used to retrieve a SSL-aware
VncViewer.jar applet that is provided with x11vnc).
Since both use SSL the implementation was extended to
detect if HTTP traffic (i.e. GET) is taking place and
handle it accordingly. The URL would be, e.g.:
https://mymachine.org:5900/
This is convenient for firewalls, etc, because only one
port needs to be allowed in. However, this heuristic
adds a few seconds delay to each connection and can be
unreliable (especially if the user takes much time to
ponder the Certificate dialogs in his browser, Java VM,
or VNC Viewer applet. That's right 3 separate "Are
you sure you want to connect?" dialogs!)
USAGE: So use the -https option to provide a separate,
more reliable HTTPS port that x11vnc will listen on. If
[port] is not provided (or is 0), one is autoselected.
The URL to use is printed out at startup.
The SSL Java applet directory is specified via the
-httpdir option. If not supplied, -https will try
to guess the directory as though the -http option
was supplied.
-httpsredir [port] In -ssl mode with the Java applet retrieved via HTTPS,
when the HTML file containing applet parameters
('index.vnc' or 'proxy.vnc') is sent do NOT set the
applet PORT parameter to the actual VNC port but set it
to "port" instead. If "port" is not supplied, then
the port number is guessed from the Host: HTTP header.
This is useful when an incoming TCP connection
redirection is performed by a router/gateway/firewall
from one port to an internal machine where x11vnc is
listening on a different port. The Java applet needs to
connect to the firewall/router port, not the VNC port
on the internal workstation. For example, one could
redir from mygateway.com:443 to workstation:5900.
This spares the user from having to type in
https://mygateway.com/?PORT=443 into their web
browser. Note that port 443 is the default https port;
other ports must be explicitly indicated, for example:
https://mygateway.com:8000/?PORT=8000. To avoid having
to include the PORT= in the browser URL, simply supply
"-httpsredir" to x11vnc.
-http_oneport For un-encrypted connections mode (i.e. no -ssl,
-stunnel, or -enc options), allow the Java VNC Viewer
applet to be downloaded thru the VNC port via HTTP.
That is to say, you can use a single port for Java
applet viewer connections by using a URL in your web
browser like this, for example:
http://hostname:5900
The regular, two-port mode, URL http://hostname:5800
will continue to work as well.
As mentioned above, this mode will NOT work with
the -ssl, -stunnel, or -enc encryption options.
Note that is it equivalent to '-enc none' (i.e. it
uses the same detection mechanism as for HTTPS, but
with no encryption.)
HTTPS single-port is on by default in -ssl encrypted
mode (and -enc too), so you only need -http_oneport
when doing non-SSL encrypted connections.
This mode could also be useful for SSH tunnels since
it means only one port needs to be redirected.
The -httpsredir option may also be useful for this
mode when using an SSH tunnel as well as for router
port redirections.
-ssh user@host:disp Create a remote listening port on machine "host"
via a SSH tunnel using the -R rport:localhost:lport
method. lport will be the local x11vnc listening port,
so a connection to rport (5900+disp) on "host"
will reach x11vnc. E.g. fred@snoopy.com:0
This could be useful if a firewall/router prevents
incoming connections to the x11vnc machine, but
the ssh machine "host" can be reached by the VNC
viewer. "user@" is not needed unless the remote unix
username differs from the current one.
By default the remote sshd is usually configured to
only listen on localhost for rport, so the viewer may
need to ssh -L redir to "host" as well (See SSVNC to
automate this). The sshd setting GatewayPorts enables
listening on all interfaces for rport; viewers can
reach it more easily.
"disp" is the VNC display for the remote SSH side,
e.g. 0 corresponds to port 5900, etc. If disp is
greater than 200 the value is used as the port. Use a
negative value to force a low port, e.g. host:-80 will
use port 80.
If ssh-agent is not active, then the ssh password needs
to be entered in the terminal where x11vnc is running.
By default the remote ssh will issue a 'sleep 300' to
wait for the incoming connection for 5 mins. To modify
this use user@host:disp+secs.
If the remote SSH server is on a non-standard port
(i.e. not 22) use user@host:port:disp+secs.
Note that the ssh process MAY NOT be killed when
x11vnc exits. It tries by looking at ps(1) output.
-usepw If no other password method was supplied on the command
line, first look for ~/.vnc/passwd and if found use it
with -rfbauth; next, look for ~/.vnc/passwdfile and
use it with -passwdfile; otherwise, prompt the user
for a password to create ~/.vnc/passwd and use it with
the -rfbauth option. If none of these succeed x11vnc
exits immediately.
-storepasswd pass file Store password "pass" as the VNC password in the
file "file". Once the password is stored the
program exits. Use the password via "-rfbauth file"
If called with no arguments, "x11vnc -storepasswd",
the user is prompted for a password and it is stored
in the file ~/.vnc/passwd. Called with one argument,
that will be the file to store the prompted password in.
-nopw Disable the big warning message when you use x11vnc
without some sort of password.
-accept string Run a command (possibly to prompt the user at the
X11 display) to decide whether an incoming client
should be allowed to connect or not. "string" is
an external command run via system(3) or some special
cases described below. Be sure to quote "string"
if it contains spaces, shell characters, etc. If the
external command returns 0 the client is accepted,
otherwise the client is rejected. See below for an
extension to accept a client view-only.
If x11vnc is running as root (say from inetd(8) or from
display managers xdm(1), gdm(1), etc), think about the
security implications carefully before supplying this
option (likewise for the -gone option).
Environment: The RFB_CLIENT_IP environment variable will
be set to the incoming client IP number and the port
in RFB_CLIENT_PORT (or -1 if unavailable). Similarly,
RFB_SERVER_IP and RFB_SERVER_PORT (the x11vnc side
of the connection), are set to allow identification
of the tcp virtual circuit. The x11vnc process
id will be in RFB_X11VNC_PID, a client id number in
RFB_CLIENT_ID, and the number of other connected clients
in RFB_CLIENT_COUNT. RFB_MODE will be "accept".
RFB_STATE will be PROTOCOL_VERSION, SECURITY_TYPE,
AUTHENTICATION, INITIALISATION, NORMAL, or UNKNOWN
indicating up to which state the client has achieved.
RFB_LOGIN_VIEWONLY will be 0, 1, or -1 (unknown).
RFB_USERNAME, RFB_LOGIN_TIME, and RFB_CURRENT_TIME may
also be set.
If "string" is "popup" then a builtin popup window
is used. The popup will time out after 120 seconds,
use "popup:N" to modify the timeout to N seconds
(use 0 for no timeout).
In the case of "popup" and when the -unixpw option
is specified, then a *second* window will be popped
up after the user successfully logs in via his UNIX
password. This time the user will be identified as
UNIX:username@hostname, the "UNIX:" prefix indicates
which user the viewer logged as via -unixpw. The first
popup is only for whether to allow him to even *try*
to login via unix password.
If "string" is "xmessage" then an xmessage(1)
invocation is used for the command. xmessage must be
installed on the machine for this to work.
Both "popup" and "xmessage" will present an option
for accepting the client "View-Only" (the client
can only watch). This option will not be presented if
-viewonly has been specified, in which case the entire
display is view only.
If the user supplied command is prefixed with something
like "yes:0,no:*,view:3 mycommand ..." then this
associates the numerical command return code with
the actions: accept, reject, and accept-view-only,
respectively. Use "*" instead of a number to indicate
the default action (in case the command returns an
unexpected value). E.g. "no:*" is a good choice.
Note that x11vnc blocks while the external command
or popup is running (other clients may see no updates
during this period). So a person sitting a the physical
display is needed to respond to an popup prompt. (use
a 2nd x11vnc if you lock yourself out).
More -accept tricks: use "popupmouse" to only allow
mouse clicks in the builtin popup to be recognized.
Similarly use "popupkey" to only recognize
keystroke responses. These are to help avoid the
user accidentally accepting a client by typing or
clicking. All 3 of the popup keywords can be followed
by +N+M to supply a position for the popup window.
The default is to center the popup window.
-afteraccept string As -accept, except to run a user supplied command after
a client has been accepted and authenticated. RFB_MODE
will be set to "afteraccept" and the other RFB_*
variables are as in -accept. Unlike -accept, the
command return code is not interpreted by x11vnc.
Example: -afteraccept 'killall xlock &'
-gone string As -accept, except to run a user supplied command when
a client goes away (disconnects). RFB_MODE will be
set to "gone" and the other RFB_* variables are as
in -accept. The "popup" actions apply as well.
Unlike -accept, the command return code is not
interpreted by x11vnc. Example: -gone 'xlock &'
-users list If x11vnc is started as root (say from inetd(8) or from
display managers xdm(1), gdm(1), etc), then as soon
as possible after connections to the X display are
established try to switch to one of the users in the
comma separated "list". If x11vnc is not running as
root this option is ignored.
Why use this option? In general it is not needed since
x11vnc is already connected to the X display and can
perform its primary functions. The option was added
to make some of the *external* utility commands x11vnc
occasionally runs work properly. In particular under
GNOME and KDE to implement the "-solid color" feature
external commands (gconftool-2 and dcop) unfortunately
must be run as the user owning the desktop session.
Since this option switches userid it also affects the
userid used to run the processes for the -accept and
-gone options. It also affects the ability to read
files for options such as -connect, -allow, and -remap
and also the ultra and tight filetransfer feature if
enabled. Note that the -connect file is also sometimes
written to.
So be careful with this option since in some situations
its use can decrease security.
In general the switch to a user will only take place
if the display can still be successfully opened as that
user (this is primarily to try to guess the actual owner
of the session). Example: "-users fred,wilma,betty".
Note that a malicious local user "barney" by
quickly using "xhost +" when logging in may possibly
get the x11vnc process to switch to user "fred".
What happens next?
Under display managers it may be a long time before
the switch succeeds (i.e. a user logs in). To instead
make it switch immediately regardless if the display
can be reopened prefix the username with the "+"
character. E.g. "-users +bob" or "-users +nobody".
The latter (i.e. switching immediately to user
"nobody") is the only obvious use of the -users option
that increases security.
Use the following notation to associate a group with
a user: user1.group1,user2.group2,... Note that
initgroups(2) will still be called first to try to
switch to ALL of a user's groups (primary and additional
groups). Only if that fails or it is not available
then the single group specified as above (or the user's
primary group if not specified) is switched to with
setgid(2). Use -env X11VNC_SINGLE_GROUP=1 to prevent
trying initgroups(2) and only switch to the single
group. This sort of setting is only really needed to
make the ultra or tight filetransfer permissions work
properly. This format applies to any comma separated lis
t
of users, even the special "=" modes described below.
In -unixpw mode, if "-users unixpw=" is supplied
then after a user authenticates himself via the
-unixpw mechanism, x11vnc will try to switch to that
user as though "-users +username" had been supplied.
If you want to limit which users this will be done for,
provide them as a comma separated list after "unixpw="
Groups can also be specified as described above.
Similarly, in -ssl mode, if "-users sslpeer=" is
supplied then after an SSL client authenticates with his
cert (the -sslverify option is required for this) x11vnc
will extract a UNIX username from the "emailAddress"
field (username@hostname.com) of the "Subject" of the
x509 SSL cert and then try to switch to that user as
though "-users +username" had been supplied. If you
want to limit which users this will be done for, provide
them as a comma separated list after "sslpeer=".
Set the env. var X11VNC_SSLPEER_CN to use the Common
Name (normally a hostname) instead of the Email field.
NOTE: for sslpeer= mode the x11vnc administrator must
take care that any client certs he adds to -sslverify
have the intended UNIX username in the "emailAddress"
field of the cert. Otherwise a user may be able to
log in as another. This command can be of use in
checking: "openssl x509 -text -in file.crt", see the
"Subject:" line. Also, along with the normal RFB_*
env. vars. (see -accept) passed to external cmd=
commands, RFB_SSL_CLIENT_CERT will be set to the
client's x509 certificate string.
The sslpeer= mode can aid finding X sessions via the
FINDDISPLAY and FINDCREATEDISPLAY mechanisms.
To immediately switch to a user *before* connections
to the X display are made or any files opened use the
"=" character: "-users =bob". That user needs to
be able to open the X display and any files of course.
The special user "guess=" means to examine the utmpx
database (see who(1)) looking for a user attached to
the display number (from DISPLAY or -display option)
and try him/her. To limit the list of guesses, use:
"-users guess=bob,betty".
Even more sinister is the special user "lurk="
that means to try to guess the DISPLAY from the utmpx
login database as well. So it "lurks" waiting for
anyone to log into an X session and then connects to it.
Specify a list of users after the = to limit which users
will be tried. To enable a different searching mode, if
the first user in the list is something like ":0" or
":0-2" that indicates a range of DISPLAY numbers that
will be tried (regardless of whether they are in the
utmpx database) for all users that are logged in. Also
see the "-display WAIT:..." functionality. Examples:
"-users lurk=" and also "-users lurk=:0-1,bob,mary"
Be especially careful using the "guess=" and "lurk="
modes. They are not recommended for use on machines
with untrustworthy local users.
-noshm Do not use the MIT-SHM extension for the polling.
Remote displays can be polled this way: be careful this
can use large amounts of network bandwidth. This is
also of use if the local machine has a limited number
of shm segments and -onetile is not sufficient.
-flipbyteorder Sometimes needed if remotely polled host has different
endianness. Ignored unless -noshm is set.
-onetile Do not use the new copy_tiles() framebuffer mechanism,
just use 1 shm tile for polling. Limits shm segments
used to 3.
-solid [color] To improve performance, when VNC clients are connected
try to change the desktop background to a solid color.
The [color] is optional: the default color is "cyan4".
For a different one specify the X color (rgb.txt name,
e.g. "darkblue" or numerical "#RRGGBB").
Currently this option only works on GNOME, KDE, CDE,
and classic X (i.e. with the background image on the
root window). The "gconftool-2" and "dcop" external
commands are run for GNOME and KDE respectively.
Other desktops won't work, e.g. Xfce (send us the
corresponding commands if you find them). If x11vnc is
running as root (inetd(8) or gdm(1)), the -users option
may be needed for GNOME and KDE. If x11vnc guesses
your desktop incorrectly, you can force it by prefixing
color with "gnome:", "kde:", "cde:" or "root:".
This mode works in a limited way on the Mac OS X Console
with one color ('kelp') using the screensaver writing
to the background. Look in "~/Library/Screen Savers"
for VncSolidColor.png to change the color.
-blackout string Black out rectangles on the screen. "string" is a
comma separated list of WxH+X+Y type geometries for
each rectangle. If one of the items on the list is the
string "noptr" the mouse pointer will not be allowed
to go into a blacked out region.
-xinerama If your screen is composed of multiple monitors
-noxinerama glued together via XINERAMA, and that screen is
not a rectangle this option will try to guess the
areas to black out (if your system has libXinerama).
default: -xinerama
In general, we have noticed on XINERAMA displays you may
need to use the "-xwarppointer" option if the mouse
pointer misbehaves and it is enabled by default. Use
"-noxwarppointer" if you do not want this.
-xtrap Use the DEC-XTRAP extension for keystroke and mouse
input insertion. For use on legacy systems, e.g. X11R5,
running an incomplete or missing XTEST extension.
By default DEC-XTRAP will be used if XTEST server grab
control is missing, use -xtrap to do the keystroke and
mouse insertion via DEC-XTRAP as well.
-xrandr [mode] If the display supports the XRANDR (X Resize, Rotate
and Reflection) extension, and you expect XRANDR events
to occur to the display while x11vnc is running, this
options indicates x11vnc should try to respond to
them (as opposed to simply crashing by assuming the
old screen size). See the xrandr(1) manpage and run
'xrandr -q' for more info. [mode] is optional and
described below.
Since watching for XRANDR events and trapping errors
increases polling overhead, only use this option if
XRANDR changes are expected. For example on a rotatable
screen PDA or laptop, or using a XRANDR-aware Desktop
where you resize often. It is best to be viewing with a
vncviewer that supports the NewFBSize encoding, since it
knows how to react to screen size changes. Otherwise,
libvncserver tries to do so something reasonable for
viewers that cannot do this (portions of the screen
may be clipped, unused, etc).
Note: the default now is to check for XRANDR events, but
do not trap every X call that may fail due to resize.
If a resize event is received, the full -xrandr mode
is enabled. To disable even checking for events supply:
-noxrandr.
"mode" defaults to "resize", which means create a
new, resized, framebuffer and hope all viewers can cope
with the change. "newfbsize" means first disconnect
all viewers that do not support the NewFBSize VNC
encoding, and then resize the framebuffer. "exit"
means disconnect all viewer clients, and then terminate
x11vnc.
-rotate string Rotate and/or flip the framebuffer view exported by VNC.
This transformation is independent of XRANDR and is
done in software in main memory and so may be slower.
This mode could be useful on a handheld with portrait or
landscape modes that do not correspond to the scanline
order of the actual framebuffer. "string" can be:
x flip along x-axis
y flip along y-axis
xy flip along x- and y-axes
+90 rotate 90 degrees clockwise
-90 rotate 90 degrees counter-clockwise
+90x rotate 90 degrees CW, then flip along x
+90y rotate 90 degrees CW, then flip along y
these give all possible rotations and reflections.
Aliases: same as xy: yx, +180, -180, 180
same as -90: +270, 270
same as +90: 90, (ditto for 90x, 90y)
Like -scale, this transformation is applied at the very
end of any chain of framebuffer transformations and so
any options with geometries, e.g. -blackout, -clip, etc.
are relative to the original X (or -rawfb) framebuffer,
not the final one sent to VNC viewers.
If you do not want the cursor shape to be rotated
prefix "string" with "nc:", e.g. "nc:+90",
"nc:xy", etc.
-padgeom WxH Whenever a new vncviewer connects, the framebuffer is
replaced with a fake, solid black one of geometry WxH.
Shortly afterwards the framebuffer is replaced with the
real one. This is intended for use with vncviewers
that do not support NewFBSize and one wants to make
sure the initial viewer geometry will be big enough
to handle all subsequent resizes (e.g. under -xrandr,
-remote id:windowid, rescaling, etc.)
In -unixpw mode this sets the size of the login screen.
Use "once:WxH" it ignore padgeom after the login
screen is set up.
-o logfile Write stderr messages to file "logfile" instead of to
the terminal. Same as "-logfile file". To append
to the file use "-oa file" or "-logappend file".
If "logfile" contains the string "%VNCDISPLAY"
it is expanded to the vnc display (the name may need
to be guessed at.) "%HOME" works too.
-flag file Write the "PORT=NNNN" (e.g. PORT=5900) string to
"file" in addition to stdout. This option could be
useful by wrapper script to detect when x11vnc is ready.
-rmflag file Remove "file" at exit to signal when x11vnc is done.
The file is created at startup if it does not already
exist or if "file" is prefixed with "create:".
If the file is created, the x11vnc PID is placed in
the file. Otherwise the files contents is not changed.
Use prefix "nocreate:" to prevent creation.
-rc filename Use "filename" instead of $HOME/.x11vncrc for rc file.
-norc Do not process any .x11vncrc file for options.
-env VAR=VALUE Set the environment variable 'VAR' to value 'VALUE'
at x11vnc startup. This is a convenience utility to
avoid shell script wrappers, etc. to set the env. var.
You may specify as many of these as needed on the
command line.
-prog /path/to/x11vnc Set the full path to the x11vnc program for cases when
it cannot be determined from argv[0] (e.g. tcpd/inetd)
-h, -help Print this help text.
-?, -opts Only list the x11vnc options.
-V, -version Print program version and last modification date.
-license Print out license information. Same as -copying and
-warranty.
-dbg Instead of exiting after cleaning up, run a simple
"debug crash shell" when fatal errors are trapped.
-q, -quiet Be quiet by printing less informational output to
stderr.
-v, -verbose Print out more information to stderr.
-bg Go into the background after screen setup. Messages to
stderr are lost unless -o logfile is used. Something
like this could be useful in a script:
port=`ssh -t $host "x11vnc -display :0 -bg" | grep PORT
`
port=`echo "$port" | sed -e 's/PORT=//'`
port=`expr $port - 5900`
vncviewer $host:$port
-modtweak Option -modtweak automatically tries to adjust the AltGr
-nomodtweak and Shift modifiers for differing language keyboards
between client and host. Otherwise, only a single key
press/release of a Keycode is simulated (i.e. ignoring
the state of the modifiers: this usually works for
identical keyboards). Also useful in resolving cases
where a Keysym is bound to multiple keys (e.g. "<" + ">"
and "," + "<" keys). Default: -modtweak
If you are having trouble with with keys and -xkb or
-noxkb, and similar things don't help, try -nomodtweak.
On some HP-UX systems it is been noted that they have
an odd keymapping where a single keycode will have a
keysym, e.g. "#", up to three times. You can check
via "xmodmap -pk" or the -dk option. The failure
is when you try to type "#" it yields "3". If you
see this problem try setting the environment variable
MODTWEAK_LOWEST=1 to see if it helps.
-xkb When in modtweak mode, use the XKEYBOARD extension (if
-noxkb the X display supports it) to do the modifier tweaking.
This is powerful and should be tried if there are still
keymapping problems when using -modtweak by itself.
The default is to check whether some common keysyms,
e.g. !, @, [, are only accessible via -xkb mode and if
so then automatically enable the mode. To disable this
automatic detection use -noxkb.
When -xkb mode is active you can set these env. vars.
They apply only when there is ambiguity as to which
key to choose (i.e the mapping is not one-to-one).
NOKEYHINTS=1: for up ascii keystrokes do not use score
hints saved when the key was pressed down. NOANYDOWN=1:
for up keystrokes do not resort to searching through
keys that are currently pressed down. KEYSDOWN=N:
remember the last N keys press down for tie-breaking
when an up keystroke comes in.
-capslock When in -modtweak (the default) or -xkb mode,
if a keysym in the range A-Z comes in check the X
server to see if the Caps_Lock is set. If it is do
not artificially press Shift to generate the keysym.
This will enable the CapsLock key to behave correctly
in some circumstances: namely *both* the VNC viewer
machine and the x11vnc X server are in the CapsLock
on state. If one side has CapsLock on and the other
off and the keyboard is not behaving as you think it
should you should correct the CapsLock states (hint:
pressing CapsLock inside and outside of the viewer can
help toggle them both to the correct state). However,
for best results do not use this option, but rather
*only* enable CapsLock on the VNC viewer side (i.e. by
pressing CapsLock outside of the viewer window, also
-skip_lockkeys below). Also try -nomodtweak for a
possible workaround.
-skip_lockkeys Have x11vnc ignore all Caps_Lock, Shift_Lock, Num_Lock,
-noskip_lockkeys Scroll_Lock keysyms received from viewers. The idea is
you press Caps_Lock on the VNC Viewer side but that does
not change the lock state in the x11vnc-side X server.
Nevertheless your capitalized letters come in over
the wire and are applied correctly to the x11vnc-side
X server. Note this mode probably won't do what you
want in -nomodtweak mode. Also, a kludge for KP_n
digits is always done it this mode: they are mapped to
regular digit keysyms. See also -capslock above.
The default is -noskip_lockkeys.
-skip_keycodes string Ignore the comma separated list of decimal keycodes.
Perhaps these are keycodes not on your keyboard but
your X server thinks exist. Currently only applies
to -xkb mode. Use this option to help x11vnc in the
reverse problem it tries to solve: Keysym -> Keycode(s)
when ambiguities exist (more than one Keycode per
Keysym). Run 'xmodmap -pk' to see your keymapping.
Example: "-skip_keycodes 94,114"
-sloppy_keys Experimental option that tries to correct some
"sloppy" key behavior. E.g. if at the viewer you
press Shift+Key but then release the Shift before
Key that could give rise to extra unwanted characters
(usually only between keyboards of different languages).
Only use this option if you observe problems with
some keystrokes.
-skip_dups Some VNC viewers send impossible repeated key events,
-noskip_dups e.g. key-down, key-down, key-up, key-up all for the same
key, or 20 downs in a row for the same modifier key!
Setting -skip_dups means to skip these duplicates and
just process the first event. Note: some VNC viewers
assume they can send down's without the corresponding
up's and so you should not set this option for
these viewers (symptom: some keys do not autorepeat)
Default: -noskip_dups
-add_keysyms If a Keysym is received from a VNC viewer and that
-noadd_keysyms Keysym does not exist in the X server, then add the
Keysym to the X server's keyboard mapping on an unused
key. Added Keysyms will be removed periodically and
also when x11vnc exits. Default: -add_keysyms
-clear_mods At startup and exit clear the modifier keys by sending
KeyRelease for each one. The Lock modifiers are skipped.
Used to clear the state if the display was accidentally
left with any pressed down.
-clear_keys As -clear_mods, except try to release ANY pressed key.
Note that this option and -clear_mods can interfere
with a person typing at the physical keyboard.
-clear_all As -clear_keys, except try to release any CapsLock,
NumLock, etc. locks as well.
-remap string Read Keysym remappings from file named "string".
Format is one pair of Keysyms per line (can be name
or hex value) separated by a space. If no file named
"string" exists, it is instead interpreted as this
form: key1-key2,key3-key4,... See <X11/keysymdef.h>
header file for a list of Keysym names, or use xev(1).
To map a key to a button click, use the fake Keysyms
"Button1", ..., etc. E.g: "-remap Super_R-Button2"
(useful for pasting on a laptop)
I use these if the machine I am viewing from does not
have a scrollwheel or I don't like using the one it has:
-remap Super_R-Button4,Menu-Button5
-remap KP_Add-Button4,KP_Enter-Button5
the former would be used on a PC, the latter on a
MacBook. This way those little used keys can be used
to generate bigger hops than the Up and Down arrows
provide. One can scroll through text or web pages more
quickly this way (especially if x11vnc scroll detection
is active.)
Use Button44, Button12, etc. for multiple clicks.
To disable a keysym (i.e. make it so it will not be
injected), remap it to "NoSymbol" or "None".
Dead keys: "dead" (or silent, mute) keys are keys that
do not produce a character but must be followed by a 2nd
keystroke. This is often used for accenting characters,
e.g. to put "`" on top of "a" by pressing the dead
key and then "a". Note that this interpretation
is not part of core X11, it is up to the toolkit or
application to decide how to react to the sequence.
The X11 names for these keysyms are "dead_grave",
"dead_acute", etc. However some VNC viewers send the
keysyms "grave", "acute" instead thereby disabling
the accenting. To work around this -remap can be used.
For example "-remap grave-dead_grave,acute-dead_acute"
As a convenience, "-remap DEAD" applies these remaps:
g grave-dead_grave
a acute-dead_acute
c asciicircum-dead_circumflex
t asciitilde-dead_tilde
m macron-dead_macron
b breve-dead_breve
D abovedot-dead_abovedot
d diaeresis-dead_diaeresis
o degree-dead_abovering
A doubleacute-dead_doubleacute
r caron-dead_caron
e cedilla-dead_cedilla
If you just want a subset use the first letter
label, e.g. "-remap DEAD=ga" to get the first two.
Additional remaps may also be supplied via commas,
e.g. "-remap DEAD=ga,Super_R-Button2". Finally,
"DEAD=missing" means to apply all of the above as
long as the left hand member is not already in the
X11 keymap.
-norepeat Option -norepeat disables X server key auto repeat when
-repeat VNC clients are connected and VNC keyboard input is
not idle for more than 5 minutes. This works around a
repeating keystrokes bug (triggered by long processing
delays between key down and key up client events:
either from large screen changes or high latency).
Default: -norepeat
You can set the env. var. X11VNC_IDLE_TIMEOUT to the
number of idle seconds you want (5min = 300secs).
Note: your VNC viewer side will likely do autorepeating,
so this is no loss unless someone is simultaneously at
the real X display.
Use "-norepeat N" to set how many times norepeat will
be reset if something else (e.g. X session manager)
undoes it. The default is 2. Use a negative value
for unlimited resets.
-nofb Ignore video framebuffer: only process keyboard and
pointer. Intended for use with Win2VNC and x2vnc
dual-monitor setups.
-nobell Do not watch for XBell events. (no beeps will be heard)
Note: XBell monitoring requires the XKEYBOARD extension.
-nosel Do not manage exchange of X selection/cutbuffer between
VNC viewers and the X server at all.
-noprimary Do not poll the PRIMARY selection for changes to send
back to clients. (PRIMARY is still set on received
changes, however).
-nosetprimary Do not set the PRIMARY selection for changes received
from VNC clients.
-noclipboard Do not poll the CLIPBOARD selection for changes to send
back to clients. (CLIPBOARD is still set on received
changes, however).
-nosetclipboard Do not set the CLIPBOARD selection for changes
received from VNC clients.
-seldir string If direction string is "send", only send the selection
to viewers, and if it is "recv" only receive it from
viewers. To work around apps setting the selection
too frequently and messing up the other end. You can
actually supply a comma separated list of directions,
including "debug" to turn on debugging output.
-cursor [mode] Sets how the pointer cursor shape (little icon at the
-nocursor mouse pointer) should be handled. The "mode" string
is optional and is described below. The default
is to show some sort of cursor shape(s). How this
is done depends on the VNC viewer and the X server.
Use -nocursor to disable cursor shapes completely.
Some VNC viewers support the TightVNC CursorPosUpdates
and CursorShapeUpdates extensions (cuts down on
network traffic by not having to send the cursor image
every time the pointer is moved), in which case these
extensions are used (see -nocursorshape and -nocursorpos
below to disable). For other viewers the cursor shape
is written directly to the framebuffer every time the
pointer is moved or changed and gets sent along with
the other framebuffer updates. In this case, there
will be some lag between the vnc viewer pointer and
the remote cursor position.
If the X display supports retrieving the cursor shape
information from the X server, then the default is
to use that mode. On Solaris this can be done with
the SUN_OVL extension using -overlay (see also the
-overlay_nocursor option). A similar overlay scheme
is used on IRIX. Xorg (e.g. Linux) and recent Solaris
Xsun servers support the XFIXES extension to retrieve
the exact cursor shape from the X server. If XFIXES
is present it is preferred over Overlay and is used by
default (see -noxfixes below). This can be disabled
with -nocursor, and also some values of the "mode"
option below.
Note that under XFIXES cursors with transparency (alpha
channel) will usually not be exactly represented and one
may find Overlay preferable. See also the -alphacut
and -alphafrac options below as fudge factors to try
to improve the situation for cursors with transparency
for a given theme.
The "mode" string can be used to fine-tune the
displaying of cursor shapes. It can be used the
following ways:
"-cursor arrow" - just show the standard arrow
nothing more or nothing less.
"-cursor none" - same as "-nocursor"
"-cursor X" - when the cursor appears to be on the
root window, draw the familiar X shape. Some desktops
such as GNOME cover up the root window completely,
and so this will not work, try "X1", etc, to try to
shift the tree depth. On high latency links or slow
machines there will be a time lag between expected and
the actual cursor shape.
"-cursor some" - like "X" but use additional
heuristics to try to guess if the window should have
a windowmanager-like resizer cursor or a text input
I-beam cursor. This is a complete hack, but may be
useful in some situations because it provides a little
more feedback about the cursor shape.
"-cursor most" - try to show as many cursors as
possible. Often this will only be the same as "some"
unless the display has overlay visuals or XFIXES
extensions available. On Solaris and IRIX if XFIXES
is not available, -overlay mode will be attempted.
-cursor_drag Show cursor shape changes even when the mouse is being
dragged with a mouse button down. This is useful if you
want to be able to see Drag-and-Drop cursor icons, etc.
-arrow n Choose an alternate "arrow" cursor from a set of
some common ones. n can be 1 to 6. Default is: 1
Ignored when in XFIXES cursor-grabbing mode.
-noxfixes Do not use the XFIXES extension to draw the exact cursor
shape even if it is available.
-alphacut n When using the XFIXES extension for the cursor shape,
cursors with transparency will not usually be displayed
exactly (but opaque ones will). This option sets n as
a cutoff for cursors that have transparency ("alpha
channel" with values ranging from 0 to 255) Any cursor
pixel with alpha value less than n becomes completely
transparent. Otherwise the pixel is completely opaque.
Default 240
-alphafrac fraction With the threshold in -alphacut some cursors will become
almost completely transparent because their alpha values
are not high enough. For those cursors adjust the
alpha threshold until fraction of the non-zero alpha
channel pixels become opaque. Default 0.33
-alpharemove By default, XFIXES cursors pixels with transparency have
the alpha factor multiplied into the RGB color values
(i.e. that corresponding to blending the cursor with a
black background). Specify this option to remove the
alpha factor. (useful for light colored semi-transparent
cursors).
-noalphablend In XFIXES mode do not send cursor alpha channel data
to libvncserver. The default is to send it. The
alphablend effect will only be visible in -nocursorshape
mode or for clients with cursorshapeupdates turned
off. (However there is a hack for 32bpp with depth 24,
it uses the extra 8 bits to store cursor transparency
for use with a hacked vncviewer that applies the
transparency locally. See the FAQ for more info).
-nocursorshape Do not use the TightVNC CursorShapeUpdates extension
even if clients support it. See -cursor above.
-cursorpos Option -cursorpos enables sending the X cursor position
-nocursorpos back to all vnc clients that support the TightVNC
CursorPosUpdates extension. Other clients will be able
to see the pointer motions. Default: -cursorpos
-xwarppointer Move the pointer with XWarpPointer(3X) instead of
-noxwarppointer the XTEST extension. Use this as a workaround
if the pointer motion behaves incorrectly, e.g.
on touchscreens or other non-standard setups.
It is also sometimes needed on XINERAMA displays and is
enabled by default if XINERAMA is found to be active.
To prevent this, use -noxwarppointer.
-buttonmap string String to remap mouse buttons. Format: IJK-LMN, this
maps buttons I -> L, etc., e.g. -buttonmap 13-31
Button presses can also be mapped to keystrokes: replace
a button digit on the right of the dash with :<sym>:
or :<sym1>+<sym2>: etc. for multiple keys. For example,
if the viewing machine has a mouse-wheel (buttons 4 5)
but the x11vnc side does not, these will do scrolls:
-buttonmap 12345-123:Prior::Next:
-buttonmap 12345-123:Up+Up+Up::Down+Down+Down:
See <X11/keysymdef.h> header file for a list of Keysyms,
or use the xev(1) program. Note: mapping of button
clicks to Keysyms may not work if -modtweak or -xkb is
needed for the Keysym.
If you include a modifier like "Shift_L" the
modifier's up/down state is toggled, e.g. to send
"The" use :Shift_L+t+Shift_L+h+e: (the 1st one is
shift down and the 2nd one is shift up). (note: the
initial state of the modifier is ignored and not reset)
To include button events use "Button1", ... etc.
-buttonmap currently does not work on MacOSX console
or in -rawfb mode.
-nodragging Do not update the display during mouse dragging events
(mouse button held down). Greatly improves response on
slow setups, but you lose all visual feedback for drags,
text selection, and some menu traversals. It overrides
any -pointer_mode setting.
-ncache n Client-side caching scheme. Framebuffer memory "n"
(an integer) times that of the full display is allocated
below the actual framebuffer to cache screen contents
for rapid retrieval. So a W x H frambuffer is expanded
to a W x (n+1)*H one. Use 0 to disable. Default: XXX.
The "n" is actually optional, the default is 10.
For this and the other -ncache* options below you can
abbreviate "-ncache" with "-nc". Also, "-nonc"
is the same as "-ncache 0"
This is an experimental option, currently implemented
in an awkward way in that in the VNC Viewer you can
see the cache contents if you scroll down, etc. So you
will have to set things up so you can't see that region.
If this method is successful, the changes required for
clients to do this less awkwardly will be investigated.
Note that this mode consumes a huge amount of memory,
both on the x11vnc server side and on the VNC Viewer
side. If n=2 then the amount of RAM used is roughly
tripled for both x11vnc and the VNC Viewer. As a rule
of thumb, note that 1280x1024 at depth 24 is about 5MB
of pixel data.
For reasonable response when cycling through 4 to 6
large (e.g. web browser) windows a value n of 6 to 12
is recommended. (that's right: ~10X more memory...)
Because of the way window backingstore and saveunders
are implemented, n must be even. It will be incremented
by 1 if it is not.
This mode also works for native MacOS X, but may not
be as effective as the X version. This is due to a
number of things, one is the drop-shadow compositing
that leaves extra areas that need to be repaired (see
-ncache_pad). Another is the window iconification
animations need to be avoided (see -macicontime).
It appears the that the 'Scale' animation mode gives
better results than the 'Genie' one. Also, window event
detection not as accurate as the X version.
-ncache_cr In -ncache mode, try to do copyrect opaque window
moves/drags instead of wireframes (this can induce
painting errors). The wireframe will still be used when
moving a window whose save-unders has not yet been set
or has been invalidated.
Some VNC Viewers provide better response than others
with this option. On Unix, realvnc viewer gives
smoother drags than tightvnc viewer. Response may also
be choppy if the server side machine is too slow.
Sometimes on very slow modem connections, this actually
gives an improvement because no pixel data at all
(not even the box animation) is sent during the drag.
-ncache_no_moveraise In -ncache mode, do not assume that moving a window
will cause the window manager to raise it to the top
of the stack. The default is to assume it does, and
so at the beginning of any wireframe, etc, window moves
the window will be pushed to top in the VNC viewer.
-ncache_no_dtchange In -ncache mode, do not try to guess when the desktop
(viewport) changes to another one (i.e. another
workarea). The default is to try to guess and when
detected try to make the transistion more smoothly.
-ncache_no_rootpixmap In -ncache mode, do not try to snapshot the desktop
background to use in guessing or reconstructing window
save-unders.
-ncache_keep_anims In -ncache mode, do not try to disable window
manager animations and other effects (that usually
degrade ncache performance or cause painting errors).
The default is to try to disable them on KDE (but not
GNOME) when VNC clients are connected.
For other window managers or desktops that provide
animations, effects, compositing, translucency,
etc. that interfere with the -ncache method you will
have to disable them manually.
-ncache_old_wm In -ncache mode, enable some heuristics for old style
window managers such as fvwm and twm.
-ncache_pad n In -ncache mode, pad each window with n pixels for the
caching rectangles. This can be used to try to improve
the situation with dropshadows or other compositing
(e.g. MacOS X window manager), although it could make
things worse. The default is 0 on Unix and 24 on
MacOS X.
-debug_ncache Turn on debugging and profiling output under -ncache.
-wireframe [str] Try to detect window moves or resizes when a mouse
-nowireframe button is held down and show a wireframe instead of
the full opaque window. This is based completely on
heuristics and may not always work: it depends on your
window manager and even how you move things around.
See -pointer_mode below for discussion of the "bogging
down" problem this tries to avoid.
Default: -wireframe
Shorter aliases: -wf [str] and -nowf
The value "str" is optional and, of course, is
packed with many tunable parameters for this scheme:
Format: shade,linewidth,percent,T+B+L+R,mod,t1+t2+t3+t4
Default: 0xff,2,0,32+8+8+8,all,0.15+0.30+5.0+0.125
If you leave nothing between commas: ",," the default
value is used. If you don't specify enough commas,
the trailing parameters are set to their defaults.
"shade" indicate the "color" for the wireframe,
usually a greyscale: 0-255, however for 16 and 32bpp you
can specify an rgb.txt X color (e.g. "dodgerblue") or
a value > 255 is treated as RGB (e.g. red is 0xff0000).
"linewidth" sets the width of the wireframe in pixels.
"percent" indicates to not apply the wireframe scheme
to windows with area less than this percent of the
full screen.
"T+B+L+R" indicates four integers for how close in
pixels the pointer has to be from the Top, Bottom, Left,
or Right edges of the window to consider wireframing.
This is a speedup to quickly exclude a window from being
wireframed: set them all to zero to not try the speedup
(scrolling and selecting text will likely be slower).
"mod" specifies if a button down event in the
interior of the window with a modifier key (Alt, Shift,
etc.) down should indicate a wireframe opportunity.
It can be "0" or "none" to skip it, "1" or "all"
to apply it to any modifier, or "Shift", "Alt",
"Control", "Meta", "Super", or "Hyper" to only
apply for that type of modifier key.
"t1+t2+t3+t4" specify four floating point times in
seconds: t1 is how long to wait for the pointer to move,
t2 is how long to wait for the window to start moving
or being resized (for some window managers this can be
rather long), t3 is how long to keep a wireframe moving
before repainting the window. t4 is the minimum time
between sending wireframe "animations". If a slow
link is detected, these values may be automatically
changed to something better for a slow link.
-nowireframelocal By default, mouse motion and button presses of a
user sitting at the LOCAL display are monitored for
wireframing opportunities (so that the changes will be
sent efficiently to the VNC clients). Use this option
to disable this behavior.
-wirecopyrect mode Since the -wireframe mechanism evidently tracks moving
-nowirecopyrect windows accurately, a speedup can be obtained by
telling the VNC viewers to locally copy the translated
window region. This is the VNC CopyRect encoding:
the framebuffer update doesn't need to send the actual
new image data.
Shorter aliases: -wcr [mode] and -nowcr
"mode" can be "never" (same as -nowirecopyrect)
to never try the copyrect, "top" means only do it if
the window was not covered by any other windows, and
"always" means to translate the orginally unobscured
region (this may look odd as the remaining pieces come
in, but helps on a slow link). Default: "always"
Note: there can be painting errors or slow response
when using -scale so you may want to disable CopyRect
in this case "-wirecopyrect never" on the command
line or by remote-control. Or you can also use the
"-scale xxx:nocr" scale option.
-debug_wireframe Turn on debugging info printout for the wireframe
heuristics. "-dwf" is an alias. Specify multiple
times for more output.
-scrollcopyrect mode Like -wirecopyrect, but use heuristics to try to guess
-noscrollcopyrect if a window has scrolled its contents (either vertically
or horizontally). This requires the RECORD X extension
to "snoop" on X applications (currently for certain
XCopyArea and XConfigureWindow X protocol requests).
Examples: Hitting <Return> in a terminal window when the
cursor was at the bottom, the text scrolls up one line.
Hitting <Down> arrow in a web browser window, the web
page scrolls up a small amount. Or scrolling with a
scrollbar or mouse wheel.
Shorter aliases: -scr [mode] and -noscr
This scheme will not always detect scrolls, but when
it does there is a nice speedup from using the VNC
CopyRect encoding (see -wirecopyrect). The speedup
is both in reduced network traffic and reduced X
framebuffer polling/copying. On the other hand, it may
induce undesired transients (e.g. a terminal cursor
being scrolled up when it should not be) or other
painting errors (window tearing, bunching-up, etc).
These are automatically repaired in a short period
of time. If this is unacceptable disable the feature
with -noscrollcopyrect.
Screen clearing kludges: for testing at least, there
are some "magic key sequences" (must be done in less
than 1 second) to aid repairing painting errors that
may be seen when using this mode:
3 Alt_L's in a row: resend whole screen,
4 Alt_L's in a row: reread and resend whole screen,
3 Super_L's in a row: mark whole screen for polling,
4 Super_L's in a row: reset RECORD context,
5 Super_L's in a row: try to push a black screen
note: Alt_L is the Left "Alt" key (a single key)
Super_L is the Left "Super" key (Windows flag).
Both of these are modifier keys, and so should not
generate characters when pressed by themselves. Also,
your VNC viewer may have its own refresh hot-key
or button.
"mode" can be "never" (same as -noscrollcopyrect)
to never try the copyrect, "keys" means to try it
in response to keystrokes only, "mouse" means to
try it in response to mouse events only, "always"
means to do both. Default: "always"
Note: there can be painting errors or slow response
when using -scale so you may want to disable CopyRect
in this case "-scrollcopyrect never" on the command
line or by remote-control. Or you can also use the
"-scale xxx:nocr" scale option.
-scr_area n Set the minimum area in pixels for a rectangle
to be considered for the -scrollcopyrect detection
scheme. This is to avoid wasting the effort on small
rectangles that would be quickly updated the normal way.
E.g. suppose an app updated the position of its skinny
scrollbar first and then shifted the large panel
it controlled. We want to be sure to skip the small
scrollbar and get the large panel. Default: 60000
-scr_skip list Skip scroll detection for applications matching
the comma separated list of strings in "list".
Some applications implement their scrolling in
strange ways where the XCopyArea, etc, also applies
to invisible portions of the window: if we CopyRect
those areas it looks awful during the scroll and
there may be painting errors left after the scroll.
Soffice.bin is the worst known offender.
Use "##" to denote the start of the application class
(e.g. "##XTerm") and "++" to denote the start
of the application instance name (e.g. "++xterm").
The string your list is matched against is of the form
"^^WM_NAME##Class++Instance<same-for-any-subwindows>"
The "xlsclients -la" command will provide this info.
If a pattern is prefixed with "KEY:" it only applies
to Keystroke generated scrolls (e.g. Up arrow). If it
is prefixed with "MOUSE:" it only applies to Mouse
induced scrolls (e.g. dragging on a scrollbar).
Default: ##Soffice.bin,##StarOffice,##OpenOffice
-scr_inc list Opposite of -scr_skip: this list is consulted first
and if there is a match the window will be monitored
via RECORD for scrolls irrespective of -scr_skip.
Use -scr_skip '*' to skip anything that does not match
your -scr_inc. Use -scr_inc '*' to include everything.
-scr_keys list For keystroke scroll detection, only apply the RECORD
heuristics to the comma separated list of keysyms in
"list". You may find the RECORD overhead for every
one of your keystrokes disrupts typing too much, but you
don't want to turn it off completely with "-scr mouse"
and -scr_parms does not work or is too confusing.
The listed keysyms can be numeric or the keysym
names in the <X11/keysymdef.h> header file or from the
xev(1) program. Example: "-scr_keys Up,Down,Return".
One probably wants to have application specific lists
(e.g. for terminals, etc) but that is too icky to think
about for now...
If "list" begins with the "-" character the list
is taken as an exclude list: all keysyms except those
list will be considered. The special string "builtin"
expands to an internal list of keysyms that are likely
to cause scrolls. BTW, by default modifier keys,
Shift_L, Control_R, etc, are skipped since they almost
never induce scrolling by themselves.
-scr_term list Yet another cosmetic kludge. Apply shell/terminal
heuristics to applications matching comma separated
list (same as for -scr_skip/-scr_inc). For example an
annoying transient under scroll detection is if you
hit Enter in a terminal shell with full text window,
the solid text cursor block will be scrolled up.
So for a short time there are two (or more) block
cursors on the screen. There are similar scenarios,
(e.g. an output line is duplicated).
These transients are induced by the approximation of
scroll detection (e.g. it detects the scroll, but not
the fact that the block cursor was cleared just before
the scroll). In nearly all cases these transient errors
are repaired when the true X framebuffer is consulted
by the normal polling. But they are distracting, so
what this option provides is extra "padding" near the
bottom of the terminal window: a few extra lines near
the bottom will not be scrolled, but rather updated
from the actual X framebuffer. This usually reduces
the annoying artifacts. Use "none" to disable.
Default: "term"
-scr_keyrepeat lo-hi If a key is held down (or otherwise repeats rapidly) and
this induces a rapid sequence of scrolls (e.g. holding
down an Arrow key) the "scrollcopyrect" detection
and overhead may not be able to keep up. A time per
single scroll estimate is performed and if that estimate
predicts a sustainable scrollrate of keys per second
between "lo" and "hi" then repeated keys will be
DISCARDED to maintain the scrollrate. For example your
key autorepeat may be 25 keys/sec, but for a large
window or slow link only 8 scrolls per second can be
sustained, then roughly 2 out of every 3 repeated keys
will be discarded during this period. Default: "4-20"
-scr_parms string Set various parameters for the scrollcopyrect mode.
The format is similar to that for -wireframe and packed
with lots of parameters:
Format: T+B+L+R,t1+t2+t3,s1+s2+s3+s4+s5
Default: 0+64+32+32,0.02+0.10+0.9,0.03+0.06+0.5+0.1+5.0
If you leave nothing between commas: ",," the default
value is used. If you don't specify enough commas,
the trailing parameters are set to their defaults.
"T+B+L+R" indicates four integers for how close in
pixels the pointer has to be from the Top, Bottom, Left,
or Right edges of the window to consider scrollcopyrect.
If -wireframe overlaps it takes precedence. This is a
speedup to quickly exclude a window from being watched
for scrollcopyrect: set them all to zero to not try
the speedup (things like selecting text will likely
be slower).
"t1+t2+t3" specify three floating point times in
seconds that apply to scrollcopyrect detection with
*Keystroke* input: t1 is how long to wait after a key
is pressed for the first scroll, t2 is how long to keep
looking after a Keystroke scroll for more scrolls.
t3 is how frequently to try to update surrounding
scrollbars outside of the scrolling area (0.0 to
disable)
"s1+s2+s3+s4+s5" specify five floating point times
in seconds that apply to scrollcopyrect detection with
*Mouse* input: s1 is how long to wait after a mouse
button is pressed for the first scroll, s2 is how long
to keep waiting for additional scrolls after the first
Mouse scroll was detected. s3 is how frequently to
try to update surrounding scrollbars outside of the
scrolling area (0.0 to disable). s4 is how long to
buffer pointer motion (to try to get fewer, bigger
mouse scrolls). s5 is the maximum time to spend just
updating the scroll window without updating the rest
of the screen.
-fixscreen string Periodically "repair" the screen based on settings
in "string". Hopefully you won't need this option,
it is intended for cases when the -scrollcopyrect or
-wirecopyrect features leave too many painting errors,
but it can be used for any scenario. This option
periodically performs costly operations and so
interactive response may be reduced when it is on.
You can use 3 Alt_L's (the Left "Alt" key) taps in
a row (as described under -scrollcopyrect) instead to
manually request a screen repaint when it is needed.
"string" is a comma separated list of one or more of
the following: "V=t", "C=t", "X=t", and "8=t".
In these "t" stands for a time in seconds (it is
a floating point even though one should usually use
values > 2 to avoid wasting resources). V sets how
frequently the entire screen should be sent to viewers
(it is like the 3 Alt_L's). C sets how long to wait
after a CopyRect to repaint the full screen. X sets
how frequently to reread the full X11 framebuffer from
the X server and push it out to connected viewers.
Use of X should be rare, please report a bug if you
find you need it. 8= applies only for -8to24 mode: it
sets how often the non-default visual regions of the
screen (e.g. 8bpp windows) are refreshed. Examples:
-fixscreen V=10 -fixscreen C=10
-debug_scroll Turn on debugging info printout for the scroll
heuristics. "-ds" is an alias. Specify it multiple
times for more output.
-noxrecord Disable any use of the RECORD extension. This is
currently used by the -scrollcopyrect scheme and to
monitor X server grabs.
-grab_buster Some of the use of the RECORD extension can leave a
-nograb_buster tiny window for XGrabServer deadlock. This is only if
the whole-server grabbing application expects mouse or
keyboard input before releasing the grab. It is usually
a window manager that does this. x11vnc takes care to
avoid the the problem, but if caught x11vnc will freeze.
Without -grab_buster, the only solution is to go the
physical display and give it some input to satisfy the
grabbing app. Or manually kill and restart the window
manager if that is feasible. With -grab_buster, x11vnc
will fork a helper thread and if x11vnc appears to be
stuck in a grab after a period of time (20-30 sec) then
it will inject some user input: button clicks, Escape,
mouse motion, etc to try to break the grab. If you
experience a lot of grab deadlock, please report a bug.
-debug_grabs Turn on debugging info printout with respect to
XGrabServer() deadlock for -scrollcopyrect mode.
-debug_sel Turn on debugging info printout with respect to
PRIMARY, CLIPBOARD, and CUTBUFFER0 selections.
-pointer_mode n Various pointer motion update schemes. "-pm" is
an alias. The problem is pointer motion can cause
rapid changes on the screen: consider the rapid
changes when you drag a large window around opaquely.
Neither x11vnc's screen polling and vnc compression
routines nor the bandwidth to the vncviewers can keep
up these rapid screen changes: everything will bog down
when dragging or scrolling. So a scheme has to be used
to "eat" much of that pointer input before re-polling
the screen and sending out framebuffer updates. The
mode number "n" can be 0 to 4 and selects one of
the schemes desribed below.
Note that the -wireframe and -scrollcopyrect modes
complement -pointer_mode by detecting (and improving)
certain periods of "rapid screen change".
n=0: does the same as -nodragging. (all screen polling
is suspended if a mouse button is pressed.)
n=1: was the original scheme used to about Jan 2004:
it basically just skips -input_skip keyboard or pointer
events before repolling the screen.
n=2 is an improved scheme: by watching the current rate
of input events it tries to detect if it should try to
"eat" additional pointer events before continuing.
n=3 is basically a dynamic -nodragging mode: it detects
when the mouse motion has paused and then refreshes
the display.
n=4 attempts to measures network rates and latency,
the video card read rate, and how many tiles have been
changed on the screen. From this, it aggressively tries
to push screen "frames" when it decides it has enough
resources to do so. NOT FINISHED.
The default n is 2. Note that modes 2, 3, 4 will skip
-input_skip keyboard events (but it will not count
pointer events). Also note that these modes are not
available in -threads mode which has its own pointer
event handling mechanism.
To try out the different pointer modes to see which
one gives the best response for your usage, it is
convenient to use the remote control function, for
example "x11vnc -R pm:4" or the tcl/tk gui (Tuning ->
pointer_mode -> n).
-input_skip n For the pointer handling when non-threaded: try to
read n user input events before scanning display. n < 0
means to act as though there is always user input.
Default: 10
-allinput Have x11vnc read and process all available client input
before proceeding.
-speeds rd,bw,lat x11vnc tries to estimate some speed parameters that
are used to optimize scheduling (e.g. -pointer_mode
4, -wireframe, -scrollcopyrect) and other things.
Use the -speeds option to set these manually.
The triple "rd,bw,lat" corresponds to video h/w
read rate in MB/sec, network bandwidth to clients in
KB/sec, and network latency to clients in milliseconds,
respectively. If a value is left blank, e.g. "-speeds
,100,15", then the internal scheme is used to estimate
the empty value(s).
Typical PC video cards have read rates of 5-10 MB/sec.
If the framebuffer is in main memory instead of video
h/w (e.g. SunRay, shadowfb, dummy driver, Xvfb), the
read rate may be much faster. "x11perf -getimage500"
can be used to get a lower bound (remember to factor
in the bytes per pixel). It is up to you to estimate
the network bandwith and latency to clients. For the
latency the ping(1) command can be used.
For convenience there are some aliases provided,
e.g. "-speeds modem". The aliases are: "modem" for
6,4,200; "dsl" for 6,100,50; and "lan" for 6,5000,1
-wmdt string For some features, e.g. -wireframe and -scrollcopyrect,
x11vnc has to work around issues for certain window
managers or desktops (currently kde and xfce).
By default it tries to guess which one, but it can
guess incorrectly. Use this option to indicate which
wm/dt. "string" can be "gnome", "kde", "cde",
"xfce", or "root" (classic X wm). Anything else
is interpreted as "root".
-debug_pointer Print debugging output for every pointer event.
-debug_keyboard Print debugging output for every keyboard event.
Same as -dp and -dk, respectively. Use multiple
times for more output.
-defer time Time in ms to wait for updates before sending to client
(deferUpdateTime) Default: 20
-wait time Time in ms to pause between screen polls. Used to cut
down on load. Default: 20
-wait_ui factor Factor by which to cut the -wait time if there
has been recent user input (pointer or keyboard).
Improves response, but increases the load whenever you
are moving the mouse or typing. Default: 2.00
-setdefer n When the -wait_ui mechanism cuts down the wait time ms,
set the defer time to the same ms value. n=1 to enable,
0 to disable, and -1 to set defer to 0 (no delay).
Similarly, 2 and -2 indicate 'urgent_update' mode should
be used to push the updates even sooner. Default: 1
-nowait_bog Do not detect if the screen polling is "bogging down"
and sleep more. Some activities with no user input can
slow things down a lot: consider a large terminal window
with a long build running in it continuously streaming
text output. By default x11vnc will try to detect this
(3 screen polls in a row each longer than 0.25 sec with
no user input), and sleep up to 1.5 secs to let things
"catch up". Use this option to disable that detection.
-slow_fb time Floating point time in seconds to delay all screen
polling. For special purpose usage where a low frame
rate is acceptable and desirable, but you want the
user input processed at the normal rate so you cannot
use -wait.
-xrefresh time Floating point time in seconds to indicate how often to
do the equivalent of xrefresh(1) to force all windows
(in the viewable area if -id, -sid, or -clip is used)
to repaint themselves. Use this only if applications
misbehave by not repainting themselves properly.
See also -noxdamage.
-nap Monitor activity and if it is low take longer naps
-nonap between screen polls to really cut down load when idle.
Default: take naps
-sb time Time in seconds after NO activity (e.g. screen blank)
to really throttle down the screen polls (i.e. sleep
for about 1.5 secs). Use 0 to disable. Default: 20
-readtimeout n Set libvncserver rfbMaxClientWait to n seconds. On
slow links that take a long time to paint the first
screen libvncserver may hit the timeout and drop the
connection. Default: 60 seconds.
-ping n Send a 1x1 framebuffer update to all clients every n
seconds (e.g. to try to keep a network connection alive)
-nofbpm If the system supports the FBPM (Frame Buffer Power
-fbpm Management) extension (i.e. some Sun systems), then
prevent the video h/w from going into a reduced power
state when VNC clients are connected.
FBPM capable video h/w save energy when the workstation
is idle by going into low power states (similar to DPMS
for monitors). This interferes with x11vnc's polling
of the framebuffer data.
"-nofbpm" means prevent FBPM low power states whenever
VNC clients are connected, while "-fbpm" means to not
monitor the FBPM state at all. See the xset(1) manpage
for details. -nofbpm is basically the same as running
"xset fbpm force on" periodically. Default: -fbpm
-nodpms If the system supports the DPMS (Display Power Managemen
t
-dpms Signaling) extension, then prevent the monitor from
going into a reduced power state when VNC clients
are connected.
DPMS reduced power monitor states are a good thing
and you normally want the power down to take place
(usually x11vnc has no problem exporting the display in
this state). You probably only want to use "-nodpms"
to work around problems with Screen Savers kicking
on in DPMS low power states. There is known problem
with kdesktop_lock on KDE where the screen saver keeps
kicking in every time user input stops for a second
or two. Specifying "-nodpms" works around it.
"-nodpms" means prevent DPMS low power states whenever
VNC clients are connected, while "-dpms" means to not
monitor the DPMS state at all. See the xset(1) manpage
for details. -nodpms is basically the same as running
"xset dpms force on" periodically. Default: -dpms
-forcedpms If the system supports the DPMS (Display Power
Management Signaling) extension, then try to keep the
monitor in a powered off state. This is to prevent
nosey people at the physical display from viewing what
is on the screen. Be sure to lock the screen before
disconnecting.
This method is far from bullet proof, e.g. suppose
someone attaches a non-DPMS monitor, or loads the
machine so that there is a gap of time before x11vnc
restores the powered off state? On many machines if
he floods it with keyboard and mouse input he can see
flashes of what is on the screen before the DPMS off
state is reestablished. For this to work securely
there would need to be support in the X server to do
this exactly rather than approximately with DPMS.
-clientdpms As -forcedpms but only when VNC clients are connected.
-noserverdpms The UltraVNC ServerInput extension is supported.
This allows the VNC viewer to click a button that will
cause the server (x11vnc) to try to disable keyboard
and mouse input at the physical display and put the
monitor in dpms powered off state. Use this option to
skip powering off the monitor.
-noultraext Disable the following UltraVNC extensions: SingleWindow
and ServerInput. The others managed by libvncserver
(textchat, 1/n scaling, rfbEncodingUltra) are not.
-chatwindow Place a local UltraVNC chat window on the X11 display
that x11vnc is polling. That way the person on the VNC
viewer-side can chat with the person at the physical
X11 console. (e.g. helpdesk w/o telephone)
For this to work the SSVNC package (version 1.0.21 or
later) MUST BE installed on the system where x11vnc runs
and the 'ssvnc' command must be available in $PATH.
The ssvncviewer is used as a chat window helper.
See http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/ssvnc.html
This option implies '-rfbversion 3.6' so as to trick
UltraVNC viewers, otherwise they assume chat is not
available. To specify a different rfbversion, place
it after the -chatwindow option on the cmdline.
See also the remote control 'chaton' and 'chatoff'
actions. These can also be set from the tkx11vnc GUI.
-noxdamage Do not use the X DAMAGE extension to detect framebuffer
changes even if it is available. Use -xdamage if your
default is to have it off.
x11vnc's use of the DAMAGE extension: 1) significantly
reduces the load when the screen is not changing much,
and 2) detects changed areas (small ones by default)
more quickly.
Currently the DAMAGE extension is overly conservative
and often reports large areas (e.g. a whole terminal
or browser window) as damaged even though the actual
changed region is much smaller (sometimes just a few
pixels). So heuristics were introduced to skip large
areas and use the damage rectangles only as "hints"
for the traditional scanline polling. The following
tuning parameters are introduced to adjust this
behavior:
-xd_area A Set the largest DAMAGE rectangle area "A" (in
pixels: width * height) to trust as truly damaged:
the rectangle will be copied from the framebuffer
(slow) no matter what. Set to zero to trust *all*
rectangles. Default: 20000
-xd_mem f Set how long DAMAGE rectangles should be "remembered",
"f" is a floating point number and is in units of the
scanline repeat cycle time (32 iterations). The default
(1.0) should give no painting problems. Increase it if
there are problems or decrease it to live on the edge
(perhaps useful on a slow machine).
-sigpipe string Broken pipe (SIGPIPE) handling. "string" can be
"ignore" or "exit". For "ignore" libvncserver
will handle the abrupt loss of a client and continue,
for "exit" x11vnc will cleanup and exit at the 1st
broken connection.
This option is not really needed since libvncserver
is doing the correct thing now for quite some time.
However, for convenience you can use it to ignore other
signals, e.g. "-sigpipe ignore:HUP,INT,TERM" in case
that would be useful for some sort of application.
You can also put "exit:.." in the list to have x11vnc
cleanup on the listed signals. "-sig" is an alias
for this option if you don't like the 'pipe'. Example:
-sig ignore:INT,TERM,exit:USR1
-threads Whether or not to use the threaded libvncserver
-nothreads algorithm [rfbRunEventLoop] if libpthread is available.
In this mode new threads (one for input and one
for output) are created to handle each new client.
Default: -nothreads.
NOTE: The -threads mode may be disabled due to its
unstable behavior. If it is disabled, a warning is
printed out. Stability has been improved in version
0.9.8 and so the feature has been re-enabled.
Multiple clients in threaded mode should be stable
for the ZRLE encoding on all platforms. The Tight and
Zlib encodings are currently only stable on Linux for
multiple clients. Compile with -DTLS=__thread if your
OS and compiler and linker support it.
Multiple clients in threaded mode could yield better
performance for 'class-room' broadcasting usage.
See also the -reflect option.
-fs f If the fraction of changed tiles in a poll is greater
than f, the whole screen is updated. Default: 0.75
-gaps n Heuristic to fill in gaps in rows or cols of n or
less tiles. Used to improve text paging. Default: 4
-grow n Heuristic to grow islands of changed tiles n or wider
by checking the tile near the boundary. Default: 3
-fuzz n Tolerance in pixels to mark a tiles edges as changed.
Default: 2
-debug_tiles Print debugging output for tiles, fb updates, etc.
-snapfb Instead of polling the X display framebuffer (fb)
for changes, periodically copy all of X display fb
into main memory and examine that copy for changes.
(This setting also applies for non-X -rawfb modes).
Under some circumstances this will improve interactive
response, or at least make things look smoother, but in
others (most!) it will make the response worse. If the
video h/w fb is such that reading small tiles is very
slow this mode could help. To keep the "framerate"
up the screen size x bpp cannot be too large. Note that
this mode is very wasteful of memory I/O resources
(it makes full screen copies even if nothing changes).
It may be of use in video capture-like applications,
webcams, or where window tearing is a problem.
-rawfb string Instead of polling X, poll the memory object specified
in "string".
For file polling, to memory map mmap(2) a file use:
"map:/path/to/a/file@WxHxB", with framebuffer Width,
Height, and Bits per pixel. "mmap:..." is the
same.
If there is trouble with mmap, use "file:/..."
for slower lseek(2) based reading.
Use "snap:..." to imply -snapfb mode and the "file:"
access (this is for unseekable devices that only provide
the fb all at once, e.g. a video camera provides the
whole frame).
For shared memory segments string is of the form:
"shm:N@WxHxB" which specifies a shmid N and with
WxHxB as above. See shmat(1) and ipcs(1)
If you do not supply a type "map" is assumed if
the file exists (see the next paragraphs for some
exceptions to this.)
If string is "setup:cmd", then the command "cmd"
is run and the first line from it is read and used
as "string". This allows initializing the device,
determining WxHxB, etc. These are often done as root
so take care.
If the string begins with "video", see the VIDEO4LINUX
discussion below where the device may be queried for
(and possibly set) the framebuffer parameters.
If the string begins with "console", "/dev/fb",
"fb", or "vt", see the LINUX CONSOLE discussion
below where the framebuffer device is opened and
keystrokes (and possibly mouse events) are inserted
into the console.
If the string begins with "vnc", see the VNC HOST
discussion below where the framebuffer is taken as that
of another remote VNC server.
Optional suffixes are ":R/G/B" and "+O" to specify
red, green, and blue masks (in hex) and an offset into
the memory object. If the masks are not provided x11vnc
guesses them based on the bpp (if the colors look wrong,
you need to provide the masks.)
Another optional suffix is the Bytes Per Line which in
some cases is not WxB/8. Specify it as WxHxB-BPL
e.g. 800x600x16-2048. This could be a normal width
1024 at 16bpp fb, but only width 800 shows up.
So the full format is: mode:file@WxHxB:R/G/B+O-BPL
Examples:
-rawfb shm:210337933@800x600x32:ff/ff00/ff0000
-rawfb map:/dev/fb0@1024x768x32
-rawfb map:/tmp/Xvfb_screen0@640x480x8+3232
-rawfb file:/tmp/my.pnm@250x200x24+37
-rawfb file:/dev/urandom@128x128x8
-rawfb snap:/dev/video0@320x240x24 -24to32
-rawfb video0
-rawfb video -pipeinput VID
-rawfb console
-rawfb vt2
-rawfb vnc:somehost:0
(see ipcs(1) and fbset(1) for the first two examples)
In general all user input is discarded by default (see
the -pipeinput option for how to use a helper program
to insert). Most of the X11 (screen, keyboard, mouse)
options do not make sense and many will cause this
mode to crash, so please think twice before setting or
changing them in a running x11vnc.
If you DO NOT want x11vnc to close the X DISPLAY in
rawfb mode, prepend a "+" e.g. +file:/dev/fb0...
Keeping the display open enables the default
remote-control channel, which could be useful.
Alternatively, if you specify -noviewonly, then the
mouse and keyboard input are STILL sent to the X
display, this usage should be very rare, i.e. doing
something strange with /dev/fb0.
If the device is not "seekable" (e.g. webcam) try
reading it all at once in full snaps via the "snap:"
mode (note: this is a resource hog). If you are using
file: or map: AND the device needs to be reopened for
*every* snapfb snapshot, set the environment variable:
SNAPFB_RAWFB_RESET=1 as well.
If you want x11vnc to dynamically transform a 24bpp
rawfb to 32bpp (note that this will be slower) also
supply the -24to32 option. This would be useful for,
say, a video camera that delivers the pixel data as
24bpp packed RGB. This is the default under "video"
mode if the bpp is 24.
Normally the bits per pixel, B, is 8, 16, or 32 (or
rarely 24), however there is also some support for
B < 8 (e.g. old graphics displays 4 bpp or 1 bpp).
In this case you certainly must supply the masks as
well: WxHxB:R/G/B. The pixels will be padded out to
8 bpp using depth 8 truecolor. The scheme currently
does not work with snap fb (ask if interested.) B=1
monochrome example: file:/dev/urandom@128x128x1:1/1/1
Some other like this are 128x128x2:3/3/3 128x128x4:7/7/7
For B < 8 framebuffers you can also set the env. var
RAWFB_CGA=1 to try a CGA mapping for B=4 (e.g. linux
vga16fb driver.) Note with low bpp and/or resolution
VGA and VGA16 modes on the Linux console one's attempt
to export them via x11vnc can often be thwarted due to
special color palettes, pixel packings, and even video
painting buffering. OTOH, often experimenting with the
RGB masks can yield something recognizable.
VIDEO4LINUX: on Linux some attempt is made to handle
video devices (webcams or TV tuners) automatically.
The idea is the WxHxB will be extracted from the
device itself. So if you do not supply "@WxHxB...
parameters x11vnc will try to determine them. It first
tries the v4l API if that support has been compiled in.
Otherwise it will run the v4l-info(1) external program
if it is available.
The simplest examples are "-rawfb video" and "-rawfb
video1" which imply the device file /dev/video and
/dev/video1, respectively. You can also supply the
/dev if you like, e.g. "-rawfb /dev/video0"
Since the video capture device framebuffer usually
changes continuously (e.g. brightness fluctuations),
you may want to use the -wait, -slow_fb, or -defer
options to lower the "framerate" to cut down on
network VNC traffic.
A more sophisticated video device scheme allows
initializing the device's settings using:
-rawfb video:<settings>
The prefix could also be, as above, e.g. "video1:" to
specify the device file. The v4l API must be available
for this to work. Otherwise, you will need to try
to initialize the device with an external program,
e.g. xawtv, spcaview, and hope they persist when x11vnc
re-opens the device.
<settings> is a comma separated list of key=value pairs.
The device's brightness, color, contrast, and hue can
be set to percentages, e.g. br=80,co=50,cn=44,hu=60.
The device filename can be set too if needed (if it
does not start with "video"), e.g. fn=/dev/qcam.
The width, height and bpp of the framebuffer can be
set via, e.g., w=160,h=120,bpp=16.
Related to the bpp above, the pixel format can be set
via the fmt=XXX, where XXX can be one of: GREY, HI240,
RGB555, RGB565, RGB24, and RGB32 (with bpp 8, 8, 16, 16,
24, and 32 respectively). See http://www.linuxtv.org
for more info (V4L api).
For TV/rf tuner cards one can set the tuning mode
via tun=XXX where XXX can be one of PAL, NTSC, SECAM,
or AUTO.
One can switch the input channel by the inp=XXX setting,
where XXX is the name of the input channel (Television,
Composite1, S-Video, etc). Use the name that is in the
information about the device that is printed at startup.
For input channels with tuners (e.g. Television) one
can change which station is selected by the sta=XXX
setting. XXX is the station number. Currently only
the ntsc-cable-us (US cable) channels are built into
x11vnc. See the -freqtab option below to supply one
from xawtv. If XXX is greater than 500, then it is
interpreted as a raw frequency in KHz.
Example:
-rawfb video:br=80,w=320,h=240,fmt=RGB32,tun=NTSC,sta=47
one might need to add inp=Television too for the input
channel to be TV if the card doesn't come up by default
in that one.
Note that not all video capture devices will support
all of the above settings.
See the -pipeinput VID option below for a way to control
the settings through the VNC Viewer via keystrokes.
As a shortcut, if the string begins "Video.." instead
of "video.." then -pipeinput VID is implied.
As above, if you specify a "@WxHxB..." after the
<settings> string they are used verbatim: the device
is not queried for the current values. Otherwise the
device will be queried.
LINUX CONSOLE: The following describes some ways to
view and possibly interact with the Linux text/graphics
console (i.e. not X11 XFree86/Xorg)
Note: If the libvncserver LinuxVNC program is on your
system you may want to use that instead of the following
method because it will be faster and more accurate
for the Linux text console and includes mouse support.
There is, however, the basic LinuxVNC functionality in
x11vnc if you replace "console" with "vt" in the
examples below.
If the rawfb string begins with "console" the
framebuffer device /dev/fb0 is opened and /dev/tty0 is
opened too. The latter is used to inject keystrokes
(not all are supported, but the basic ones are).
You will need to be root to inject keystrokes, but
not necessarily to open /dev/fb0. /dev/tty0 refers to
the active VT, to indicate one explicitly, use, e.g.,
"console2" for /dev/tty2, etc. by indicating the
specific VT number.
For the Linux framebuffer device, /dev/fb0, (fb1,
etc) to be enabled the appropriate kernel drivers must
be loaded. E.g. vesafb or vga16fb and also by setting
the boot parameter vga=0x301 (or 0x314, 0x317, etc.)
(The vga=... method is the preferred way; set your
machines up that way.) Otherwise there will be a
'No such device' error. You can also load a Linux
framebuffer driver specific to your make of video card
for more functionality. Once the machine is booted one
can often 'modprobe' the fb driver as root to obtain
a framebuffer device.
If you cannot get /dev/fb0 working on Linux, try
using the LinuxVNC emulation mode by "-rawfb vtN"
where N = 1, ... 6 is the Linux Virtual Terminal (aka
virtual console) you wish to view, e.g. "-rawfb vt2".
Unlike /dev/fb mode, it need not be the active Virtual
Terminal. Note that this mode can only show text and
not graphics. x11vnc polls the text in /dev/vcsaN
Set the env. var. RAWFB_VCSA_BW=1 to disable colors in
the "vtN" mode (i.e. black and white only.) If you
do not prefer the default 16bpp set RAWFB_VCSA_BPP to
8 or 32. If you need to tweak the rawfb parameters by
using the 'console_guess' string printed at startup,
be sure to indicate the snap: method.
uinput: If the Linux version appears to be 2.6 or
later and the "uinput" module appears to be present
(modprobe uinput), then the uinput method will be used
instead of /dev/ttyN. uinput allows insertion of BOTH
keystrokes and mouse input and so it preferred when
accessing graphical (e.g. QT-embedded) linux console
apps. See -pipeinput UINPUT below for more information
on this mode; you will have to use -pipeinput if you
want to tweak any UINPUT parameters. You may also want
to also use the -nodragging and -cursor none options.
Use "console0", etc or -pipeinput CONSOLE to force
the /dev/ttyN method.
Note you can change the Linux VT remotely using the
chvt(1) command to make the one you want be the active
one (e.g. 'chvt 3'). Sometimes switching out and back
corrects the framebuffer's graphics state. For the
"-rawfb vtN" mode there is no need to switch the VT's.
To skip input injecting entirely use "consolex"
or "vtx".
The string "/dev/fb0" (1, etc.) can be used instead
of "console". This can be used to specify a different
framebuffer device, e.g. /dev/fb1. As a shortcut the
"/dev/" can be dropped. If the name is something
nonstandard, use "console:/dev/foofb"
If you do not want x11vnc to guess the framebuffer's
WxHxB and masks automatically (sometimes the kernel
gives incorrect information), specify them with a @WxHxB
(and optional :R/G/B masks) at the end of the string.
Examples:
-rawfb console
-rawfb /dev/fb0 (same)
-rawfb console3 (force /dev/tty3)
-rawfb consolex (no keystrokes or mouse)
-rawfb console:/dev/nonstd
-rawfb console -pipeinput UINPUT:accel=4.0
-rawfb vt3 (/dev/tty3 w/o /dev/fb0)
VNC HOST: if the -rawfb string is of the form
"vnc:host:N" then the VNC display "N" on the remote
VNC server "host" is connected to (i.e. x11vnc acts as
a VNC client itself) and that framebuffer is exported.
This mode is really only of use if you are trying
to improve performance in the case of many (e.g. >
10) simultaneous VNC viewers, and you try a divide
and conquer scheme to reduce bandwidth and improve
responsiveness.
For example, if there will be 64 simultaneous VNC
viewers this can lead to a lot of redundant VNC traffic
to and from the server host:N, extra CPU usage,
and all viewers response can be reduced by having
to wait for writes to the slowest client to finish.
However, if you set up 8 reflectors/repeaters started
with option -rawfb vnc:host:N, then there are only
8 connections to host:N. Each repeater then handles
8 vnc viewer connections thereby spreading the load
around. In classroom broadcast usage, try to put the
repeaters on different switches. This mode is the same
as -reflect host:N. Replace "host:N" by "listen"
or "listen:port" for a reverse connection.
Overall performance will not be as good as a single
direct connection because, among other things,
there is an additional level of framebuffer polling
and pointer motion can still induce many changes per
second that must be propagated. Tip: if the remote VNC
is x11vnc doing wireframing, or an X display that does
wireframing that gives much better response than opaque
window dragging. Consider the -nodragging option if
the problem is severe.
The env. var. X11VNC_REFLECT_PASSWORD can be set to
the password needed to log into the vnc host server, or
to "file:path_to_file" to indicate a file containing
the password as its first line.
The VNC HOST mode implies -shared. Use -noshared as
a subsequent cmdline option to disable sharing.
-freqtab file For use with "-rawfb video" for TV tuner devices to
specify station frequencies. Instead of using the built
in ntsc-cable-us mapping of station number to frequency,
use the data in file. For stations that are not
numeric, e.g. SE20, they are placed above the highest
numbered station in the order they are found. Example:
"-freqtab /usr/X11R6/share/xawtv/europe-west.list"
You can make your own freqtab by copying the xawtv
format.
-pipeinput cmd This option lets you supply an external command in
"cmd" that x11vnc will pipe all of the user input
events to in a simple format. In -pipeinput mode by
default x11vnc will not process any of the user input
events. If you prefix "cmd" with "tee:" it will
both send them to the pipe command and process them.
For a description of the format run "-pipeinput
tee:/bin/cat". Another prefix is "reopen" which
means to reopen pipe if it exits. Separate multiple
prefixes with commas.
In combination with -rawfb one might be able to
do amusing things (e.g. control non-X devices).
To facilitate this, if -rawfb is in effect then the
value is stored in X11VNC_RAWFB_STR for the pipe command
to use if it wants. Do 'env | grep X11VNC' for more.
Built-in pipeinput modes (no external program required):
If cmd is "VID" and you are using the -rawfb for a
video capture device, then an internal list of keyboard
mappings is used to set parameters of the video.
The mappings are:
"B" and "b" adjust the brightness up and down.
"H" and "h" adjust the hue.
"C" and "c" adjust the colour.
"N" and "n" adjust the contrast.
"S" and "s" adjust the size of the capture screen.
"I" and "i" cycle through input channels.
Up and Down arrows adjust the station (if a tuner)
F1, F2, ..., F6 will switch the video capture pixel
format to HI240, RGB565, RGB24, RGB32, RGB555, and
GREY respectively. See -rawfb video for details.
If cmd is "CONSOLE" or "CONSOLEn" where n
is a Linux console number, then the linux console
keystroke insertion to /dev/ttyN (see -rawfb console)
is performed.
If cmd begins with "UINPUT" then the Linux uinput
module is used to insert both keystroke and mouse events
to the Linux console (see -rawfb above). This usually
is the /dev/input/uinput device file (you may need to
create it with "mknod /dev/input/uinput c 10 223"
and insert the module with "modprobe uinput".
The UINPUT mode currently only does US keyboards (a
scan code option may be added), and not all keysyms
are supported.
You may want to use the options -cursor none and
-nodragging in this mode.
Additional tuning options may be supplied via:
UINPUT:opt1,opt2,... (a comma separated list). If an
option begins with "/" it is taken as the uinput
device file.
Which uinput is injected can be controlled by an option
string made of the characters "K", "M", and "B"
(see the -input option), e.g. "KM" allows keystroke
and motion but not button clicks.
A UINPUT option of the form: accel=f, or accel=fx+fy
sets the mouse motion "acceleration". This is used
to correct raw mouse relative motion into how much the
application cursor moves (x11vnc has no control over,
or knowledge of how the windowing application interprets
the raw mouse motions). Typically the acceleration
for an X display is 2 (see xset "m" option). "f"
is a floating point number, e.g. 3.0. Use "fx+fy"
if you need to supply different corrections for x and y.
Note: the default acceleration is 2.0 since it seems
both X and qt-embedded often (but not always) use
this value.
Even with a correct accel setting the mouse position
will get out of sync (probably due to a mouse
"threshold" setting where the acceleration doe not
apply, set xset(1)). The option reset=N sets the
number of ms (default 150) after which the cursor is
attempted to be reset (by forcing the mouse to (0,
0) via small increments and then back out to (x, y)
in 1 jump), This correction seems to be needed but can
cause jerkiness or unexpected behavior with menus, etc.
Use reset=0 to disable.
If the uinput device has an absolute pointer (as opposed
to a normal mouse that is a relative pointer) you can
specify the option "abs". Note that a touchpad
on a laptop is an absolute device to some degree.
This (usually) avoids all the problems with mouse
acceleration. If x11vnc has trouble deducing the size
of the device, use "abs=WxH". Furthermore, if the
device is a touchscreen (assumed to have an absolute
pointer) use "touch" or "touch=WxH".
If you set the env. var X11VNC_UINPUT_THRESHOLDS then
the thresh=n mode will be enabled. It is currently
not working well. If |dx| <= thresh and |dy| < thresh
no acceleration is applied. Use "thresh=+n" |dx| +
|dy| < thresh to be used instead (X11?)
Example:
-pipeinput UINPUT:accel=4.0 -cursor none
You can also set the env. var X11VNC_UINPUT_DEBUG=1 or
higher to get debugging output for UINPUT mode.
-macnodim For the native MacOSX server, disable dimming.
-macnosleep For the native MacOSX server, disable display sleep.
-macnosaver For the native MacOSX server, disable screensaver.
-macnowait For the native MacOSX server, do not wait for the
user to switch back to his display.
-macwheel n For the native MacOSX server, set the mouse wheel
speed to n (default 5).
-macnoswap For the native MacOSX server, do not swap mouse
buttons 2 and 3.
-macnoresize For the native MacOSX server, do not resize or reset
the framebuffer even if it is detected that the screen
resolution or depth has changed.
-maciconanim n For the native MacOSX server, set n to the number
of milliseconds that the window iconify/deiconify
animation takes. In -ncache mode this value will be
used to skip the animation if possible. (default 400)
-macmenu For the native MacOSX server, in -ncache client-side
caching mode, try to cache pull down menus (not perfect
because they have animated fades, etc.)
-macuskbd For the native MacOSX server, use the original
keystroke insertion code based on a US keyboard.
-gui [gui-opts] Start up a simple tcl/tk gui based on the the remote
control options -remote/-query described below.
Requires the "wish" program to be installed on the
machine. "gui-opts" is not required: the default
is to start up both the full gui and x11vnc with the
gui showing up on the X display in the environment
variable DISPLAY.
"gui-opts" can be a comma separated list of items.
Currently there are these types of items: 1) a gui
mode, a 2) gui "simplicity", 3) the X display the
gui should display on, 4) a "tray" or "icon" mode,
and 5) a gui geometry.
1) The gui mode can be "start", "conn", or "wait"
"start" is the default mode above and is not required.
"conn" means do not automatically start up x11vnc,
but instead just try to connect to an existing x11vnc
process. "wait" means just start the gui and nothing
else (you will later instruct the gui to start x11vnc
or connect to an existing one.)
2) The gui simplicity is off by default (a power-user
gui with all options is presented) To start with
something less daunting supply the string "simple"
("ez" is an alias for this). Once the gui is
started you can toggle between the two with "Misc ->
simple_gui".
3) Note the possible confusion regarding the potentially
two different X displays: x11vnc polls one, but you
may want the gui to appear on another. For example, if
you ssh in and x11vnc is not running yet you may want
the gui to come back to you via your ssh redirected X
display (e.g. localhost:10).
If you do not specify a gui X display in "gui-opts"
then the DISPLAY environment variable and -display
option are tried (in that order). Regarding the x11vnc
X display the gui will try to communication with, it
first tries -display and then DISPLAY. For example,
"x11vnc -display :0 -gui otherhost:0", will remote
control an x11vnc polling :0 and display the gui on
otherhost:0 The "tray/icon" mode below reverses this
preference, preferring to display on the x11vnc display.
4) When "tray" or "icon" is specified, the gui
presents itself as a small icon with behavior typical
of a "system tray" or "dock applet". The color
of the icon indicates status (connected clients) and
there is also a balloon status. Clicking on the icon
gives a menu from which properties, etc, can be set and
the full gui is available under "Advanced". To be
fully functional, the gui mode should be "start"
(the default).
Note that tray or icon mode will imply the -forever
x11vnc option (if the x11vnc server is started along
with the gui) unless -connect or -connect_or_exit has
been specified. So x11vnc (and the tray/icon gui)
will wait for more connections after the first client
disconnects. If you want only one viewer connection
include the -once option.
For "icon" the gui just a small standalone window.
For "tray" it will attempt to embed itself in the
"system tray" if possible. If "=setpass" is appended the
n
at startup the X11 user will be prompted to set the
VNC session password. If =<hexnumber> is appended
that icon will attempt to embed itself in the window
given by hexnumber. Use =noadvanced to disable the
full gui. (To supply more than one, use "+" sign).
E.g. -gui tray=setpass and -gui icon=0x3600028
Other modes: "full", the default and need not be
specified. "-gui none", do not show a gui, useful
to override a ~/.x11vncrc setting, etc.
5) When "geom=+X+Y" is specified, that geometry
is passed to the gui toplevel. This is the icon in
icon/tray mode, or the full gui otherwise. You can
also specify width and height, i.e. WxH+X+Y, but it
is not recommended. In "tray" mode the geometry is
ignored unless the system tray manager does not seem
to be running. One could imagine using something like
"-gui tray,geom=+4000+4000" with a display manager
to keep the gui invisible until someone logs in...
More icon tricks, "icon=minimal" gives an icon just
with the VNC display number. You can also set the font
with "iconfont=...". The following could be useful:
"-gui icon=minimal,iconfont=5x8,geom=24x10+0-0"
General examples of the -gui option: "x11vnc -gui",
"x11vnc -gui ez" "x11vnc -gui localhost:10",
"x11vnc -gui conn,host:0", "x11vnc -gui tray,ez"
"x11vnc -gui tray=setpass"
If you do not intend to start x11vnc from the gui
(i.e. just remote control an existing one), then the
gui process can run on a different machine from the
x11vnc server as long as X permissions, etc. permit
communication between the two.
-remote command Remotely control some aspects of an already running
x11vnc server. "-R" and "-r" are aliases for
"-remote". After the remote control command is
sent to the running server the 'x11vnc -remote ...'
command exits. You can often use the -query command
(see below) to see if the x11vnc server processed your
-remote command.
The default communication channel is that of X
properties (specifically X11VNC_REMOTE), and so this
command must be run with correct settings for DISPLAY
and possibly XAUTHORITY to connect to the X server
and set the property. Alternatively, use the -display
and -auth options to set them to the correct values.
The running server cannot use the -novncconnect option
because that disables the communication channel.
See below for alternate channels.
For example: 'x11vnc -remote stop' (which is the same as
'x11vnc -R stop') will close down the x11vnc server.
'x11vnc -R shared' will enable shared connections, and
'x11vnc -R scale:3/4' will rescale the desktop.
The following -remote/-R commands are supported:
stop terminate the server, same as "quit"
"exit" or "shutdown".
ping see if the x11vnc server responds.
Return is: ans=ping:<xdisplay>
blacken try to push a black fb update to all
clients (due to timings a client
could miss it). Same as "zero", also
"zero:x1,y1,x2,y2" for a rectangle.
refresh send the entire fb to all clients.
reset recreate the fb, polling memory, etc.
id:windowid set -id window to "windowid". empty
or "root" to go back to root window
sid:windowid set -sid window to "windowid"
waitmapped wait until subwin is mapped.
nowaitmapped do not wait until subwin is mapped.
clip:WxH+X+Y set -clip mode to "WxH+X+Y"
flashcmap enable -flashcmap mode.
noflashcmap disable -flashcmap mode.
shiftcmap:n set -shiftcmap to n.
notruecolor enable -notruecolor mode.
truecolor disable -notruecolor mode.
overlay enable -overlay mode (if applicable).
nooverlay disable -overlay mode.
overlay_cursor in -overlay mode, enable cursor drawing.
overlay_nocursor disable cursor drawing. same as
nooverlay_cursor.
8to24 enable -8to24 mode (if applicable).
no8to24 disable -8to24 mode.
8to24_opts:str set the -8to24 opts to "str".
24to32 enable -24to32 mode (if applicable).
no24to32 disable -24to32 mode.
visual:vis set -visual to "vis"
scale:frac set -scale to "frac"
scale_cursor:f set -scale_cursor to "f"
viewonly enable -viewonly mode.
noviewonly disable -viewonly mode.
shared enable -shared mode.
noshared disable -shared mode.
forever enable -forever mode.
noforever disable -forever mode.
timeout:n reset -timeout to n, if there are
currently no clients, exit unless one
connects in the next n secs.
tightfilexfer enable filetransfer for NEW clients.
notightfilexfer disable filetransfer for NEW clients.
ultrafilexfer enable filetransfer for clients.
noultrafilexfer disable filetransfer for clients.
rfbversion:n.m set -rfbversion for new clients.
http enable http client connections.
nohttp disable http client connections.
deny deny any new connections, same as "lock"
nodeny allow new connections, same as "unlock"
avahi enable avahi service advertising.
noavahi disable avahi service advertising.
mdns enable avahi service advertising.
nomdns disable avahi service advertising.
zeroconf enable avahi service advertising.
nozeroconf disable avahi service advertising.
connect:host do reverse connection to host, "host"
may be a comma separated list of hosts
or host:ports. See -connect. Passwords
required as with fwd connections.
See X11VNC_REVERSE_CONNECTION_NO_AUTH=1
disconnect:host disconnect any clients from "host"
same as "close:host". Use host
"all" to close all current clients.
If you know the client internal hex ID,
e.g. 0x3 (returned by "-query clients"
and RFB_CLIENT_ID) you can use that too.
proxy:host:port set reverse connection proxy (empty to
disable).
allowonce:host For the next connection only, allow
connection from "host". In -ssl mode
two connections are allowed (i.e. Fetch
Cert) unless X11VNC_NO_SSL_ALLOW_TWICE=1
allow:hostlist set -allow list to (comma separated)
"hostlist". See -allow and -localhost.
Do not use with -allow /path/to/file
Use "+host" to add a single host, and
use "-host" to delete a single host
localhost enable -localhost mode
nolocalhost disable -localhost mode
listen:str set -listen to str, empty to disable.
nolookup enable -nolookup mode.
lookup disable -nolookup mode.
input:str set -input to "str", empty to disable.
grabkbd enable -grabkbd mode.
nograbkbd disable -grabkbd mode.
grabptr enable -grabptr mode.
nograbptr disable -grabptr mode.
grabalways enable -grabalways mode.
nograbalways disable -grabalways mode.
client_input:str set the K, M, B -input on a per-client
basis. select which client as for
disconnect, e.g. client_input:host:MB
or client_input:0x2:K
accept:cmd set -accept "cmd" (empty to disable).
afteraccept:cmd set -afteraccept (empty to disable).
gone:cmd set -gone "cmd" (empty to disable).
noshm enable -noshm mode.
shm disable -noshm mode (i.e. use shm).
flipbyteorder enable -flipbyteorder mode, you may need
to set noshm for this to do something.
noflipbyteorder disable -flipbyteorder mode.
onetile enable -onetile mode. (you may need to
set shm for this to do something)
noonetile disable -onetile mode.
solid enable -solid mode
nosolid disable -solid mode.
solid_color:color set -solid color (and apply it).
blackout:str set -blackout "str" (empty to disable).
See -blackout for the form of "str"
(basically: WxH+X+Y,...)
Use "+WxH+X+Y" to append a single
rectangle use "-WxH+X+Y" to delete one
xinerama enable -xinerama mode. (if applicable)
noxinerama disable -xinerama mode.
xtrap enable -xtrap input mode(if applicable)
noxtrap disable -xtrap input mode.
xrandr enable -xrandr mode. (if applicable)
noxrandr disable -xrandr mode.
xrandr_mode:mode set the -xrandr mode to "mode".
rotate:mode set the -rotate mode to "mode".
padgeom:WxH set -padgeom to WxH (empty to disable)
If WxH is "force" or "do" the padded
geometry fb is immediately applied.
quiet enable -quiet mode.
noquiet disable -quiet mode.
modtweak enable -modtweak mode.
nomodtweak enable -nomodtweak mode.
xkb enable -xkb modtweak mode.
noxkb disable -xkb modtweak mode.
capslock enable -capslock mode.
nocapslock disable -capslock mode.
skip_lockkeys enable -skip_lockkeys mode.
noskip_lockkeys disable -skip_lockkeys mode.
skip_keycodes:str enable -xkb -skip_keycodes "str".
sloppy_keys enable -sloppy_keys mode.
nosloppy_keys disable -sloppy_keys mode.
skip_dups enable -skip_dups mode.
noskip_dups disable -skip_dups mode.
add_keysyms enable -add_keysyms mode.
noadd_keysyms stop adding keysyms. those added will
still be removed at exit.
clear_mods enable -clear_mods mode and clear them.
noclear_mods disable -clear_mods mode.
clear_keys enable -clear_keys mode and clear them.
noclear_keys disable -clear_keys mode.
clear_locks do the clear_locks action.
clear_all do the clear_all action.
keystate have x11vnc print current keystate.
remap:str set -remap "str" (empty to disable).
See -remap for the form of "str"
(basically: key1-key2,key3-key4,...)
Use "+key1-key2" to append a single
keymapping, use "-key1-key2" to delete.
norepeat enable -norepeat mode.
repeat disable -norepeat mode.
nofb enable -nofb mode.
fb disable -nofb mode.
bell enable bell (if supported).
nobell disable bell.
sendbell ring the bell now.
nosel enable -nosel mode.
sel disable -nosel mode.
noprimary enable -noprimary mode.
primary disable -noprimary mode.
nosetprimary enable -nosetprimary mode.
setprimary disable -nosetprimary mode.
noclipboard enable -noclipboard mode.
clipboard disable -noclipboard mode.
nosetclipboard enable -nosetclipboard mode.
setclipboard disable -nosetclipboard mode.
seldir:str set -seldir to "str"
cursor:mode enable -cursor "mode".
show_cursor enable showing a cursor.
noshow_cursor disable showing a cursor. (same as
"nocursor")
cursor_drag enable cursor changes during drag.
nocursor_drag disable cursor changes during drag.
arrow:n set -arrow to alternate n.
xfixes enable xfixes cursor shape mode.
noxfixes disable xfixes cursor shape mode.
alphacut:n set -alphacut to n.
alphafrac:f set -alphafrac to f.
alpharemove enable -alpharemove mode.
noalpharemove disable -alpharemove mode.
alphablend disable -noalphablend mode.
noalphablend enable -noalphablend mode.
cursorshape disable -nocursorshape mode.
nocursorshape enable -nocursorshape mode.
cursorpos disable -nocursorpos mode.
nocursorpos enable -nocursorpos mode.
xwarp enable -xwarppointer mode.
noxwarp disable -xwarppointer mode.
buttonmap:str set -buttonmap "str", empty to disable
dragging disable -nodragging mode.
nodragging enable -nodragging mode.
ncache reenable -ncache mode.
noncache disable -ncache mode.
ncache_size:n set -ncache size to n.
ncache_cr enable -ncache_cr mode.
noncache_cr disable -ncache_cr mode.
ncache_no_moveraise enable no_moveraise mode.
noncache_no_moveraise disable no_moveraise mode.
ncache_no_dtchange enable ncache_no_dtchange mode.
noncache_no_dtchange disable ncache_no_dtchange mode.
ncache_old_wm enable ncache_old_wm mode.
noncache_old_wm disable ncache_old_wm mode.
ncache_no_rootpixmap enable ncache_no_rootpixmap.
noncache_no_rootpixmap disable ncache_no_rootpixmap.
ncache_reset_rootpixmap recheck the root pixmap, ncrp
ncache_keep_anims enable ncache_keep_anims.
noncache_keep_anims disable ncache_keep_anims.
ncache_pad:n set -ncache_pad to n.
wireframe enable -wireframe mode. same as "wf"
nowireframe disable -wireframe mode. same as "nowf"
wireframe:str enable -wireframe mode string.
wireframe_mode:str enable -wireframe mode string.
wireframelocal enable wireframelocal. same as "wfl"
nowireframe disable wireframelocal. same as "nowfl"
wirecopyrect:str set -wirecopyrect string. same as "wcr:
"
scrollcopyrect:str set -scrollcopyrect string. same "scr
"
noscrollcopyrect disable -scrollcopyrect mode. "noscr"
scr_area:n set -scr_area to n
scr_skip:list set -scr_skip to "list"
scr_inc:list set -scr_inc to "list"
scr_keys:list set -scr_keys to "list"
scr_term:list set -scr_term to "list"
scr_keyrepeat:str set -scr_keyrepeat to "str"
scr_parms:str set -scr_parms parameters.
fixscreen:str set -fixscreen to "str".
noxrecord disable all use of RECORD extension.
xrecord enable use of RECORD extension.
reset_record reset RECORD extension (if avail.)
pointer_mode:n set -pointer_mode to n. same as "pm"
input_skip:n set -input_skip to n.
allinput enable use of -allinput mode.
noallinput disable use of -allinput mode.
ssltimeout:n set -ssltimeout to n.
speeds:str set -speeds to str.
wmdt:str set -wmdt to str.
debug_pointer enable -debug_pointer, same as "dp"
nodebug_pointer disable -debug_pointer, same as "nodp"
debug_keyboard enable -debug_keyboard, same as "dk"
nodebug_keyboard disable -debug_keyboard, same as "nodk"
defer:n set -defer to n ms,same as deferupdate:n
wait:n set -wait to n ms.
wait_ui:f set -wait_ui factor to f.
setdefer:n set -setdefer to -2,-1,0,1, or 2.
wait_bog disable -nowait_bog mode.
nowait_bog enable -nowait_bog mode.
slow_fb:f set -slow_fb to f seconds.
xrefresh:f set -xrefresh to f seconds.
readtimeout:n set read timeout to n seconds.
nap enable -nap mode.
nonap disable -nap mode.
sb:n set -sb to n s, same as screen_blank:n
fbpm disable -nofbpm mode.
nofbpm enable -nofbpm mode.
dpms disable -nodpms mode.
nodpms enable -nodpms mode.
forcedpms enable -forcedpms mode.
noforcedpms disable -forcedpms mode.
clientdpms enable -clientdpms mode.
noclientdpms disable -clientdpms mode.
noserverdpms enable -noserverdpms mode.
serverdpms disable -noserverdpms mode.
noultraext enable -noultraext mode.
ultraext disable -noultraext mode.
chatwindow enable local chatwindow mode.
nochatwindow disable local chatwindow mode.
chaton begin chat using local window.
chatoff end chat using local window.
xdamage enable xdamage polling hints.
noxdamage disable xdamage polling hints.
xd_area:A set -xd_area max pixel area to "A"
xd_mem:f set -xd_mem remembrance to "f"
fs:frac set -fs fraction to "frac", e.g. 0.5
gaps:n set -gaps to n.
grow:n set -grow to n.
fuzz:n set -fuzz to n.
snapfb enable -snapfb mode.
nosnapfb disable -snapfb mode.
rawfb:str set -rawfb mode to "str".
uinput_accel:f set uinput_accel to f.
uinput_reset:n set uinput_reset to n ms.
uinput_always:n set uinput_always to 1/0.
progressive:n set libvncserver -progressive slice
height parameter to n.
desktop:str set -desktop name to str for new clients
.
rfbport:n set -rfbport to n.
macnosaver enable -macnosaver mode.
macsaver disable -macnosaver mode.
macnowait enable -macnowait mode.
macwait disable -macnowait mode.
macwheel:n set -macwheel to n.
macnoswap enable -macnoswap mouse button mode.
macswap disable -macnoswap mouse button mode.
macnoresize enable -macnoresize mode.
macresize disable -macnoresize mode.
maciconanim:n set -maciconanim to n.
macmenu enable -macmenu mode.
macnomenu disable -macnmenu mode.
httpport:n set -httpport to n.
httpdir:dir set -httpdir to dir (and enable http).
enablehttpproxy enable -enablehttpproxy mode.
noenablehttpproxy disable -enablehttpproxy mode.
alwaysshared enable -alwaysshared mode.
noalwaysshared disable -alwaysshared mode.
(may interfere with other options)
nevershared enable -nevershared mode.
nonevershared disable -nevershared mode.
(may interfere with other options)
dontdisconnect enable -dontdisconnect mode.
nodontdisconnect disable -dontdisconnect mode.
(may interfere with other options)
debug_xevents enable debugging X events.
nodebug_xevents disable debugging X events.
debug_xdamage enable debugging X DAMAGE mechanism.
nodebug_xdamage disable debugging X DAMAGE mechanism.
debug_wireframe enable debugging wireframe mechanism.
nodebug_wireframe disable debugging wireframe mechanism.
debug_scroll enable debugging scrollcopy mechanism.
nodebug_scroll disable debugging scrollcopy mechanism.
debug_tiles enable -debug_tiles
nodebug_tiles disable -debug_tiles
debug_grabs enable -debug_grabs
nodebug_grabs disable -debug_grabs
debug_sel enable -debug_sel
nodebug_sel disable -debug_sel
debug_ncache enable -debug_ncache
nodebug_ncache disable -debug_ncache
dbg enable -dbg crash shell
nodbg disable -dbg crash shell
noremote disable the -remote command processing,
it cannot be turned back on.
The vncconnect(1) command from standard VNC
distributions may also be used if string is prefixed
with "cmd=" E.g. 'vncconnect cmd=stop'. Under some
circumstances xprop(1) can used if it supports -set
(see the FAQ).
If "-connect /path/to/file" has been supplied to the
running x11vnc server then that file can be used as a
communication channel (this is the only way to remote
control one of many x11vnc's polling the same X display)
Simply run: 'x11vnc -connect /path/to/file -remote ...'
or you can directly write to the file via something
like: "echo cmd=stop > /path/to/file", etc.
-query variable Like -remote, except just query the value of
"variable". "-Q" is an alias for "-query".
Multiple queries can be done by separating variables
by commas, e.g. -query var1,var2. The results come
back in the form ans=var1:value1,ans=var2:value2,...
to the standard output. If a variable is read-only,
it comes back with prefix "aro=" instead of "ans=".
Some -remote commands are pure actions that do not make
sense as variables, e.g. "stop" or "disconnect", in
these cases the value returned is "N/A". To direct a
query straight to the X11VNC_REMOTE property or connect
file use "qry=..." instead of "cmd=..."
ans= stop quit exit shutdown ping blacken zero
refresh reset close disconnect id sid waitmapped
nowaitmapped clip flashcmap noflashcmap shiftcmap
truecolor notruecolor overlay nooverlay overlay_cursor
overlay_yescursor nooverlay_nocursor nooverlay_cursor
nooverlay_yescursor overlay_nocursor 8to24 no8to24
8to24_opts 24to32 no24to32 visual scale scale_cursor
viewonly noviewonly shared noshared forever noforever
once timeout tightfilexfer notightfilexfer ultrafilexfer
noultrafilexfer rfbversion deny lock nodeny unlock
avahi mdns zeroconf noavahi nomdns nozeroconf connect
proxy allowonce allow localhost nolocalhost listen
lookup nolookup accept afteraccept gone shm noshm
flipbyteorder noflipbyteorder onetile noonetile
solid_color solid nosolid blackout xinerama noxinerama
xtrap noxtrap xrandr noxrandr xrandr_mode rotate padgeom
quiet q noquiet modtweak nomodtweak xkb noxkb capslock
nocapslock skip_lockkeys noskip_lockkeys skip_keycodes
sloppy_keys nosloppy_keys skip_dups noskip_dups
add_keysyms noadd_keysyms clear_mods noclear_mods
clear_keys noclear_keys clear_all clear_locks keystate
remap repeat norepeat fb nofb bell nobell sel nosel
primary noprimary setprimary nosetprimary clipboard
noclipboard setclipboard nosetclipboard seldir
cursorshape nocursorshape cursorpos nocursorpos
cursor_drag nocursor_drag cursor show_cursor
noshow_cursor nocursor arrow xfixes noxfixes xdamage
noxdamage xd_area xd_mem alphacut alphafrac alpharemove
noalpharemove alphablend noalphablend xwarppointer
xwarp noxwarppointer noxwarp buttonmap dragging
nodragging ncache_cr noncache_cr ncache_no_moveraise
noncache_no_moveraise ncache_no_dtchange
noncache_no_dtchange ncache_no_rootpixmap
noncache_no_rootpixmap ncache_reset_rootpixmap ncrp
ncache_keep_anims noncache_keep_anims ncache_old_wm
noncache_old_wm ncache_pad ncache noncache ncache_size
debug_ncache nodebug_ncache wireframe_mode wireframe wf
nowireframe nowf wireframelocal wfl nowireframelocal
nowfl wirecopyrect wcr nowirecopyrect nowcr scr_area
scr_skip scr_inc scr_keys scr_term scr_keyrepeat
scr_parms scrollcopyrect scr noscrollcopyrect noscr
fixscreen noxrecord xrecord reset_record pointer_mode pm
input_skip allinput noallinput input grabkbd nograbkbd
grabptr nograbptr grabalways nograbalways grablocal
client_input ssltimeout speeds wmdt debug_pointer dp
nodebug_pointer nodp debug_keyboard dk nodebug_keyboard
nodk keycode deferupdate defer setdefer wait_ui
wait_bog nowait_bog slow_fb xrefresh wait readtimeout
nap nonap sb screen_blank fbpm nofbpm dpms nodpms
clientdpms noclientdpms forcedpms noforcedpms
noserverdpms serverdpms noultraext ultraext chatwindow
nochatwindow chaton chatoff fs gaps grow fuzz snapfb
nosnapfb rawfb uinput_accel uinput_thresh uinput_reset
uinput_always progressive rfbport http nohttp httpport
httpdir enablehttpproxy noenablehttpproxy alwaysshared
noalwaysshared nevershared noalwaysshared dontdisconnect
nodontdisconnect desktop debug_xevents nodebug_xevents
debug_xevents debug_xdamage nodebug_xdamage
debug_xdamage debug_wireframe nodebug_wireframe
debug_wireframe debug_scroll nodebug_scroll debug_scroll
debug_tiles dbt nodebug_tiles nodbt debug_tiles
debug_grabs nodebug_grabs debug_sel nodebug_sel dbg
nodbg macnosaver macsaver nomacnosaver macnowait macwait
nomacnowait macwheel macnoswap macswap nomacnoswap
macnoresize macresize nomacnoresize maciconanim macmenu
macnomenu nomacmenu macuskbd nomacuskbd noremote
aro= noop display vncdisplay desktopname guess_desktop
http_url auth xauth users rootshift clipshift scale_str
scaled_x scaled_y scale_numer scale_denom scale_fac_x
scale_fac_y scaling_blend scaling_nomult4 scaling_pad
scaling_interpolate inetd privremote unsafe safer
nocmds passwdfile unixpw unixpw_nis unixpw_list ssl
ssl_pem sslverify stunnel stunnel_pem https httpsredir
usepw using_shm logfile o flag rc norc h help V version
lastmod bg sigpipe threads readrate netrate netlatency
pipeinput clients client_count pid ext_xtest ext_xtrap
ext_xrecord ext_xkb ext_xshm ext_xinerama ext_overlay
ext_xfixes ext_xdamage ext_xrandr rootwin num_buttons
button_mask mouse_x mouse_y bpp depth indexed_color
dpy_x dpy_y wdpy_x wdpy_y off_x off_y cdpy_x cdpy_y
coff_x coff_y rfbauth passwd viewpasswd
-QD variable Just like -query variable, but returns the default
value for that parameter (no running x11vnc server
is consulted)
-sync By default -remote commands are run asynchronously, that
is, the request is posted and the program immediately
exits. Use -sync to have the program wait for an
acknowledgement from the x11vnc server that command was
processed (somehow). On the other hand -query requests
are always processed synchronously because they have
to wait for the answer.
Also note that if both -remote and -query requests are
supplied on the command line, the -remote is processed
first (synchronously: no need for -sync), and then
the -query request is processed in the normal way.
This allows for a reliable way to see if the -remote
command was processed by querying for any new settings.
Note however that there is timeout of a few seconds so
if the x11vnc takes longer than that to process the
requests the requester will think that a failure has
taken place.
-noremote Do not process any remote control commands or queries.
-yesremote Do process remote control commands or queries.
Default: -yesremote
A note about security wrt remote control commands.
If someone can connect to the X display and change
the property X11VNC_REMOTE, then they can remotely
control x11vnc. Normally access to the X display is
protected. Note that if they can modify X11VNC_REMOTE
on the X server, they have enough permissions to also
run their own x11vnc and thus have complete control
of the desktop. If the "-connect /path/to/file"
channel is being used, obviously anyone who can write
to /path/to/file can remotely control x11vnc. So be
sure to protect the X display and that file's write
permissions. See -privremote below.
If you are paranoid and do not think -noremote is
enough, to disable the X11VNC_REMOTE property channel
completely use -novncconnect, or use the -safer option
that shuts many things off.
-unsafe A few remote commands are disabled by default
(currently: id:pick, accept:<cmd>, gone:<cmd>, and
rawfb:setup:<cmd>) because they are associated with
running external programs. If you specify -unsafe, then
these remote-control commands are allowed. Note that
you can still specify these parameters on the command
line, they just cannot be invoked via remote-control.
-safer Equivalent to: -novncconnect -noremote and prohibiting
-gui and the -connect file. Shuts off communcation
channels.
-privremote Perform some sanity checks and disable remote-control
commands if it appears that the X DISPLAY and/or
connectfile can be accessed by other users. Once
remote-control is disabled it cannot be turned back on.
-nocmds No external commands (e.g. system(3), popen(3), exec(3))
will be run at all.
-allowedcmds list "list" contains a comma separated list of the only
external commands that can be run. The full list of
associated options is:
stunnel, ssl, unixpw, WAIT, zeroconf, id, accept,
afteraccept, gone, pipeinput, v4l-info, rawfb-setup,
dt, gui, ssh, storepasswd, passwdfile, custom_passwd,
crash.
See each option's help to learn the associated external
command. Note that the -nocmds option takes precedence
and disables all external commands.
-deny_all For use with -remote nodeny: start out denying all
incoming clients until "-remote nodeny" is used to
let them in.
These options are passed to libvncserver:
-rfbport port TCP port for RFB protocol
-rfbwait time max time in ms to wait for RFB client
-rfbauth passwd-file use authentication on RFB protocol
(use 'storepasswd' to create a password file)
-rfbversion 3.x Set the version of the RFB we choose to advertise
-permitfiletransfer permit file transfer support
-passwd plain-password use authentication
(use plain-password as password, USE AT YOUR RISK)
-deferupdate time time in ms to defer updates (default 40)
-deferptrupdate time time in ms to defer pointer updates (default none)
-desktop name VNC desktop name (default "LibVNCServer")
-alwaysshared always treat new clients as shared
-nevershared never treat new clients as shared
-dontdisconnect don't disconnect existing clients when a new non-shared
connection comes in (refuse new connection instead)
-httpdir dir-path enable http server using dir-path home
-httpport portnum use portnum for http connection
-enablehttpproxy enable http proxy support
-progressive height enable progressive updating for slow links
-listen ipaddr listen for connections only on network interface with
addr ipaddr. '-listen localhost' and hostname work too.
libvncserver-tight-extension options:
-disablefiletransfer disable file transfer
-ftproot string set ftp root
Pretty wild huh? [1]Contact me if you have any questions or problems.
Personally, I use:
x11vnc -rfbauth $HOME/.vnc/passwd -solid
References
1. mailto:xvml@karlrunge.com
|